Experimental investigation of the effect of conducting fractal phases on the permittivity of composites

The dependence of the permittivities of a number of model systems on the bulk resistivity is studied experimentally. The effect of fractal polarization is considered on the basis of analysis of experimental data. A qualitative model of relaxation phenomena is proposed for a new type of surface polarization that can be treated as a logical continuation of the Maxwell-Wagner polarization to conducting filters.     

Dielectric relaxation phenomena in lead titanate crystals

Relaxation properties of crystalline lead titanate are interpreted in terms of Maxwell-Wagner polarization.     

CaCu3Ti4O12陶瓷的介电特性与弛豫机理

本文采用Novocontrol宽频介电谱仪在-100 ℃–100 ℃温 度范围内、0.1 Hz–10 MHz频率范围内测量了表面层打磨前 后CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂陶瓷的介电特性, 分析了CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂陶瓷的介电弛豫机理. 首先, 基于对宏观“壳-心”结构的定量分析, 排除了巨介电常数起源于表面层效应的可能性; 其次, 基于经典Maxwell-Wagner夹层极化及其活化能物理本质的分析, 排除了巨介电常数起源于经典Maxwell-Wagner极化的可能性; 最后, 依据晶界Schottky势垒与本征点缺陷的本质联系, 提出了巨介电常数起源于Schottky势垒边界陷阱电子弛豫的新机理. 陷阱电子弛豫机理反映了CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂陶瓷本征点缺陷、 电导、介电常数之间的本质关系. 关键词： 3Ti₄O₁₂')" href="#">CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ 介电弛豫 Schottky势垒 点缺陷     

Bulk conductivity and polarization of ionic crystals exhibiting defect exchange between inequivalent sites

The bulk conductivity of ionically conducting crystals in which Schottky or Frenkel defects jump between inequivalent sites can be appreciably more complex than that of simpler materials. An equivalent electrical circuit is derived to describe the bulk ac response of crystals of the tysonite type. The circuit has the form of a two-component Maxwell-Wagner capacitor and includes a capacitative element which represents a frequency-dependent bulk polarization not associated with dipolar complexes. The application of the model to LaF₃ is discussed.     

表面镀金SU-8微柱的低频电动旋转特征

依据传统Maxwell-Wagner界面极化理论, 金属微纳米粒子由于具有极高电导率, 在旋转电场作用下无明显电旋转运动. 然而, 本文针对镀金SU-8微柱开展实验研究, 发现镀金微柱在低频条件下的快速旋转运动现象. 据此, 通过考虑镀金微柱表面双电层效应, 理论分析并实验验证镀金微柱的低频电旋转特征. 首先, 建立电场中微柱的近似椭球模型, 分析固-液接触面双电层作用下的金属粒子极化机理, 推导旋转电场作用下镀金微柱的转矩公式及电旋转角速度公式. 其次, 搭建实验平台, 分别对镀金微柱在三种不同电导率溶液、100 Hz–30 MHz频率范围内的电旋转特征进行对比实验研究. 最后, 对实验结果进行分析和讨论, 并通过考虑镀金微柱与基底之间摩擦作用等因素, 验证实验研究与理论研究的一致性. 关键词： 表面镀金微柱 电旋转 双电层 微流控     

Spin glass behaviour and extrinsic origin of magnetodielectric effect in non-multiferroic La(2)NiMnO(6) nanoparticles

We report magnetization, dielectric and dc transport properties of La(2)NiMnO(6) nanoparticles. Both dc and ac magnetization measurements indicated a metastable magnetic behaviour with random ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions below 110 K; critical slow-down, memory and rejuvenation properties signify the spin glass nature. The dc resistivity shows a semiconducting nature but the temperature dependent magnetoresistance (MR) shows a peak at the spin glass transition. The colossal dielectric property and its frequency dependence were interpreted using the Maxwell-Wagner (MW) interfacial polarization model. Impedance analysis along with magnetodielectric (MD) and magnetoresistance (MR) indicates that the observed MD originates from the combined effect of MR and MW interfacial polarization.     

Structural and electrical properties of nanostructured cerium phosphate

Cerium phosphate nanomaterials with different morphologies and sizes were synthesized via a hydrothermal process at 150 °C using cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide and ethylene-diamine-tetra acid as surfactants. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope. A possible growth mechanism was proposed to reveal the formation process. The structural properties and the electrical conductivities of CePO₄ nanomaterials were studied. The activation energies were obtained from Arrhenius plots where E _a?=?1.06 eV. The ac conductivity at different temperatures for CePO₄ nanomaterials showed frequency independence in the lower frequency range. The dielectric measurements were carried out as a function of frequency and temperature. Variation of the dielectric properties and the ac conductivity with frequency revealed that the dispersion is due to a Maxwell-Wagner type of interfacial polarization in general.     

