Vertical focusing study in the central region of the CYCIAE-100 cyclotron

The vertical focusing is one of the primary problems in the central region of cyclotrons. This focusing effect brought about by the magnetic field is inclined to be weak near the center of the machine due to the fact that the flutter is small, while the electric focusing forces incurred from the dee gaps become very strong. Since the electric focusing effect is dependent on the RF phase, we have proceeded to carry out analytical calculations and numerical simulation about the vertical focusing in the central region of CYCIAE-100, including magnetic focusing, electric focusing and the defocusing effect from the space charge effect. All the results have been used for the design of the central region for CYCIAE-100 and a good vertical focusing has been obtained.     

具有电与磁非线性效应超常介质中光束的聚焦特性

基于Drude模型,采用解析法与数值模拟法研究了具有电与磁非线性效应超常介质中光束的聚焦特性。结果表明超常材料中光束聚焦现象不但可以发生在自聚焦非线性介质中(正折射区)而且可以发生在自散焦非线性介质中(负折射区),且光束中心频率离介质的等离子频率越近,其聚焦效应越明显。特别是当电与磁非线性极化率为异号时,超常介质的非线性符号可以通过调控电与磁等离子频率的相对大小控制,这为主动操控光束的传输提供一种新的自由度。     

Central region design for a 10 MeV internal ion source cyclotron

Internal ion sources are widely adopted in commercial cyclotrons used for short-life isotopes produc-tion. Without beam manipulation provided by the external beam injection line, the central region of this type of cyclotron is more sensitive and should be carefully designed. A design study and beam dynamics simulation for the central region of a 10 MeV compact cyclotron is presented. The OPERA3D/TOSCA code was used to calculate the electric field from a parameterized three dimensional (3D) central region model. With iterative structure optimizations of the central region, the beam centering and vertical focusing is well controlled, and the RF phase acceptance is around 25° A c++ code for beam simulation in the central region was developed and tested.     

CYCIAE-100轴向注入线设计及中心区束流匹配

采用包含空间电荷效应的束流光学计算软件TRANSOPTR对CYCIAE-100回旋加速器轴向注入线进行设计,在综合考虑空间布局、元件选择、真空度、空间电荷效应、轴向磁场和造价等问题后,最终确定了轴向注入线的聚焦结构。将数值跟踪获得的真实磁场下螺旋偏转板传的输矩阵编写到TRANSOPTR程序中,从而实现了从离子源出口至偏转板出口的束流光学匹配。介绍了CYCIAE-100回旋加速器轴向注入线的设计思想、布局结构和束流光学计算结果,并给出了主要元件的设计结果。在确定中心区结构和对中轨道后,采用多粒子轨道跟踪的方法进行中心区束流匹配的研究,通过对数值模拟的结果进行椭圆拟合并结合解析公式计算得到注入点处匹配矩阵,为注入线的设计提供拟合条件。     

紧凑型回旋加速器物理问题及调束技术

介绍了紧凑型回旋加速器CYCIAE-100的特点及设计过程中重点考虑的一些物理问题,如紧凑型直边扇磁铁结构的轴向聚焦、异性高频谐振腔的设计、空间电荷效应等。研究了该加速器的调束技术,包括调束方案、诊断设备布局及径向靶测量的束流信息、物理图像。CYCIAE-100的主磁铁设计中,为降低磁铁和高频腔的加工难度而采用直边扇形磁极,为解决直边扇形磁极在大半径处的轴向聚焦力下降的问题,采用变气隙技术,从而有效提高轴向聚焦力。采用自行开发的基于PIC技术的宏离子模拟程序OPAL-CYCL进行了空间电荷效应的研究,结果表明,CYCIAE-100的极限流强为10 mA。     

Performance parameters for highly-focused electromagnetic waves

New performance parameters are presented for electromagnetic focusing systems of high numerical aperture. The field in the focal region is expanded into either electric/magnetic dipole components, or transverse electric/magnetic components. The treatments can be applied to the important case of electric dipole waves, where the focused polarization distribution is the same as that of an electric dipole. For the limiting case of a system of unity numerical aperture, the transverse focus for a focused electric dipole field is sharpened up by 19% compared with an aplanatic system with plane-polarized input, while at the same time the focal intensity for a given input power is increased by 17%. This should be contrasted with using a pupil filter, in which case, as the focal spot is made smaller the focal intensity also decreases. Pure TE polarization results in an even smaller central lobe. Other inhomogeneous polarizations can also be investigated as linear combinations of electric/magnetic or TE/TM components.     

