不对称Reformatsky反应

综述了６０年代至今不对称诱导和不对称催化Ｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｓｋｙ拔应的研究，进展参考文献１９篇。     

脯氨酸催化的不对称有机反应

脯氨酸作为一种结构简单、商品化的、廉价小分子手性催化剂,在多种不对称催化反应中表现出非常好的催化性能,本文综述了近年来脯氨酸直接催化的不对称有机反应涉及Aldol反应,Mannich反应,Michael反应,Diels-Alder反应,直接α-胺化反应,α-氧胺化反应,Baylis-Hillman反应,还原反应和氧化反应的进展并展望了其应用前景。     

Carbohydrate-based organocatalysts in direct asymmetric aqueous aldol reaction

Aldol reaction involving chiral amines as organocatalysts through enamine formation, like class-I aldolases, is one of the thriving areas of general interest and widely applicable asymmetric reactions. There are many natural and synthetic chiral templates known to work as efficient organocatalysts, but using carbohydrate templates for chiral induction in asymmetric aldol reactions is a relatively new area developed in the recent years. This review focuses on carbohydrates alone or their conjugates with previously known chiral moieties as organocatalysts for asymmetric aldol reactions.     

杂双金属复合物ZABDP催化芳香酮与芳香醛的直接不对称Aldol反应

合成了新型的手性铝/锌杂双金属复合物(R,S,S)-3,3'-二[(N-二苯基脯氨醇)甲基]-2,2'-二羟基-1,1'-联萘酚铝/锌复合物(ZABDP).在催化芳香酮与芳香醛的羟醛缩合(Aldol)反应中,该复合物中的铝作为路易斯酸活化醛,锌的烷氧化物作为Br?nsted碱,使苯乙酮形成活性锌的烯醇化物,2种金属的应用使得芳香醛与芳香酮的直接不对称Aldol反应顺利进行,反应的对映选择性最高达90%,产率最高达99%.     

The stereoselective synthesis of α-substituted β-amino secondary alcohols based on the proline-mediated, asymmetric, three-component Mannich reaction and its application to the formal total synthesis of nikkomycins B and Bx

A general method for the asymmetric synthesis of α-substituted β-amino secondary alcohols is described, which comprises the four-reaction sequence (1) the proline-mediated, asymmetric, three-component Mannich reaction of two different aldehydes, (2) nucleophilic carbon addition to aldehyde, (3) oxidation of the resulting alcohol to the corresponding ketone, and (4) diastereoselective reduction with LiAlH(O-t-Bu)₃ or catecholborane. The former reductant afforded the 1,2-syn isomer, while the latter gave the 1,2-anti isomer stereoselectively. The present method was successfully applied to the efficient asymmetric synthesis of the N-terminal amino acid moiety of nikkomycin B and B_X.     

Total synthesis of (−)-ephedradine A: an efficient construction of optically active dihydrobenzofuran-ring via C-H insertion reaction

The stereocontrolled total synthesis of (−)-ephedradine A (1) has been accomplished. Construction of optically active dihydrobenzofuran-ring was performed by a novel asymmetric C-H insertion reaction. After an intramolecular ester-amide exchange reaction and a Sharpless asymmetric aminohydroxylation reaction, construction of the complex macrocyclic ring was performed by Ns-strategy and an intramolecular aza-Wittig reaction.     

Phase-transfer-catalyzed asymmetric Darzens reaction using a new chiral ammonium salt

Catalytic asymmetric Darzens reaction of haloamides is described. A new and easily-prepared bis-ammonium salt derived from BINOL acts as an effective phase-transfer catalyst and efficiently promotes the reaction to give the desired epoxides under quite mild conditions with up to 70% ee.     

高分子支载的手性催化剂在不对称有机反应中的应用进展

本文评述了近年来高分子支载的手性催化剂在不对称氢化、不对称还原、不对称烷基化、不对称Ｄｉｅｌｓ－Ａｌｄｅｒ加成以及不对称二羟基化等有机反应中的应用进展。     

Facile and Practical Synthesis of (R)‐6‐Br‐2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl

A new enantiopure 6‐monobromo‐substituted BINAP has been prepared via a one‐step nickel‐catalyzed coupling reaction in moderate yield. It is an important intermediate for asymmetric 2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP) derivatives. Its structure was elucidated by NMR spectral and elemental analysis.     

Anti-selective direct asymmetric Mannich reaction catalyzed by protease

The anti-selective direct asymmetric Mannich reaction of (hetero) aromatic aldehydes, 4-anisidine and O-protected hydroxyacetones for the synthesis of stereodefined anti-β-amino-α-hydroxycarbonyl compounds was developed. Protease type XIV from Streptomyces griseus (SGP) was used as a biocatalyst in 1,4-dioxane/phosphate buffer under mild reaction conditions. The excellent diastereoselectivities of up to >99:1 (anti/syn) and good enantioselectivities of up to 90% ee were achieved. This method provides a more sustainable complement to chemically catalyzed anti-selective direct asymmetric Mannich reactions.     

Organocatalytic asymmetric cascade cyclization reaction of o-hydroxy cinnamaldehydes with diphenylphosphine oxide

A highly stereoselective asymmetric cascade cyclization reaction between o-hydroxycinnamaldehydes and diphenylphosphine oxide has been achieved with 84%-99% ee and 7:1-20:1 dr under the catalysis of L-prolinol silyl ether.     

