Second-order solution of Saint-Venant's problem for an elastic bar predeformed in flexure

We use the method of Signorini's expansion to analyze the Saint-Venant problem for an isotropic and homogeneous second-order elastic prismatic bar predeformed by an infinitesimal amount in flexure. The centroid of one end face of the bar is rigidly clamped. The complete solution of the problem is expressed in terms of ten functions. For a general cross-section, explicit expressions for most of these functions are given; the remaining functions are solutions of well-posed plane elliptic problems. However, for a bar of circular cross-section, all of these functions are evaluated and a closed form solution of the 2nd-order problem is given. The solution contains six constants which characterize the second-order flexure, bending, torsion and extension of the bar. It is found that when the total axial force vanishes, the second-order axial deformation is not zero; it represents a generalized Poynting effect. The second-order elasticities affect only the second-order axial force.     

Generalized Poynting Effects in Predeformed Prismatic Bars

We use the Signorini expansion method to determine second-order Saint-Venant solution for an infinitesimally bent and stretched bar. The bar in the unstressed reference configuration is straight, prismatic, isotropic, homogeneous and made of a second-order elastic material. These solutions and those found earlier for a pretwisted bar give generalized Poynting effects. A bar when bent stretches and the elongation is determined by the first and second-order elasticities, area of cross-section, torsional rigidity, bending vector and the inertia tensor. When an infinitesimally twisted bar is deformed, there is a second-order bending deformation even when there is no resultant bending moment applied on the end faces. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

对称变截面平面曲杆的单元刚度矩阵

本以一种新的思路和做法对变截面曲杆进行单元分析,直接把变截面曲杆作为单元,采用弹性中心法导出了单元刚度矩阵通用公式,确定了截面按余弦规律变化时,轴线分别为圆弧形、抛物线形、半椭圆形平面曲杆的单元刚度矩阵精确式,供结构设计参考使用。     

细长弹性杆在轴压下的二次分叉

基于[1]的弹性曲杆的平衡方程,本文研究了矩形横截面细长杆在轴压下的后屈曲行为。设横截面的边长比为 1:2δ,使用 Poincare-Keller 的打靶法并引进坐标的伸缩变换,研究了δ在 δ_0=1 附近的情形。当δ≠1 时,发现了杆平衡态的二次分叉。我们也给出了原始后屈曲解支及二次分支的渐近表示并分析了各个解支的稳定性。     

Effect of elastic target material on Taylor model

A theoretical model is proposed for a semi-infinite elastic bar struck axially by a flat-ended cylindrical projectile. The model is actually developed from the classical Taylor model except that the target is a semi-infinite bar with elastic behavior being considered. Particular attention is paid to the influence due to elastic wave propagation in the target bar on the energy partitioning between the projectile and target, which may result in the final length of the cylinder significantly different from the predictions of the classical Taylor model. The theoretical model is verified by numerical simulations, and the effects of several key non-dimensional parameters on the residual deformation and energy dissipation are discussed in detail. It is shown that the elastic effect of the target bar plays an important role in the prediction of plastic deformation of the cylindrical projectile.     

A new efficient method to evaluate exact stiffness and mass matrices of non-uniform beams resting on an elastic foundation

In this paper, a new efficient method to evaluate the exact stiffness and mass matrices of a non-uniform Bernoulli–Euler beam resting on an elastic Winkler foundation is presented. The non-uniformity may result from variable cross-section and/or from inhomogeneous linearly elastic material. It is assumed that there is no abrupt variation in the cross-section of the beam so that the Euler–Bernoulli theory is valid. The method is based on the integration of the exact shape functions which are derived from the solution of the axial deformation problem of a non-uniform bar and the bending problem of a non-uniform beam which are both formulated in terms of the two displacement components. The governing differential equations are uncoupled with variable coefficients and are solved within the framework of the analog equation concept. According to this, the two differential equations with variable coefficients are replaced by two linear ones pertaining to the axial and transverse deformation of a substitute beam with unit axial and bending stiffness, respectively, under ideal load distributions. The key point of the method is the evaluation of the two ideal loads which in this work is achieved by approximating them by two polynomials. More specifically, the axial ideal load is approximated by a linear polynomial while the transverse one by a cubic polynomial. The numerical implementation of the method is simple, and the results are compared favorably to those obtained by exact solutions available in literature.     

Some analytical solutions for Saint-Venant torsion of non-homogeneous anisotropic cylindrical bars

The Saint-Venant torsion of linearly elastic anisotropic cylindrical bars with solid and hollow cross-section is treated. The shear flexibility moduli of the non-homogeneous bar are given functions of the Prandtl's stress function of considered cylindrical bar when its material is homogeneous. The solution of the torsion problem of non-homogeneous anisotropic bar is expressed in terms of the torsion and Prandtl's stress functions of the corresponding homogeneous anisotropic bar having the same cross-section as the non-homogeneous bar.     

