关于平面三角桁架结构小变形假设适用范围的讨论

在平面三角桁架结构的教学过程中,对于微小变形情况,使用材料力学中的小变形假设可用切线代替圆弧简化求解过程,在一定程度上满足工程实际的需求。在教学实践中发现,学生对于这种情况下小变形假设的适用范围缺乏具体的认识,对其适用范围理解尚不深入。本文以平面三角桁架结构为例,利用理论推导和有限元分析,通过具体算例定量地给出了典型结构的小变形假设适用的范围,并分析了其失效的原因。推导过程和分析方法具有可推广的一般性,便于帮助学生理解材料力学假设在工程实践中的应用,具有一定的工程应用价值和教学实践意义。     

关于平面假设的讲授方法的一点浅见

平面假设在材料力学关于杆件应力和变形公式的推导中,起着十分重要的作用。根据这个假设,可以比较简便地获得结果。从观察实物(如金属试样、橡胶或泡沫塑料模型,甚至于长面包等)表面的变形出发来提出平面假设,这是常见的一种有效讲法。它比那种不作任何观察或说明就给出这个假设的讲法要好。     

关于阐明纯弯梁的平面假定的一点意见

<正> 从1954年以来,我国出版的各种材料力学教材,在论述梁的平面假设时都采用“划线观察法”作为提出平面假设的实验依据,即在矩形截面纯弯曲梁的侧面绘出垂直于梁轴线的横向直线,加载后横向直线仍为     

非局部平面应变和平面应力问题界定及其精确性讨论

在非局部弹性理论框架下对平面应变和平面应力状态重新界定.首先,分别在其相应简化假设下推导控制方程,并与经典局部情况进行比较.然后,引入变形协调条件对两类非局部平面问题的精确性进行讨论.其中,对于非局部平面应力状态,通过应变协调方程的Fourier变换形式来进行研究,使问题得以简化.通过以上分析,最终得到一些有价值的结论.     

一维六方准晶压电材料反平面Ⅲ型裂纹电塑性分析

论文基于一维六方准晶压电材料反平面问题的基本方程,对Ⅲ型裂纹的电塑性区进行分析.采用条带模型并假设在电塑性区的切应力保持为常数,得到了电塑性区大小的表达式.这种假设方式消除了电场和应力在裂纹尖端的奇异性,这与实际情况相符合,也为一维六方准晶压电材料的断裂分析提供了理论基础.     

用MVM准则求解轴对称弹塑性问题

本文采用MVM 屈服准则,用相关联流动法则建立材料的本构关系.对于实际工程中常见的轴对称问题(平面应力、平面应变),进行弹塑性分析,给出求解问题的一组微分方程.采用Prager 假设,给出应力场和位移场.在分析中可以看出:对于平面应变问题,当v≠0.5时,求解应力场的问题是非静定的;当v=0.5或在平面应力问题中,求解应力的问题是静定的,方程组易于求解.通过数值计算考察SD 效应对结构的影响.结果表明,在压缩过程中,SD 效应增强了结构抵抗塑性变形的能力.     

弹性层间的单退让接触问题

本文基于所有接触面间光滑的假设,研究同时受压的两弹性层间的单退让平面接触问题. 利用Fourier变换把平面弹性方程转化为奇异积分方程. 然后利用Gauss-Chebyshev求积公式和迭代法求其数值解.最后给出了数值算例,分析了剪切模量与上层接触半径对退让半径和接触应力的影响.     

变截面四节点梁元刚度矩阵及其在飞机结构分析中的应用

本文基于截面变形的平面假设和截面参数的逆线性假设,导出了计算梁腹钣剪切变形的小锥度变截面四节点梁元的刚度矩阵。从而,对多梁多肋的翼型,可把平盒式结构的三角形元素作蒙皮和梁元素为内部构件的这种理想化模型推广到斜盒式结构,使得这种结构理想化模型能方便地用于飞机结构分析。论证计算表明效果是良好的。     

滑块在平面上是如何运动的

滑块在平面上的运动在完全刚性地基假设下其运动方程存在内在的矛盾. 在将地基看作 弹性的前提下求解了这个问题,并根据所得解的物理意义,解释了摩擦激振的基本原理.     