Fokussierende Parabelspektrographen

A stigmatic focusing parabola spectrograph was constructed consisting of a tandem arrangement of a magnetic and an electric sector field. The mean planes of deflection of these fields are vertical to each other. Each field is giving the focusing in its own direction of deflection. Using an electron impact ion source and a circular entrance diaphragm of a diameter of 0.05 mm a mass resolution of about 2500 and in the direction of the parabolas an energy resolution of at least 1000 was obtained.     

Ion-beam focusing in a double-plasma device

The authors studied the propagation of a low-energy charge-neutralized ion beam injected into the target region of a long double-plasma device. A magnetic field of up to ~180 G may be applied along the axis of the device. As a result of charge exchange collisions, the ion beam is attenuated as it propagates into the target region. However, under certain conditions of magnetic field strength and neutral gas pressure, the authors have observed a `reemergence' of the beam on axis far downstream in the target. This reemergence of the ion beam is attributed to a focusing of the ions by a self-consistently produced radial ambipolar electric field. The effect may be expected to occur in other types of plasma devices as well, whenever a sufficiently large radially inward electric field is present     

On the interaction of microparticles with ion flux in gas discharge plasma

The charging and interaction of microparticles in the gas discharge near-electrode region, where the role of the external electric field and ion drift is significant, are considered. It is shown that the ion focusing, responsible for, as is generally accepted, the formation of vertical linear dust structures, is strongly suppressed under conditions typical of experiments with dusty plasma (i.e., the gas discharge at pressures of 10–100 Pa). The contribution of ions trapped by an ion microparticle to the dusty particle charge is estimated. It is shown that trapped ions can appreciably reduce the microparticle charge.     

Electron optical parameters of the field 1/r and its application in nuclear spectroscopy

Electron optical parameters are calculated for an axially symmetrical magnetic field which in the central plane decreases inversely proportionally to the distance from the axis. The equipotential surfaces of this field are coaxial cones with a common vertex. The influence of the dispersion on the vertical focusing is estimated. The results obtained are used in proposing sector and prismatic beta spectrometers.     

Magnetic and electric properties of antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) crystals

The magnetic susceptibility in the three principal crystallographic directions, and the electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power parallel and perpendicular to the basal plane of Sb₂Se₃ single crystals, have been measured over the temperature range 100–550 K. The different results obtained from the magnetic and electric studies have been accounted for on the basis of non-stoichiometry of the compound and localized lone electrons. A hopping mechanism in the higher temperature region simultaneously with impurity excitation is suggested.     

CFD simulation of the magnetophoretic separation in a microchannel

The CFD simulation of the separation of labeled biospecies from a native fluid flowing through a planar microchannel, mediated by a magnetic field is presented in this study. The fluid flow, coupled with Eulerian advection-convection concentration equation, is utilized to model the transport of the magnetic biospecies. A moderate-gradient magnetic field caused accumulation of the magnetic labeled species in the vicinity of the higher magnetic field region. The re-distribution of the magnetically labeled species in the region close to the highest magnetic field zone presents a scheme for the focusing or collection of these species from the heterogeneous samples under the simulation conditions. The magnetic-fluidic interactions and interplay between the magnetophoretic mass transfer and molecular diffusion for different throughputs are analyzed. The study found out that the axial magnetic forces, created from a dipole-like magnetic field, is playing a major role in the vortex formation, and this complements the downward vertical force in confining the particles to a small region near the point with the highest magnetic strength. Also, the study predicts that the generated viscous shear stress levels in the interior region of the channel provide a safe transport mechanism for the biological cells in the solution.     

周期场聚焦电子束

引言 自从发现“强聚焦效应”可以应用在粒子加速器内以后,人们知道利用周期磁场能把离子束控制得更细,于是可以减少磁铁的需要量。因此近年来为了改建或新设计各种类型粒子加速器,对周期场聚焦离子束或电子束方面曾进行了很多研究工作。另一方面人们也开始研究用周期电场和磁场聚焦各种电子管内的电子束,例如行波管内电子束的聚焦等。聚焦电子束的主要特点在於必要考虑空间电荷。     

磁聚焦法测量电子荷质比实验中励磁电流测量方法的研究

根据电荷在电场、磁场中的运动特点,分析了磁聚焦法测量电子荷质比的原理;利用磁场叠加原理,从理论角度探讨了测量磁聚焦时励磁电流的方法,并对各种方法进行了比较;从实验角度对实验数据分析处理,指出了误差产生的主要原因之一,得出了测量磁聚焦时励磁电流值的新方法.     