An experimental method for considering dispersion and attenuation in a viscoelastic Hopkinson bar

An experimental method is developed to perform Hopkinson tests by means of viscoelastic bars by considering the wave propagation attenuation and dispersion due to the material rheological properties and the bar radial inertia (geometric effect). A propagation coefficient, representative of the wave dispersion and attenuation, is evaluated experimentally. Thus, the Pochhammer and Chree frequency equation is not necessary. Any bar cross-section shapes can be employed, and the knowledge of the bar mechanical properties is useless. The propagation coefficients for two PMMA bars with different diameters and for an elastic aluminum alloy bar are evaluated. These coefficients are used to determine the normal forces at the free end of a bar and at the ends of two bars held in contact. As an application, the mechanical impedance of an accelerometer is evaluated. A part of this work has been performed in the Laboratoire Matériaux Endommagement Fiabilité of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Métiers de Bordeaux.     

变截面压杆稳定非线性微分方程边值问题的最优化算法研究

针对任意约束类型的变截面受压杆件的稳定临界载荷计算问题,结合非线性微分方程数值算法和最优化方法,以起点边界的初始条件、待求临界荷载和附加约束力为设计变量;以终点边值条件满足的函数关系与位型条件构建目标函数,提出变截面压杆临界载荷和稳定位型的优化求解算法。应用VB编制通用的优化计算程序,分析了典型算例;通过对比发现,本文以较少设计变量实现了临界载荷的高精度计算,为工程应用提供参考。     

Some analytical solutions for Saint-Venant torsion of non-homogeneous cylindrical bars

The Saint-Venant torsion problem of linearly elastic cylindrical bars with solid and hollow cross-section is treated. The shear modulus of the non-homogeneous bar is a given function of the Prandtl's stress function of considered cylindrical bar when its material is homogeneous. The solution of the torsional problem of non-homogeneous bar is expressed in terms of the torsional and Prandtl's stress functions of homogeneous bar having the same cross-section as the non-homogeneous bar.     

METHOD OF THE LINEAR ELASTIC BAR CALCAULATION UNDER SMALL DEFORMATION CONDITIONS

先用几何图解法对一简单线弹性杆系变形作分析计算,发现功能原理更可行有效. 方法是假设用一个和载荷P 相垂直的力H（虚拟力）先作用于杆系,根据功能原理导出在载荷P 作用下的位移计算公式. 并把这一方法推广到多个杆件组成的弹性杆系（桁架）中,并建立相应计算公式. 可望实现计算机编程,大大简化这一类问题的工程计算.     

An Approximate Treatment of Blunt Body Impact

This paper considers a blunt body, modelled by an elastic-perfectly plastic one-dimensional bar, impacting normally against a rigid fixed target as indicated in Figure 1. When the impact velocity is small, the bar behaves elastically during the ensuing motion and rebounds with an equal and opposite velocity to that on impact. But for large impact velocity, part of the bar adjacent to the point of contact experiences permanent plastic deformation reducing the rebound velocity. The illuminating theory developed by Taylor [10] analyzed the impact of a rigid-plastic bar. We extend this treatment by employing a semi-inverse procedure combined with energy conservation to additionally take into account elastic deformation.     

Extension of an elastic space with a rigid bar

An asymptotic model for deformation of an elastic space with a rigid thin reinforcing bar is constructed. The elastic modulus of the fiber far exceeds the elastic modulus of the matrix. The shape optimization problem for the reinforcing bar is solved on the basis of the uniform strength condition. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 120–128, January–February, 2008.     

Some remarks on the stability of the homogeneous deformation for an elastic bar

The stability of the homogeneous deformation for an elastic bar subject to uniaxial tension is studied. It is shown that the critical extension at which the homogeneous deformation becomes unstable is a decreasing function of the aspect ratio. Furthermore, it is shown that for small aspect ratios, the homogeneous deformation need not be the global minimizer of the total energy, even though it may be a local minimizer.     

New integral LEM formulae applied to the nonlinear bar

The linear equivalence method (LEM), introduced by [Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. de la Roumanie 24 (72) (1980) 4417; An. Univ. Bucure ti, ser. Matematica 31 (1982) 75] to get solutions of nonlinear ODEs, was used so far to get differential type representations. New LEM representations of integral type are presented here and used for the study of the nonlinear elastic bar; a good approximating formula for the rotation of the cross-section at the bar end is also obtained, in case of a simply supported bar. A parallel old–new results is made by means of a programming code.     