蠕变理論的平面接触問題

本文推导了蠕变理論的平面接触問題的解,其中考虑了时效和材料瞬时变形时模量的改变。 在线性的提法中,这个問題普罗考波維奇曾进行过研究。 在解决非綫性蠕变条件下的接触問題时,必須从某些有相当物理根据的应力应变关系的假设出发。从这个观点上来看,用任何一种时效类型的蠕变理論都是不适宜的,因为它在解这些問題时会导致不正确的结果,这里我们用塑性滞后理论作为原始的物理假设。这一假设是由拉包特诺夫对于陈化材料给出的,并由作者加以发展。 近年来,曾进行过一系列实验专门验证塑性滞后理论的基本方程,验证结果说明了对于像铝合金、铜、低碳钢之类的材料理论和实验符合得相当不错。 在§1中推导了物体在平面应变状态下材料蠕变的塑性滞后理论,答出了有关应力应变分量的基本方程。 在§2中应用这些方程,假设应力应变成(?)次规律的条件下预先地解出半平面的平衡问题,这半平面处在非綫性蠕变条件下,并受到沿垂直方向加在自由表面上的集中力的作用,解直接用位移表示。 在§3中进一步使用这些解,证明了非线性蠕变理论的平面接触問題的解可以化为二个联立的积分方程解。 对于在对称或在反对称承载情况下的受压物体,在同一节的2—4°中也进行了研究,并导出了这些方程的解。     

DNA纳米管的扭转刚度模型

刚度是衡量材料弹性变形难易程度的一个定量表征参数,与DNA纳米管静动力学特性及其结构生物功能密切相关．本文致力于研究DNA纳米管的扭转刚度．首先,在六角形均匀封装条件下,考虑到单个DNA杆件弯扭组合问题的静不定特点,我们利用平衡方程、变形协调方程和弹性本构方程,合理预测了DNA纳米管扭转实验中单个DNA杆件的弯扭组合变形,由此给出了DNA纳米管扭转刚度预测的解析模型．最后的结果表明：随着DNA杆数的增加,DNA纳米管的弯曲刚度显著增加,而其扭转刚度却几乎不变,合理解释了扭转实验中发现的现象．有关结论为DNA折叠结构的设计和应用提供了参考．     

Shear deformable bars of doubly symmetrical cross section under nonlinear nonuniform torsional vibrations—application to torsional postbuckling configurations and primary resonance excitations

In this paper a boundary element method is developed for the nonuniform torsional vibration problem of bars of arbitrary doubly symmetric constant cross section, taking into account the effects of geometrical nonlinearity (finite displacement—small strain theory) and secondary twisting moment deformation. The bar is subjected to arbitrarily distributed or concentrated conservative dynamic twisting and warping moments along its length, while its edges are subjected to the most general axial and torsional (twisting and warping) boundary conditions. The resulting coupling effect between twisting and axial displacement components is also considered and a constant along the bar compressive axial load is induced so as to investigate the dynamic response at the (torsional) postbuckled state. The bar is assumed to be adequately laterally supported so that it does not exhibit any flexural or flexural–torsional behavior. A coupled nonlinear initial boundary value problem with respect to the variable along the bar angle of twist and to an independent warping parameter is formulated. The resulting equations are further combined to yield a single partial differential equation with respect to the angle of twist. The problem is numerically solved employing the Analog Equation Method (AEM), a BEM based method, leading to a system of nonlinear Differential–Algebraic Equations (DAE). The main purpose of the present contribution is twofold: (i) comparison of both the governing differential equations and the numerical results of linear or nonlinear free or forced vibrations of bars ignoring or taking into account the secondary twisting moment deformation effect (STMDE) and (ii) numerical investigation of linear or nonlinear free vibrations of bars at torsional postbuckling configurations. Numerical results are worked out to illustrate the method, demonstrate its efficiency and wherever possible its accuracy.

     

On the role of constant-stress surfaces in the problem of minimizing elastic stress concentration

This paper is concerned with conditions under which surfaces of constant stress magnitude serve as optimal from the standpoint of minimizing stress. Such conditions are established for elastic solids in the cases of antiplane shear deformation, axisymmetric torsional deformation, and plane deformation     

A NEW ENGINEERING CALCULATING MODEL FOR A LINEAR INCLUSION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

By using the hypothesis of the deformation of the straight bar and beamin mechanics of materials,a new engineering calculating model for a linear inclusion inplane is presented.Through the Kelvin's solution of a concentrated force,the inclusionproblem is reduced to solving a set of uncoupled singular integral equations which canbe solved by the numerical method of singular integral equation.Based on theseresults,several applicable examples including an inclusion-crack problem are calculatedand the results are quite satisfactory.     

