银团簇纳米颗粒的制备及其光吸收谱性质

 采用自悬浮定向流技术制备银团簇纳米颗粒，理论分析了银团簇的成核机理与影响因素，实验研究了制备条件和工艺。结果表明：惰性气体的冷却效率、气体流速和压强、金属熔球的温度和大小是控制颗粒尺寸大小及分布的关键条件，制备粒径小于10 nm的团簇颗粒须采用氦气为载流气体；团簇颗粒流速越大，颗粒粒径越小，尺寸分布越窄，但颗粒生成数量越少。性能表征说明：制备的颗粒呈较规则的球形，为面心立方结构，分散均匀，表面纯净无氧化，粒径分布窄。理论与实验研究了银团簇纳米颗粒的光学吸收谱性质，证明表面等离子共振吸收峰与颗粒的尺寸有很强的相关性，随着颗粒尺寸的减小，由于量子尺寸效应，吸收峰将发生宽化和蓝移。     

氩气中铝丝电爆炸沉积能量对制备铝纳米粉体特性的影响

研制了基于脉冲电容器放电回路的亚微秒金属丝电爆炸纳米粉体制备实验平台,包括电爆炸过程电流和电压测量系统。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察纳米粉体的形态与结构,并通过电镜统计观察法分析TEM图像得到纳米粉体的粒度大小及其分布。在氩气中电爆炸铝丝制备铝纳米粉体,通过改变电容器充电电压,即初始储能,实验研究沉积能量对铝纳米粉体特性的影响规律。结果表明:铝纳米粉体颗粒形态与结构主要由氩气气压的高低决定,与沉积能量基本无关。增大丝爆过程的沉积能量可显著缩小铝纳米粉体粒度分布范围,减小颗粒平均粒径,并有效地抑制纳米粉体中亚微米颗粒的形成。随着沉积能量E与氩气气压p比值(Ep-1)增大,铝纳米粉体颗粒平均粒径、最大粒径和粒径大于100 nm颗粒所占比例均呈指数函数单调减小。     

自悬浮定向流技术中铜纳米微粒的粒度控制研究

 采用自悬浮定向流技术制备了金属铜纳米微粒，根据TEM的行貌像对样品平均粒度进行标定，并结合样品制备的条件对制备工艺进行了研究。结果表明，自悬浮定向流技术可以方便地制备出不同粒度的金属铜纳米微粒，微粒平均粒径随熔球温度的降低而减小，随冷却气体流速的增大而减小；在1 200℃下微粒平均粒径随惰性气体压强的增大而减小，而在1 300℃时惰性气体压强对微粒平均粒径的影响不再具有规律性。     

磁控溅射气体团簇源中团簇形成的DSMC研究

利用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法(DSMC) ,模拟了磁控溅射气体团簇源中Cu+ (Cu-)的含量比例不同的条件下,Cu团簇的尺寸分布。模拟结果表明：随着含量比例的增加,团簇的尺寸分布变窄了,不带电的团簇的比例增加,不带电的铜团簇分布的最大值减小,相应的带正电荷和带负电荷团簇的比例减小;相同的含量比例下,带正电的团簇的尺寸分布与带负电荷的团簇的尺寸分布基本相同;初始Cu- 比Cu+ 的含量比例大时,输出的主要是带负电荷的团簇,带正电荷和不带电的团簇占很小的比例;Cu-含量比例的增加,负Cu团簇的尺寸分布减小。     

磁控溅射气体团簇源中团簇形成的DSMC研究

利用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法(DSMC) ,模拟了磁控溅射气体团簇源中Cu+ (Cu-)的含量比例不同的条件下,Cu团簇的尺寸分布。模拟结果表明：随着含量比例的增加,团簇的尺寸分布变窄了,不带电的团簇的比例增加,不带电的铜团簇分布的最大值减小,相应的带正电荷和带负电荷团簇的比例减小;相同的含量比例下,带正电的团簇的尺寸分布与带负电荷的团簇的尺寸分布基本相同;初始Cu- 比Cu+ 的含量比例大时,输出的主要是带负电荷的团簇,带正电荷和不带电的团簇占很小的比例;Cu-含量比例的增加,负Cu团簇的尺寸分布减小。     