Saint-Venant torsion analysis of bars with rectangular cross-section and effective coating layers

This paper investigates the torsion analysis of coated bars with a rectangular cross-section. Two opposite faces of a bar are coated by two isotropic layers with different materials of the original substrate that are perfectly bonded to the bar. With the Saint-Venant torsion theory, the governing equation of the problem in terms of the warping function is established and solved using the finite Fourier cosine transform. The state of stress on the cross-section, warping of the cross-section, and torsional rigidity of the bar are evaluated. Effects of thickness of the coating layers and material properties on these quantities are investigated. A set of graphs are provided that can be used to determine the coating thicknesses and material properties so as to keep the maximum von Mises stress on the cross-section below an allowable value for effective use of the coating layer.     

Analysis of nonlinear stability and post-buckling for Euler-type beam-column structure

Based on the assumption of finite deformation, the Hamilton variational principle is extended to a nonlinear elastic Euler-type beam-column structure located on a nonlinear elastic foundation. The corresponding three-dimensional (3D) mathematical model for anaiyzing the nonlinear mechanical behaviors of structures is established, in which the effects of the rotation inertia and the nonlinearity of material and geometry are considered. As an application, the nonlinear stability and the post-buckling for a linear elastic beam with the equal cross-section located on an elastic foundation are analyzed.One end of the beam is fully fixed, and the other end is partially fixed and subjected to an axial force. A new numerical technique is proposed to calculate the trivial solution,bifurcation points, and bifurcation solutions by the shooting method and the Newton-Raphson iterative method. The first and second bifurcation points and the corresponding bifurcation solutions are calculated successfully. The effects of the foundation resistances and the inertia moments on the bifurcation points are considered.     

Impact of a finite elastic-viscoplastic bar

A method for predicting the response of strain-rate sensitive structures under dynamic loading is developed. It is based on a finite difference method, the incremental theory of plasticity, and an elastic work-hardening viscoplastic material idealization. The strain-rate effect, loading and unloading conditions, and wave interactions are automatically accounted for, and adjusted if necessary, as the deformation proceeds. No iteration is required even if the field equations are nonlinear (e.g. non-linear constitutive equations, large deformation, or complicated geometry). We solve as an example the small deflection of a finite bar with a concentrated tip mass. The accuracy is comparable to that obtained by the well-known method of characteristics, a powerful tool for solving elastic-viscoplastic wave problems but which is restricted to small deflections and simple geometry. Because of the form of the constitutive relation selected (elastic work-hardening visco-plastic), several important new features of the dynamics response are brought out. These features are not revealed when simpler, computationally-convenient constitutive relations, such as rigid ideal-viscoplastic, rigid work-hardening viscoplastic and elastic ideal-viscoplastic are used.     

Fluid-pressure eigenstates and bifurcation in tension specimens under lateral pressure

An analysis is presented of an eigenstate that may be significant in deformation processes where part of the surface of a body is subjected to loading by uniform fluid pressure. The ‘fluid-pressure eigenstate’ is a configuration in which quasi-static incremental deformation is possible under surface traction-rates that are related to the instantaneous velocity field in a certain way, the fluid pressure being momentarily stationary. Deformation processes exist such that, given certain rate boundary-conditions, uniqueness of the incremental deformation is guaranteed at every instant up to a fluid-pressure eigenstate. For a cylindrical specimen, of arbitrary cross-section, of elastic/plastic or incompressible, finite elastic material it is shown that the first fluid-pressure eigenstate to be reached on a path of uniform stretching corresponds to the instant at which the ‘effective load’ reaches a maximum. No fluid-pressure eigenstates are reached in isotropic Cauchy-elastic solids under all-round fluid pressure loading provided the physically reasonable conditions that the instantaneous bulk and shear moduli remain positive are satisfied.     

Buckling of short beams with warping effect included

A beam theory for the stability analysis of short beam that includes shear deformation and warping of the cross-section is developed. The warping of the cross-section is taken to be an independent kinematics quantity and corresponding force resultants are defined. For the beam subjected to the external loading only at the ends of the beam, equilibrium equations have been obtained by the principle of virtual work. The variations of lateral displacement, rotational angle of the cross-section and the multiplier of the warping shape along the beam axis are solved in closed form and expressed in terms of deformation quantities at the ends of the beam. Based on this beam theory, the lateral stiffness of the beam sustained an axial compression force and a lateral shear force at one end is explicitly derived, from which the equation of the buckling load is established and the buckling load can be solved. When the effect of cross-section warping is neglected, the derived lateral stiffness and buckling load converge to the solutions of the Haringx theory.