Flow and structure development behavior of bar soaps containing synthetic detergent

Many bar soaps are processed using continuous processing technologies, including single and twin screw extrusion. However, in spite of the industrial importance of the extrusion-based processing of bar soaps the rheological behavior of bar soaps is poorly understood. Here, the shear viscosity and the formation of gross surface irregularities upon extrusion of the bar soap were investigated using steady torsional, rectangular slit, and capillary flows. Furthermore, the structure development aspects were investigated using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It is revealed that the flow and deformation behavior of bar soaps is complicated by the ubiquitous presence of wall slip, viscoplasticity, gross surface irregularities, and various structuring aspects. The orientation of crystallites and the shear stress dependent fracture of a crystalline component of the formulation at the wall during flow were identified as some of the contributing effects to the development of the structure of the bar soap during flow and deformation.     

Generalized Poynting Effects in Predeformed Prismatic Bars

We use the Signorini expansion method to determine second-order Saint-Venant solution for an infinitesimally bent and stretched bar. The bar in the unstressed reference configuration is straight, prismatic, isotropic, homogeneous and made of a second-order elastic material. These solutions and those found earlier for a pretwisted bar give generalized Poynting effects. A bar when bent stretches and the elongation is determined by the first and second-order elasticities, area of cross-section, torsional rigidity, bending vector and the inertia tensor. When an infinitesimally twisted bar is deformed, there is a second-order bending deformation even when there is no resultant bending moment applied on the end faces. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A coupling cross-section finite element model for torsion analysis of prismatic bars

A general finite element model has been developed for the analysis of prismatic bars subject to torsional loading by modelling only a small slice of the bar. Exact analytical coupling deformation relationships between the artificial cross-sections, which are independent of the position of axis of rotation, have been formulated. Three examples from the range of analyses that have been evaluated have been selected to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the method. Analyses for an orthotropic elastic square cross-section bar, an elastic–plastic circular cross-section shaft containing a radial crack, and geometrically nonlinear deformation of a thin-walled I-section beam are presented and compared with previous results, where available.     

Optimization of a Thin-Walled,Anisotropic Curved Bar for Maximum Torsional Stiffness∗

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT A curved bar in the form of a circular ring sector is under uniform torsion when acted upon by two equal and opposite forces directed alone the axis passing through the center of the ring and perpendicular to its plane, i.e., forces acting along the axis of rotation. The exact torsion theory can be extended to this case when the material of which the bar consists is cylindri-cally anisotropic, with the axis of anisotropy directed along the axis of rotation and having an elastic symmetry about any plane of the transverse cross section. In this paper, a thin-walled curved bar having the loading conditions and material properties described above is optimized so as to maximize its torsional stiffness. The optimization is carried out with respect to the cross-sectional shape of the bar subject to constraints on the transverse area (single-purpose design) and bending stiffness (multipurpose design). In the special case of an orthotropic material, the angle of inclination of the ortho-tropy axes with respect to the middle plane is optimally determined for a cross section with constant thickness. A perturbation method is used to obtain analytical solutions, and numerical results are presented indicating the efficiency of the designs and the optimal cross-sectional shapes.     

Secondary torsional moment deformation effect in inelastic nonuniform torsion of bars of doubly symmetric cross section by BEM

In this paper a boundary element method is developed for the inelastic nonuniform torsional problem of simply or multiply connected prismatic bars of arbitrarily shaped doubly symmetric cross section, taking into account the secondary torsional moment deformation effect. The bar is subjected to arbitrarily distributed or concentrated torsional loading along its length, while its edges are subjected to the most general torsional boundary conditions. A displacement based formulation is developed and inelastic redistribution is modeled through a distributed plasticity model exploiting three dimensional material constitutive laws and numerical integration over the cross sections. An incremental–iterative solution strategy is adopted to resolve the elastic and plastic part of stress resultants along with an efficient iterative process to integrate the inelastic rate equations. The one dimensional primary angle of twist per unit length, a two dimensional secondary warping function and a scalar torsional shear correction factor are employed to account for the secondary torsional moment deformation effect. The latter is computed employing an energy approach under elastic conditions. Three boundary value problems with respect to (i) the primary warping function, (ii) the secondary warping one and (iii) the total angle of twist coupled with its primary part per unit length are formulated and numerically solved employing the boundary element method. Domain discretization is required only for the third problem, while shear locking is avoided through the developed numerical technique. Numerical results are worked out to illustrate the method, demonstrate its efficiency and wherever possible its accuracy.     

Coupled torsional and longitudinal wave propagation in a neo-hookean bar

When a cylindrical hyperelastic bar is subjected to finite twist there is a second order effect, namely there is a change in length, or an axial force is required if this change in length is constrained. In this paper we consider the finite deformation elastodynamic problem of the coupling that results, because of this second order effect, between longitudinal and torsional waves. An approximate theory is presented and some similarity solutions are obtained.