第十五届全国原子与分子物理学术会议:大尺寸贵金属纳米团簇热力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法和原子嵌入模型势模拟了大尺寸金（n=1136--1556）、银（n=1088--1724）、铜（n=1000--1600）、铂（n=1004--1800）原子纳米团簇的熔化过程,得出了相应纳米团簇的势能随温度的变化曲线以及热容量随温度的变化曲线,研究了各种原子纳米团簇熔点与其团簇尺寸的关系。模拟结果表明团簇的熔点随团簇尺寸增大而升高,并逐渐向大块晶体靠拢。所有纳米团簇在熔化过程中在熔点附近都出现负热容现象,通过对团簇熔化前后结构的比较研,分析了导致这种现象的原因。     

氧化硅层中的锗纳米晶体团簇量子点

采用氧化和析出的方法在氧化硅中凝聚生成锗纳米晶体量子点结构. 其形成的锗晶体团簇没有突出的棱角和支晶结构，锗晶体团簇的轮廓较圆混，故可以用球形量子点模型来模拟实际的锗晶体团簇. 对比了在长时间退火氧化条件下和在短时间退火用激光照射氧化条件下所生成的锗纳米晶体结构的PL光谱和对应的锗纳米晶体团簇的尺寸分布. 短时间退火氧化条件下生成的锗纳米晶体较小(3.28—3.96nm)，长时间退火用激光照射氧化条件下所生成的锗纳米晶体较大(3.72—4.98nm)；其分布结构显示某些尺寸的锗纳米晶体团簇较稳定，适当的氧化条件可以得到尺寸分布范围较窄的锗纳米晶体团簇. 用量子点受限模型计算了锗纳米晶体团簇的能隙结构，用Monte Carlo方法模拟了PL光谱和对应的锗纳米晶体团簇的尺寸分布，分别与实验结果符合较好. 关键词： 锗晶体团簇 纳米晶体 量子点 激光照射     

纳米团簇熔化过程的分子动力学模拟

本文采用分子动力学结合嵌入原子多体势,模拟了不同半径的Ni纳米团簇的升温熔化过程,研究团簇尺寸对熔点和表面能的影响.模拟结果表明:团簇的熔点显著低于体材料的熔点.团簇熔化的过程首先是在团簇的表面出现预熔,然后向团簇内部扩展,直到整个团簇完全熔为液态.在模拟的纳米尺度范围内,团簇的熔点与团簇尺寸基本成线性关系.团簇的表面能随着团簇尺寸的增大而减小,而且表面能均高于体材料的表面能.     

大尺寸贵金属纳米团簇热力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法和原子嵌入势模拟了大尺寸金(n=1136～1556)、银(n=1088～1724)、铜(n=1000～1600)、铂(n=1004～1800)原子纳米团簇的熔化过程,得出了相应纳米团簇的势能随温度的变化曲线以及热容量随温度的变化曲线,研究了各种原子纳米团簇熔点与其团簇尺寸的关系.模拟结果表明团簇的熔点随团簇尺寸增大而升高,并逐渐向大块晶体靠拢.所有纳米团簇在熔化过程中在熔点附近都出现负热容现象,通过对团簇熔化前后结构的比较,分析了导致这种现象的原因.     