Nonlinear magnetoelectric effect in composite multiferroics

The theoretical and experimental studies of the nonlinear magnetoelectric effect in composite multiferroics in the low-frequency spectral region and in the electromechanical resonance region have been performed. It has been shown that such structures demonstrate a nonlinear magnetoelectric effect, which is quadratic in ac magnetic field strength at weak magnetic fields. In the region of the electromechanical resonance, the resonance excitation of an electric field occurs by means of ac magnetic field at a frequency lower than the resonance frequency by a factor of two. In the low-frequency spectral region, there is a difference of amplitude values of two neighboring voltage maxima due to the superposition of signals from the linear and nonlinear effects, and the difference is proportional to the dc magnetic field strength in weak fields. The results of the experimental study of the two-layer permendur-lead zirconate titanate structure are presented.     

The anomalous penetration of intense circularly polarized electromagnetic beam through overdense magnetized plasma

The steady state nonlinear propagation of an intense, circularly polarized electromagnetic beam in an inhomogeneous magnetized plasma has been investigated in paraxial approximation. The laser induces a large oscillatory velocity on electrons, raising their mass and lowering the plasma frequency. Further, rising due to cyclotron resonance effect. The propagation of the electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasma in both the extraordinary and ordinary mode is analyzed. The nonlinearity in dielectric function is considered in presence of external magnetic field due to saturation effects for arbitrary large intensity, which leads to focusing/defocusing of the beam. The focusing effect along with magnetic field helps in the process of anomalous penetration of the beam by enhancing the depletion of the plasma from the axial region. The penetration increases with the incident beam power up to some critical value beyond which it rises abruptly when all electrons have been driven out of the axis. The cyclotron resonance effect awfully supports the laser beam to propagate inside the overdense plasma region. Numerical computations are performed for typical parameters of relativistic laser–plasma interaction applicable for underdense and overdense plasma.     

Super-Enhancement Focusing of Teflon Spheres

A Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) sphere can be used as a focusing lens in the applications of imaging and sensing due to its low-loss property in the terahertz band. Herein, field intensities and focusing parameters are analytically calculated for Teflon spheres at different low-loss levels and then a super-enhancement focusing effect in the spheres with particular size parameters was discovered, which can stimulate about 4000 times stronger field intensity than that for incident radiation as well as the great potential of overcoming diffraction limit despite high sensitivity to the magnitude of Teflon loss. A subsequent analysis of scattering amplitudes proves that the strong scattering of a single-order mode in the internal electric or magnetic field is the main factor causing this phenomenon.     

利用磁聚焦法测量地磁场

利用电子比荷测试仪,借助罗盘、水平仪和铅垂等简单工具,分别测量进行磁聚焦后正、反向两次通过的励磁电流,计算出地磁场的水平分量和垂直分量,从而确定出地磁场的大小和方向.     

Photogalvanic current in a parabolic well

We study the in-plane stationary photocurrent in a parabolic potential well. The well has vertical asymmetry due to inhomogeneous distribution of scatterers. The electric field of light has both vertical and in-plane components. The photogalvanic effect originates from the periodic oscillation of electrons in a vertical direction caused by the normal component of the alternating electric field with simultaneous in-plane acceleration/deceleration by the in-plane component of electric field. The problem is considered in classical approximation assuming inhomogeneously-distributed friction. Photocurrent has a resonance character. Resonance occurs at light frequencies close to a characteristic well frequency. The effect of in-plane magnetic field is also studied.     

外场调控下硼磷烯量子点的电子结构和光学性质研究

采用紧束缚近似方法对锯齿状六边形硼磷烯量子点在平面电场和垂直磁场调控下的电子结构和光学性质进行了研究. 研究表明,硼磷烯量子点作为直接带隙半导体,在无外加电场和磁场作用时,能隙不随尺寸的改变而变化. 在平面电场调控下,能隙随电场强度的增加逐渐减小直至消失,平面电场方向几乎不会对硼磷烯量子点体系产生影响, 且随量子点尺寸的增大,能隙消失所需电场强度逐渐减小. 在垂直磁场调控下,表现为体态的能级在磁场作用下形成朗道能级,而能隙边缘处的朗道能级近似为一个平带,不随磁通量的改变而变化,态密度主要分布于朗道能级处. 另外,垂直磁场作用下的光吸收主要是由朗道能级之间的跃迁引起的.