A stereoselective approach to bioactive secolignans: synthesis of peperomin C and its analogues

A stereoselective approach to secolignans is described. The key synthetic strategy involves an asymmetric aldol reaction to control the creation of the stereogenic center at the β-carbon of the target secolignans. In the present work, peperomin C and its analogues, i.e., 2,6-didehydropeperomin C and 2-epi-peperomin C were successfully synthesized in good yields with high stereoselectivities.     

官能团化的手性联芳基单齿膦配体在不对称均相金催化反应中的应用

自2005年以来, 不对称均相金催化反应研究取得了显著的进展, 并在有机合成中得到了广泛应用. 近年来, 官能团化的联芳基单齿膦配体在金催化反应中显露头角, 为不对称金催化反应提供了新的发展思路. 本文综合评述了这一领域的研究进展, 着重介绍了近年来利用这类配体实现的金催化不对称反应及反应过程中配体与底物间相互作用.     

Recent progress on direct catalytic asymmetric vinylogous reactions

Direct catalytic asymmetric vinylogous reaction serves as a powerful tool to introduce stereocenter(s) at the γ- or/and even more remote position(s) of the vinylogous products in an atom-economical and efficient way. A variety of direct catalytic asymmetric vinylogous reactions with broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions has been developed. Both metal catalysis and organocatalysis contributed in this field and led to the vinylogous products in high stereoselectivity. These vinylogous reactions provided efficient pathways for the synthesis of highly functionalized optically pure compounds, especially these with potential biological activity and pharmacological activity. This digest paper mainly focuses on the most recent developments in this field, including both nucleophilic addition and nucleophilic substitution.     

Reverse-docking study of the organocatalyzed asymmetric Strecker hydrocyanation of aldimines and ketimines

A methodology for reverse-docking flexible organocatalysts to rigid transition state models of catalyst-free asymmetric reactions has been developed. The investigation of Jacobsen's chiral thiourea-based organocatalyst for the hydrocyanation of aldimines and ketimines (Strecker reaction) via reverse-docking is described. Results from reverse-docking Jacobsen's organocatalyst to both enantiomers of six Strecker TS-models (i.e., rigid transition state models of the catalyst-free asymmetric reaction) indicate a clear energetic preference for binding the organocatalyst to the R-enantiomer TS-model, which is in agreement with experimental results. The most favorable docking poses reveal structural features consistent with principles of molecular recognition, catalysis, and NMR data. These poses may represent simplified geometric models of the transition state for the catalyzed reaction.     

Synthesis of a bipyridine-derived achiral thiourea trifluoromethanesulfonic acid salt and its application as an additive in organocatalytic asymmetric reactions

The host–guest complex of a proline–thiourea bipyridine trifluoromethanesulfonic acid salt can catalyze organocatalytic asymmetric reactions such as aldol, Michael, and Mannich in polar protic medium with high stereoselectivities. The privileged bipyridine backbone and the thiourea motif are essential to the activity and enantioselectivity through hydrogen bonding interactions.     

An efficient and stereoselective route to 1-deoxy-5-hydroxy sphingosine analogues

A short and efficient synthesis of 1-deoxy-5-hydroxy sphingolipid is described. The key steps involved are a Jacobsen hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) and Shibasaki’s asymmetric Henry reaction.     

Enantioselective total synthesis of (S)-(+)-lennoxamine through asymmetric hydrogenation mediated by l-proline-tetrazole ruthenium catalyst

A novel asymmetric synthetic strategy to prepare isoindolobenzazepine based lennoxamine alkaloid has been achieved in high ee% starting from 2-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)ethanamine and 1-(chloromethyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzene in 5 steps and with a 34% overall yield. The potentiality of this route involved the Bischler-Napieralsky cyclization that leads to tetracyclic indolinium skeleton, generation of chiral center through asymmetric hydrogen-transfer reaction employing l-proline-tetrazole as chiral ligand with Ru/Ir/Rh, and anodic oxidation as the key steps in the synthesis.     

Asymmetric synthesis of multi-substituted spiro[5,5]undecane-1,5,9-triones via organocatalytic three-component reaction

The asymmetric domino three-component Knoevanagel-Diels-Alder addition (ATCDA) reaction, as an important methodology, has been utilized to construct complex product from ordinary starting materials. In this report, many typical organoamine catalysts were investigated to achieve highly efficient asymmetric three-component reaction of enones 2, aldehydes 3 and Meldrum’s acid 4. Various pharmacological multi-substituted spiro[5,5]undecane-1,5,9-triones promoted by 9-amino-9-deoxy-epi-quinine 1 g in one-pot, were obtained in moderate to good yields (up to 81%) with excellent diastereo-(>99:1 dr) and enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee). Meanwhile, based on the controlled experiments and analytical data, a reasonable mechanism of dual-activity for this reaction has been proposed.     

Application of high pressure, induced by water freezing, to the direct asymmetric aldol reaction

High pressure, induced by water freezing, has been successfully applied to the direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction, in which higher yield and better enantioselectivity can be realized than in the reaction at room temperature under 0.1 MPa.