飞秒强激光场中大尺寸氩团簇爆炸机理的实验研究

利用飞行时间谱，研究了在飞秒强激光场（60 fs，2×1016 W/cm2）作用下，大尺寸氩原子团簇Arn（n—=3×103—3×106原子/每团簇）的电离爆炸过程，测量了 团簇爆炸所产生的氩离子的平均能量与团簇尺寸（气体背压）的关系.实验发现，随着气体 背压的升高（团簇尺寸增大），氩离子的平均能量也相应升高.通过分析两个不同几何尺寸 锥形超声喷嘴所产生团簇爆炸后的离子能量，结合Hagena团簇尺寸规律，发现在激光参数保 持不变的情况下，离子的平均能量由团簇尺寸唯一确定.分析表明，团簇尺寸在3×105原 子/每团簇以下时，团簇膨胀的主要机理是库仑爆炸.随着团簇尺寸的进一步增大，团簇膨胀 机理将由库仑爆炸向流体动力学膨胀过渡，在3×105关键词： 原子团簇 飞秒强激光 库仑爆炸 流体动力学膨胀     

Gas-phase preparation and size control of Fe nanoparticles

The magnetic, electrical and optical properties of nanoparticle systems often depend on the size and size distribution of nanoparticles. In order to optimize those properties of nanoparticle-assembled materials, only varying the mean size of nanoparticles was not enough, and narrowing the size distribution was also of immense importance. In this study, uniform-sized Fe nanoparticles with different diameters were prepared using a magnetron sputtering combined with inert gas condensation technique. The size and morphology of nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The statistic results revealed that the size of Fe nanoparticles increased with increasing the flow rate of Ar gas, but a reverse trend was observed when increasing the flow rate of He gas. By adjusting the flow rate of Ar and He gases, uniform-sized Fe nanoparticles with diameter ranging from 6 to 13?nm were obtained. Moreover, the size effects on the electrical and magnetic properties of Fe nanoparticle-assembled films with thickness of about 500?nm were also investigated. The magnetic properties showed that the coercivity increased with increasing the nanoparticle size. The in-situ resistance measurement results of Fe nanoparticle assembled-films also showed a size-dependent behavior.     

Size-controlled Pd nanocluster grown by plasma gas-condensation method

Syntheses of palladium (Pd) nanoclusters by sputtering gas-condensation technique are reported in this work. The Pd nanocluster size distribution and number of nanoclusters are found to depend on several factors which include the inert gas flow rate (f), sputtering discharge power, and growth region length. The discharge power and the length of the growth region are optimized to produce high nanocluster yield. It is found that low f produces small number of large nanoclusters which can be attributed to the formation of nanoclusters via the two-body collision mechanism. For high f, nanocluster size decreases and the number of nanocluster increases with f. This phenomenon can be assigned to nanocluster formation through three-body collision mechanism.     

溅射法制备Ag/Ag2O超微粒子的分析

用Ｘ射线衍射、Ｘ射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜和差示扫描量热法对溅射法制备的Ａｇ超微粒子的晶体学结构、表面组成、微粒形态和热力学性质进行了分析。结果表明，所制备的微粒为内部为Ａｇ、表面为Ａｇ₂Ｏ的两相微粒，以及单一的Ａｇ₂Ｏ微粒，粒径在１０ｎｍ以上的微粒没有确定的外形，粒径在１０ｎｍ以下的微粒为球形。微粒有不同于块体金属Ａｇ的异常热效应。到４０天时，沉积在碳膜上的Ａｇ，Ａｇ₂Ｏ两相微粒有一部份还原形成了单一的金属Ａｇ超微粒子。 关键词：     

Photoluminescence properties of size-selected Si nanocluster films prepared by laser ablation

Size-dispersed Si nanocluster films have been synthesized by a method of crossing an Ar gas beam perpendicularly to a silicon cluster beam that is produced by a laser ablation technique. Flight directions of the nanoclusters are changed due to Ar gas collisions, and smaller nanoclusters are deflected further from the axis of the primary cluster beam. The size-dispersed nanocluster films exhibit strong red photoluminescence (PL) after exposure to the air. The PL peak energy changes between 1.42 and 1.72 eV depending on the sample position. The average diameter of the oxidized nanoclusters characterized by transmission electron microscopy is 10 nm at the position of the primary cluster beam axis and becomes smaller as deviated from the axis. The relation between the PL peak energy and the size of the oxidized Si nanoclusters is discussed. Received: 4 May 2000 / Accepted: 9 May 2000 / Published online: 13 July 2000     

