Bi2O3／γ—Al2O3系助燃剂的性能研究

负载性Pt助燃剂已被广泛应用。由于助燃剂能促进CO的转化成CO_2,对焦炭本身的燃烧速度无明显影响,故欲强化催化剂再生过程应提高其表面结焦的燃烧速度。我们制备了一系列Bi_2O_3/γ-Al_2O_3助燃剂以取代较为昂贵的Pt系助燃剂,并考察了Bi系助燃剂的物相结构、表面吸附性能、抗硫性及CO催化氧化活性和烧碳速度。结果表明,在高温实用区域,Bi系和Pt系对CO催化氧化活性相近,Bi系尚具有较好的去焦性能,有利于催化剂再生。     

离子交换法制备高光催化活性Bi2WO6@Bi2S3异质结纳米片

社会经济快速发展的同时, 也带来了日益严峻的环境污染问题. 半导体光催化氧化技术因节能环保而在环境领域有广阔的应用前景. 作为最具有代表性的半导体光催化材料, TiO2因为其禁带宽度(3.2 eV)比较大, 只能被紫外光激发, 因而对太阳能的利用率较低. 作为一种最简单的含铋层状氧化物, Bi2WO6的禁带宽度(2.7 eV)相对较小, 可以部分利用太阳光中的可见光, 因而受到广大研究者的青睐. 但是, Bi2WO6光催化材料的可见光响应范围较窄, 仅能被波长小于450 nm的光激发, 且激发后的光生载流子容易复合, 导致光催化效率不高. 因此, 迫切需要对Bi2WO6光催化材料进行结构修饰与改性,采用拓展其光响应范围和抑制载流子复合, 来提高其光催化活性.本文采用离子交换法原位合成了具有核-壳结构的Bi2S3@Bi2WO6纳米片, 充分利用Bi2S3优良的可见光响应性能和半导体异质结光催化剂的构建, 来提高Bi2WO6的光催化活性. 结果表明, 随着Na2S·9H2O用量从0增加到1.5 g, 所得催化剂的光活性不断提高, X3B的降解速率常数由0.40×10-3min-1增加到6.6×10-3min-1, 催化剂活性提高了16.5倍. 当进一步增加Na2S·9H2O的用量时(1.5-3.0 g), 复合催化剂的光活性下降. 这是由于过多Na2S·9H2O的引入导致在催化剂表面生成了没有光活性的NaBiS2层(Bi2S3+ Na2S = 2NaBiS2), 占据了催化剂的活性位点, 阻碍了染料分子与催化剂的直接接触. Bi2WO6@Bi2S3异质结纳米片光活性的提高, 可归因于Bi2S3的敏化作用极大拓展了复合催化剂的光响应范围; 另一方面, Bi2WO6和Bi2S3两者之间的半导体异质结效应有效促进了光生载流子在空间的有效分离, 抑制了光生电子-空穴的复合, 从而提高了复合催化剂的催化效率. 本研究为其他半导体复合材料的原位生长制备提供了新的思路.     

Photoreduction of CO_2 to methanol over Bi_2S_3/CdS photocatalyst under visible light irradiation

The Bi2S3,CdS and Bi2S3/CdS photocatalysts were prepared by direct reactions between their corresponding salt and thiourea in a hy- drothermal autoclave.The photocatalytic activities of these photocatalysts for reducing CO2 to CH3OH under visible light irradiation have been investigated.The results show that the photocatalytic activity and visible light response of Bi2S3 are higher than those of CdS.The Bi2S3 modification can enhance the photocatalytic activity and visible light response of CdS.The photocatalytic activity of Bi2S3/CdS hetero-junction photocatalyst was the highest and the highest yields of methanol was 613μmol/g when the weight proportion of Bi2S3 to CdS was 15%,which was about three times as large as that of CdS or two times of that of Bi2S3.     

Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2和Bi_4O_5Br_2纳米片的简易制备及光催化氧化NO机理的原位漫反射红外光谱研究(英文)

BiOBr因具有合适的能带结构和独特的层状纳米结构而广泛应用于可见光催化领域,但其低的可见光利用率和高的光生电子-空穴对复合率,限制了其实际应用.最近,非整比BiOBr纳米材料表现出了良好的可见光催化性能.本课题组分别采用简易水热法和常温法制备得Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2和Bi_4O_5Br_2纳米片,并表现出良好的可见光催化性能.然而,对于Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2和Bi_4O_5Br_2的可见光催化氧化NO的转化路径及反应机理还不清楚.基于此,本文采用射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、电子自旋共振(ESR)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)和比表面积-孔结构(BET-BJH)等手段研究了Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2和Bi_4O_5Br_2的理化性能,通过原位红外光谱(in situ DRIFTS)研究了Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2和Bi_4O_5Br_2的可见光催化氧化NO的转化路径及反应机理.XRD结果表明,在常温碱性环境下,OH~-离子逐步取代BiOBr中的Br-离子制备得单斜晶相Bi_4O_5Br_2;在水热碱性环境下,OH-离子进一步取代Bi_4O_5Br_2中的Br-离子制备得四方晶相Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2.SEM和TEM结果表明,Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2是由不规则纳米片堆叠形成的紧密且厚实的层状结构,Bi_4O_5Br_2是由纳米片和纳米颗粒无序堆积形成的多孔疏松结构.BET-BJH测试结果显示,Bi_4O_5Br_2的比表面积和孔容(37.2 m~2/g,0.215 cm~3/g)显著高于Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2(8.7 m~2/g,0.04 cm~3/g).UV-Vis DRS测试结果显示,Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2和Bi_4O_5Br_2均显示了良好的可见光吸收能力.可见光催化去除NO的测试结果表明,Bi_4O_5Br_2(41.8%)的光催化活性明显高于Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2(28.3%).并且,在5次可见光催化循环实验后,Bi_4O_5Br_2(41.1%)表现出良好可见光催化稳定性.ESR测试结果表明,Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2和Bi_4O_5Br_2参与反应的主要活性物种均为·OH自由基,Bi_4O_5Br_2产生·OH自由基明显强于Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2.EPR测试结果表明,Bi_4O_5Br_2的氧空位明显多于Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2,丰富的氧空位更有利于NO的有效吸附.由此可见,Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2和Bi_4O_5Br_2表现出不同的理化特性.可见光催化氧化NO的原位红外光谱表明,只在Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2光催化氧化NO的转化路径中会生成中间产物N2O3,表明Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2和Bi_4O_5Br_2具有不同的NO光催化转化路径.结合上述表征结果认为,Bi_4O_5Br_2比Bi_(12)O_(17)Br_2表现出更优异可见光催化性能的主要原因有以下四个方面为:(1)Bi_4O_5Br_2拥有更高的比表面积和更大的孔容,有利于NO的吸附、反应中间产物的转移和提供更多的活性位点参与光催化反应;(2)Bi_4O_5Br_2可以生成更多的·OH自由基和拥有更强的价带空穴氧化能力;(3)NO中的O原子可以与Bi_4O_5Br_2的氧空位结合,从而提供更多的反应位点;(4)Bi_4O_5Br_2的光催化反应中可以生成中间产物N_2O_3,可以降低NO转化成NO_3~-的反应活化能.     

三维花状Bi2WO6/BiOBr异质结的制备及对多种染料的降解性能

利用水热法以十二烷基二甲基溴化铵(DDAB)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为结构导向剂以及溴源,成功地制备了三维花状Bi₂WO₆/BiOBr异质结。通过X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外可见漫反射光谱、光电流、Nyquist曲线和电子顺磁共振分别对样品的结构、形貌、组成和光电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明,20~30 nm的BiOBr纳米粒子均匀地附着在Bi₂WO₆薄片上形成三维花状结构。Bi₂WO₆/BiOBr与纯Bi₂WO₆相比,扩展了可见光的响应范围,且提高了催化剂光生电子与空穴的分离效率。光降解实验表明w_DDAB/w_CTAB=2.6时Bi₂WO₆/BiOBr的光催化性能最优。在300 W氙灯(波长>420 nm)可见光照射下,其在降解罗丹明B中表现出最高的反应速率常数(0.0997 min^-1),分别约为Bi₂WO₆(0.0376 min^-1)和BT?4(0.0523 min^-1,w_DDAB/w_CTAB=3.9)的2.7倍和1.9倍,且6个循环后活性依然没有明显衰减。Bi₂WO₆/BiOBr异质结还可以无选择性地降解其他类型的有机染料,如亚甲基蓝、孔雀石绿和甲基橙。最后,基于活性物种捕获实验和Mulliken原子电负性理论计算结果,提出了Bi₂WO₆/BiOBr异质结的光降解机理。     