Hyperfine interaction studies on swift O-ions emerging with polarized electrons from ferromagnetic layers into vacuum

A precision plunger set-up was used to determine in time-differential measurements of hyperfine interactions the degree of polarization of 1s- and 2s-electrons in H- and Li-like oxygen ions on their emergence from magnetized Ni- and Gd-layers into vacuum. In addition a time-integral measurement with Fe-layers served to obtain the polarization of 2s-electrons only. For all three ferromagnetic materials the degree of polarization of 2s-electrons is found to be twice as large as for 1s-electrons. The data are discussed in the context of transient magnetic fields and their underlying polarization mechanism.     

浅表组织后向散射检测中偏振门的蒙特卡罗研究

已有实验表明偏振门和斜入射技术能有效地抑止深层散射光子,实现浅表组织光学特性的检测。采用蒙特卡罗方法,分析了斜入射、偏振门的特性,研究了组织光学参量和入射角等参量对平均探测深度的影响。结果表明,组织的各向异性因子和入射角对平均探测深度影响较大。当各向异性因子较小(小于0.8)或者入射角较大(大于1.4 rad)时,组织的平均探测深度能满足小于2倍平均自由程的要求。偏振门和斜入射技术均可使探测光子经历的散射次数和探测深度有明显减小,因此,结合偏振门和斜入射技术能够更有效地分辨来自浅层的信号光,抑止来自深层的背景光。     

Percolative dielectric behavior of wet chemical synthesized lead lanthanum titanate-cobalt iron oxide composite thin films

We have investigated the electrical and magnetic properties of solution synthesized Pb_0.85La_0.15TiO₃-CoFe₂O₄ composite thin films. These composite films exhibit both polarization as well as magnetic hysteresis characteristics at room temperature. The dielectric constant of the composite films is found to increase remarkably up to 6.0 vol% CFO contents. The increase of the dielectric constant and loss tangent follow a general percolation model originally developed for metal-ceramic composites. It is argued that Maxwell-Wagner polarization, as well as diffusion of transition metal cation(s) from CFO to PLT15 lattice are responsible for the percolative behavior of the dielectric properties in these films.     

涂层球体混合体系的等效介电常数计算及应用

采用一定的包覆工艺制备了炭黑包覆发泡型聚苯乙烯(EPS)颗粒，用包覆的颗粒作为填料制备了环境适应性强的吸波材料. 将涂层球体混合体系作为密实整体考虑，计算了炭黑含量1%时的等效介电常数，并用计算结果预测了吸波性能. 与实验值对比表明，计算值是基本准确的，可以应用于新型微波暗室用吸波材料的设计和优化. 关键词： 炭黑 吸波材料 等效介电常数 吸波性能     

Local control of light polarization with low-temperature fiber optics

A fiber-optic-based polarization control system that uses a backreflection measurement scheme at low temperatures has been developed. This provides a stringent test of the light polarization state at the output of the fiber, allowing for determination and control of the degree of circular polarization; i.e., it can generate linear, right, or left circular polarization with cryogenic fibers. This polarization controller is paving the way toward the control and manipulation of nuclear spins in semiconductors via the optical Overhauser effect and could be used, for example, for the purpose of quantum information processing with the large nuclear spins of GaAs.     

Nuclear magnetism and the trivalent europium ion

Enhanced nuclear moments occur in atoms, molecules and all the transition groups of the periodic table. They are unusually large for lanthanide ions, with electrons of the 4f group, but the mechanism responsible for enhancement for other ions produces “anti-shielding” effects for the trivalent europium ion. These greatly reduce the effective nuclear magnetic moments in the ground state J=0. Here it is suggested that dynamic nuclear polarization can be used to increase the effective nuclear moments, and off-set the anti-shielding. The substance is europium vanadate, “doped” with a small percentage of samarium ions.     

Accumulation and flow of charge in MOS structures with Al2O3 and SiO2-Al2O3 films on silicon

A expérimental study has been carried out on the processes involved in the accumulation and flow of charge in MOS structures with thin films of Al₂O₃ and SiO₂-Al₂O₃ under various polarization conditions. The activation energy, the frequency factors, the sites of the trapping centers of the polarization charge, and the character of the flow of charge on thermal depolarization have been studied. It is shown that in a structure with a double-layer dielectric, the instability of the charge cannot be explained by the Maxwell-Wagner polarization model in its pure form because of the accumulation of charge in the spatially distributed trapping centers throughout the Al₂O₃ film. The parameters of the traps at the interface between the dielectrics have been determined and the contribution made to the instability of the charge by the migration of ions in these particular structures has been evaluated.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 7–14, April, 1978.     