高阻隔铝塑膜辉光放电发射光谱深度谱测量参数的优化

脉冲-射频辉光放电发射光谱(GDOES)深度剖析是一种基于辉光放电原理的原子光谱技术,广泛应用于薄膜材料与功能多层膜结构中成分随深度分布的表征.该技术具有真空度要求低,灵敏度高,溅射速率快等优点.同时脉冲-射频电源所采用的瞬间高功率模式可使得氩离子周期性轰击样品表面,避免了由于热量积累所导致的熔融或碳化,因此脉冲-射频...     

Influence of inert gas pressure on deposition rate during pulsed laser deposition

The deposition rates of permalloy and Ag are monitored during pulsed laser deposition in different inert gas atmospheres. Under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, resputtering from the film surface occurs due to the presence of energetic particles in the plasma plume. With increasing gas pressure, a reduction of the particle energy is accompanied with a decrease of resputtering and a rise in the deposition rate for materials with high sputtering yield. In contrast, at higher gas pressures, scattering of ablated material out of the deposition path between target and substrate is observed, leading to a decrease in the deposition rate. While in the case of Xe and Ar these processes strongly overlap, they are best separated in He. A He pressure of about 0.4 mbar should be used to reduce the kinetic energy of the deposited particles, to reach the maximum deposition rate and to avoid implantation of the particles. This is helpful for the preparation of stoichiometric metallic alloy films and multilayers with sharp interfaces. Received: 27 March 2002 / Accepted: 3 April 2002 / Published online: 5 July 2002     

Formation of silver nanoclusters in transparent polyimides by Ag-K ion-exchange process

Silver nanoclusters embedded in two transparent fluorinated polyimides, 4,4'-hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride – 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl paraphenylene diamine (6FDA-DAD) and 3,3',4,4' – biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride – 1,1-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1-phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (BPDA-3F), have been produced by surface modification with KOH aqueous solution followed by K-assisted Ag doping and thermal reduction in hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction rate of the nucleophilic hydrolysis in KOH, studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), depends on the polyimide chemical structure. After ion-exchange in AgNO₃ solution and subsequent annealing, the polyimide structure recovery was monitored by FT-IR whereas the characteristic surface plasmon absorption band of silver nanoparticles was evidenced by optical absorption measurements. The structure of silver nanoclusters as related to size and size distribution in the different polyimide matrices was thoroughly investigated by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The collected data evidenced a uniform distribution of Ag clusters of nanometric size after thermal treatment at 300 ^○C in both polyimides. For the same ion-exchange treatment parameters and annealing temperature, XRD analyses evidenced the presence of crystallites with similar sizes.     

三种电极的大气压氩等离子体射流光学特性

采用铜片-单匝线圈电极、螺旋缠绕电极和双铜片电极3种结构的放电装置,以氩气作为工作气体,在正弦波激励下获得了大气压等离子体射流。利用电学方法测量了放电电流以及电荷量,并对放电脉冲和放电功率进行了研究;利用发射光谱法对射流的等离子体参量进行了空间分辨测量,并根据ArⅠ 763.5 nm和Ar Ⅰ 772.4 nm的光强计算了电子激发温度。结果发现：在外加电压的正负半周期内,电流脉冲的个数和幅值呈现非对称的变化趋势;随着外加电压的增加,3种结构电极的放电功率从1.7 W逐渐增加到6.0 W;在相同的外加电压情况下,电极面积越小,等离子体射流的长度越长;3种等离子体射流的电子激发温度在1 348.5~3 212.1 K之间,并且随着气体流量的增加,各位置的电子激发温度总体上呈下降趋势,而等离子体的电子密度呈上升趋势。实验结果表明：外加电压对放电功率有一定影响;射流长度与电极面积有关;气体流量对电子激发温度和电子密度的空间分布起重要作用。