PO43-掺杂Bi2O2CO3/Bi0的制备及其可见光催化性能

构建氧空位以及附着金属单质Bi(Bi⁰)是增强半导体材料光吸收性能、促进半导体光生载流子分离的有效方法。通过简单的共沉淀法及氢气热还原成功制备了PO₄^3-掺杂Bi₂O₂CO₃附着Bi⁰(Bi-P-BOC)的可见光催化剂,并对其在可见光下催化降解氧氟沙星(OFX)的性能及机理进行了研究。材料表征结果表明BOC随着PO₄^3-的均匀掺杂,可见光吸收能力增强,表面缺陷增多,比表面积增大。而随着氢气热还原,BOC表面形成Bi⁰的同时也原位构建了大量的氧空位。可见光催化性能测试表明,Bi-P-BOC可以在180 min内降解约85%的OFX,降解速率为0.013 0 min^-1,是BOC降解速率的8倍。Bi-P-BOC光催化降解机理表明其具有更好的可见光吸收能力,Bi⁰以及氧空位的存在促进了光生载流子的分离,h⁺是其...     

富含光诱导氧空位Bi12O17Br2的制备及其高效光催化固氮性能

采用一步水热法制备了Bi₁₂O₁₇Br₂光催化剂,其平均微片尺寸为1.2μm,比表面积约为29 m²·g^-1。Bi₁₂O₁₇Br₂的禁带宽度为2.42 eV,能够响应可见光。值得注意的是,在光照条件下Bi₁₂O₁₇Br₂表面能够产生氧空位;光诱导氧空位不仅能促进氮气在催化剂表面的吸附,而且对吸附的氮气分子的活化起到至关重要的作用。实验结果表明在可见光照射下,Bi₁₂O₁₇Br₂光催化剂上的氨生成速率为337.6μmol·g^-1·h^-1。在可见光的驱动下,Bi₁₂O₁₇Br₂光催化剂能够实现氮气与水反应生成氨的过程。     

Construction of Z-Scheme In2S3-TiO2 for CO2 Reduction under Concentrated Natural Sunlight

Producing chemical fuels from sunlight enables a sustainable way for energy consumption.Among various solar fuel generation approaches,photocatalytic CO₂ reduction has the advantages of simple structure,mild reaction condition,directly reducing carbon emissions,etc.However,most of the current photocatalytic systems can only absorb the UV-visible spectrum of solar light.Therefore,finding a way to utilize infrared light in the photocatalytic system has attracted more and more attention.Here,a Z-scheme In₂S₃-TiO₂ was constructed for CO₂ reduction under concentrated natural sunlight.The infrared light was used to create a high-temperature environment for photocatalytic reactions.The evolution rates of H2,CO,and C2H5OH reached 262.2,73.9,and 27.56μmol?h^-1?g^-1,respectively,with an overall solar to fuels efficiency of 0.002%.This work provides a composite photocatalyst towards the utilization of full solar light spectrum,and could promote the research on photocatalytic CO₂ reduction.     

鳞状BiOBr/Bi2WO6的合成及其吸附性能

采用一步水热法成功制备鳞状形貌的BiOBr/Bi₂WO₆复合物,通过X射线衍射（XRD）仪、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、N2吸附/解吸附比表面测定仪（BET）、傅里叶变换红外（FT-IR）光谱等对复合物进行了表征。对比Bi₂WO₆与BiOBr的SEM照片,结合KBr的浓度实验,提出了BiOBr/Bi₂WO₆的鳞状形貌的形成机理。选取有机染料为吸附质,BiOBr/Bi₂WO₆为吸附剂进行了复合物吸附性能测试。结果表明,BiOBr/Bi₂WO₆对阳离子染料表现出优越的吸附性能,10 min对次甲基蓝（MB）的吸附率高达99%,优于常规的活性炭吸附剂。此外,BiOBr/Bi₂WO₆对有机染料的吸附行为符合准二级反应速率方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型。     

化“材”为“筑”

Chemistry is a central, practical and creative discipline. The development of chemistry plays an important role in the progress of science and society, as well as the improvement of the quality of human life. This paper introduces the chemical knowledge of stone, concrete, glass and other inorganic nonmetallic building materials by the anthropomorphically story. Taking nanomaterials as an example, the prospect of building materials development in the future is put forward.     