微系统中转矩及电渗流作用下的微粒子电动旋转操控

微粒子的电动旋转操控是表征分散系中微粒子介电特性的有效方法.低雷诺数微系统中,以Maxwell-Wagner极化理论为基础,进行了转矩作用下的微粒子电动旋转机理研究,推导了此机理作用下微粒子电动旋转峰值速度所对应的特征频率,分析了弛豫时间对粒子旋转方向的影响,对转矩作用下的微粒子电动旋转速度进行仿真;以双电层理论为基础,对电渗流导致的微粒子电动旋转机理进行定性分析,提出具有金修饰的粒子表面更适合电渗流作用下的电动旋转研究.分别以羧基修饰的聚苯乙烯微球以及表面被金修饰的聚苯乙烯微球为操控对象,进行电动旋转实 关键词： 微系统 电动旋转 转矩 电渗流     

Analytical expression for the diffraction field of an axicon using the ray-tracing and interference method

We present a simple analytical expression for calculating the vector field distribution behind an axicon using the ray tracing and interference method. This expression can be used for analyzing vector beam propagation throughout the whole space behind the axicon, with any base angle. Using the present analytical expression, we have studied the propagation characteristics of the four kinds of polarizations, linear polarization, left-handed circular polarization (i.e., the radial polarization), right-handed circular polarization, and azimuthal polarization, incident on the axicon. We found that the longitudinally-polarized component has to be considered for a large base angle and high refractive index of axicons, apart from the azimuthally-polarized beam of incidence. PACS 42.15.Dp; 42.60.Jf; 42.25.Hz     

蚀变矿物的偏振光谱学研究

地物和大气中目标的反射、散射、透射及辐射具有的偏振特性,可以用于解决部分传统光学探测器无法解决的问题,已被广泛应用在军事、环境、农业、医药等诸多领域。在地质学方面,前人对偏振特性的研究主要集中在岩石学上,即利用岩石的偏振特性区分不同的岩石类型,以及通过造岩矿物的偏振差异解释导致岩石偏振差异的内因。这些研究为基础地质的岩性解译工作提供了重要参考。然而,在地质学另一重要分支--矿床学领域,有关偏振特性的研究还十分薄弱。由于矿床学关注蚀变矿物和蚀变带,如不掌握蚀变矿物的偏振特征,偏振技术将无法在矿床学领域得到推广和应用。针对前人在蚀变矿物偏振特性研究上的不足,在传统可见光光谱测量基础上,利用自主研发的偏振光谱测量系统和数据处理软件,以9种斑岩型矿床蚀变带中的特征蚀变矿物、3种短波红外盲区蚀变矿物、2种可见光盲区蚀变矿物为研究对象,开展了系统的偏振光谱测量和对比研究。结果表明：斑岩型矿床的钾化带、青磐岩化带、绢英岩化带和高级泥化带特征蚀变矿物在偏振光谱上存在较为明显的不同,表现为偏振曲线的对称性、变化趋势和偏振度强度三方面的差异,可据此对不同蚀变矿物进行识别,进而划分蚀变带。研究还发现：石英、萤石、钾长石三种短波红外盲区矿物,以及方解石、白云石两种可见光盲区矿物的偏振特性存在明显差异,说明通过给光谱仪增加偏振系统可有效提高光谱仪辨识矿物的能力,这对研发新一代小型化光谱仪,以及将光谱仪运用于矿产勘查具有重要的指导意义。该研究还说明,偏振光谱在矿床学领域具有重要的研究价值,在矿产勘查方面具有很大的应用潜力,应当积极开展更为深入、系统的研究和实践。     

关于部分偏振光能量传递和偏振态的光线椭圆分析方法

部分偏振光传播时的光强和偏振态变化情况比较复杂, 尤其是当大数值孔径成像时, 光束的偏振态还会影响成像质量. 本文提出一种用于分析部分偏振光能量传递和偏振态的光线椭圆方法, 采用光线椭圆叠加的办法来分析光束在各向同性的均匀介质中传输时能量和偏振态的变化情况, 同时直观性好, 计算量小. 论文最后, 对大数值孔径、 高像质的齐明透镜系统讨论了入射无偏振光的能量、 偏振态变化, 以及偏振效应问题. 结果表明, 大数值孔径使成像光束中TM偏振光强度相对增加, 影响成像对比度; 提高像方介质的折射率, 会改善此种偏振效应问题.     

铁电体中偶极子的滞后对剩余极化的影响

铁电体的剩余极化强度随温度降低而下降的特性引起了人们对铁电体存储数据失效的担心.运用铁电体的唯象理论和偶极子对交变电场的响应,提出了在电滞回线测量中偶极子的滞后冷冻效应模型,对极化的低温退化现象做了合理解释:温度下降导致吉布斯自由能势垒增大,致使偶极子对交变电场的响应时间延长.引入响应的滞后因子发现,极化强度随温度降低会出现峰值,在低温下降直至为零,可用偶极子的滞后与冻结效应描述.详细研究结果表明:因材料组份变化导致热力学参量的变化是重要因素:铁电-顺电相变中软模系数的增大会导致剩余极化峰移向高温;铁电性的增强,温度极化系数的增大和耐压强度或饱和电场的增强均会抑制滞后效应,从而使低温滞后效应移向低温.运用导出的公式数值模拟Ba Ti O_3/Bi Sc O_3复合陶瓷剩余极化强度的实验结果发现,Bi Sc O3含量的增加,使居里温度略有减小,但导致了软模系数较大幅度的增加,其结果是使偶极子的滞后效应发生在较高的温度.软模系数与铁电体的极化特性、铁电性、介电性和力学性均密切相关.研究结论表明:在低温下铁电体的铁电性没有失效,偶极子的低温冻结效应更有利于铁电体长久地保存数据.