"Alpha"-, "beta"- and "delta"-anhydrodigitoxigenin

The syntheses of 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-14, 20:22-dienolide (= «β»-anhydro-), 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-8:14, 20:22-dienolide (= «α»-anhydro-) and «δ»-anhydro-digitoxigenin (= probably 3β-hydroxy-5β, 14β-carda-8, 20:22-dienolide) by the best ways known to date, have been described. «δ»-Anhydro-digitoxigenin represents the thermodynamically most stable isomer. In this isomer the double bond in position 8 is unaffected by hydrogenation with Pt in acetic acid; with perbenzoic acid an epoxide results from which, on hydrogenation, the double bond can be regenerated in its original position. Analogous reactions are known to occur in the 8:14-epoxides.     

Making "wheels" and "cubes" from triangles

[Mn(IV)Mn(II)3] triangular units directed by the presence of tripodal alcohols self-assemble in the presence of azide and acetate ligands to form either a [Mn24] "wheel" or a [Mn32] "cube".     

"Turn-on" fluorescent sensing with "reactive" probes

Chemical probes are valuable tools for the investigation of biochemical processes, diagnosis of disease markers, detection of hazardous compounds, and other purposes. Therefore, the development of chemical probes continues to grow through various approaches with different disciplines and design strategies. Fluorescent probes have received much attention because they are sensitive and easy-to-operate, in general. To realize desired selectivity toward a given analyte, the recognition site of a fluorescent probe is designed in such a way to maximize the binding interactions, usually through weak molecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, toward the analyte over other competing ones. In addition to such a supramolecular approach, the development of fluorescent probes that sense analytes through chemical reactions has witnessed its usefulness for achieving high selectivity, in many cases, superior to that obtainable by the supramolecular approach. Creative incorporations of the reactive groups to latent fluorophores have provided novel chemical probes for various analytes. In this feature article, we overview the recent progress in the development of turn-on fluorescent probes that are operating through chemical reactions triggered by target analytes. Various chemical reactions have been implemented in the development of many reactive probes with very high selectivity and sensitivity toward target analytes. A major emphasis has been focused on the type of chemical reactions utilized, with the hope that further explorations can be made with new chemical reactions to develop reactive probes useful for various applications.     

"Clickable" polymersomes

Polymersomes, composed of amphiphilic polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA), with the periphery being covered with azide groups, were used for further functionalization using "click" chemistry.     

"Decoking" of a "coked" zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge

'Decoking' of a 'coked' zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge in oxygen is investigated. The 'decoking' process involves reactions of atomic oxygen (O atoms) with 'coke' and yields gases such as CO, CO₂ as well as other gaseous products that could be easily pumped out.Three different modes of discharge were investigated including a static mode, a flowing-gas mode, and a periodic-purge mode where the oxygen and other gaseous products of the discharge were replaced by fresh O₂ gas after short but regular intervals of time. In some cases, additional heating was also used to provide base temperatures of the order of 100 °C to facilitate penetration of oxygen atoms into the inner layers and cages of the zeolite catalyst.This paper presents some results of spectroscopic analytical techniques used to monitor the atomization of oxygen, oxidation of 'coke', and to confirm the process of 'decoking'. More specifically, radiation emission on the 3 s ⁵S– 3p ⁵P transitions of O around 777.2–777.5 nm were selected for monitoring the atomization of O₂. On the other hand, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the amount of residual carbon and extent of 'decoking'. Furthermore, evolution of CO and CO₂ gases as a function of time was systematically monitored in real time. For CO, the 451.1 nm band head belonging to the B¹ - A¹ bands of the Angstrom system of the CO spectrum was used, while for CO₂, the band head at 353.4 nm belonging to the CO₂⁺ spectrum was used. The rates of evolution of CO and CO₂ were related to the rate of 'decoking' of the catalyst. It is noted that in the periodic-purge mode, about 63% of the total yield of CO from a given sample of the catalyst appears in the first 3-min exposure to discharge whereas it takes up to 15 min to remove nearly 94% of the removable carbon under our experimental conditions.