反应条件对Pt/SAPO-11催化油脂一步加氢制异构烷烃的影响

在固定床反应器中,以大豆油为模型原料,研究了反应温度、压力、氢油比和空速等条件对Pt/SAPO-11催化油脂一步加氢制异构烷烃反应的影响,并分析了反应中间产物、气体产物(CO,CO₂)及烷烃终产物的变化趋势. 结果表明,高温、低压或低氢油比可抑制酯、羧酸和醛的氢解以及醇的生成,促进油脂脱氧选择性地向脱羧和脱羰方向进行;异构烷烃收率随温度升高或空速减小而先增加后下降,但反应压力和氢油比的影响不大. 另外,对油脂一步加氢过程可能的反应历程进行了讨论.     

四氟乙烯与异丙醇的调节聚合研究

采用气相色谱法,研究了反应温度、引发剂浓度、四氟乙烯单体压力对四氟乙烯与异丙醇调聚反应产物重量分布的影响。实验结果表明,随温度升高,n=1的产物含量增加,n>1的各产物含量下降;单体压力的影响则相反;引发剂浓度的影响不明显。反应初期n=1产物生成速率较快,反应中、后期有利于m≥3产物的生成。     

Reactions of O(3 P) with aromatic compounds in the liquid phase

The oxidation of 12 aromatic compounds using either high voltage or radio frequency glow discharges has been studied. The reactions have been carried out by making the oxygen plasma reach the low vapor pressure substrate. This (1.5-3 ml) was placed into a double-walled glass vessel that was cooled down to temperatures close to its freeing point. Oxygen pressure was of the order of 0.05-0.30 torr, the ratio p(Oa) / (vapor pressure of the liquid) being in the range 10–120. The results obtained in the plasma-liquid interactions of this work considerably differ from those in the homogeneous gas phase. Neither fragmentation products in the traps nor polymers on the reactor walls have been detected. Product formation has proved to be more selective as well. For anisole and five monoalkylben:enes o-, m-, and p-alkvlphenols amounted to 65–86% of the total yield, ortho derivatives being the most important products. The oxidation of the alkyl side chain was observed at a lower level than the aromatic hydroxylation. No ipso substitution was detected. Diand trimethylbenzenes were also studied, di- and trirnethylphenols being the major products. For all substrates dihydroxy derivatives were the most important byproducts. Total conversion, i.e., mass transformed against initial mass of substrate, has been studied as a Junction of temperature of the liquid and oxygen fog, rate in the reactor, this ranging from 10 to 20 mMol/h. The optimum conversions were 7 to 40%. A correlation between these results and the behavior of the O(3P) population in the discharge has been /bund.     

Structure and properties of sequentially polymerized propylene-b-[ethylene-co-propylene]-b-propylene copolymers

The structure and properties of presumed block copolymers of polypropylene (PP) with ethylene-propylene random copolymers (EPR), i.e., PP-EPR and PP-EPR-PP, have been investigated by viscometry, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, wide-angle x-ray diffraction, and other techniques testing various mechanical properties. PP-EPR and PP-EPR-PP were synthesized using δ-TiCl₃-Et₂-AlCl as a catalyst system. The results indicate that the intrinisic viscosity of these polymers increases with each block-building step, whereas the intrinsic viscosity of those prepared by chain transfer reaction (strong chain-transfer reagent hydrogen was introduced between block-building steps during polymerization) hardly changes with the reaction time. Compared with PP/EPR blends, PP-EPR-PP block copolymers have lower PP and polyethylene crystallinity, and lower melting and crystallization temperatures of crystalline EPR. Two relaxation peaks of PP and EPR appear in the dynamic spectra of blends. They merge into a very broad relaxation peak with block sequence products of the same composition, indicating good compatibility between PP and EPR in the presence of block copolymers. Varying the PP and EPR content affects the crystallinity, density, and morphological structure of the products, which in turn affects the tensile strength and elongation at break. Because of their superior mechanical properties, sequential polymerization products containing PP-EPR and PP-EPR-PP block copolymers may have potential as compatibilizing agents for isotactic polypropylene and polyethylene blends or as potential heat-resistant thermoplastic elastomers.     

Electrochemical detection of osmium tetroxide-labeled PCR-products by means of protective strands

This communication reports about how single-stranded 136 base polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products labeled with electrochemically active osmium tetroxide bipyridine can be detected voltammetrically by hybridization with probe strands immobilized on gold electrodes. These electroactive ssDNA targets have been obtained by means of Lambda Exonuclease treatment of the double-stranded PCR products followed by hybridization of the remaining single strands with short protective strands and covalent labeling with osmium tetroxide bipyridine. Square-wave voltammetric signals of these osmium labels have been obtained only upon hybridization with the immobilized probe strands. An optimal 50 °C hybridization temperature has been found with a saturation of the probe layer at 30 min hybridization time and 7.5 nmol/l target concentration. The blank capture probe layer alone did not yield any signal. Unprotected strands produced almost no interference. Such double-selective switch-on electrochemical hybridization assays hold great promise for the specific detection of PCR products.     

Depolymerization Study of Pakistani Coal in a Hydrogen Atmosphere. Effect of Operating Conditions

A Pakistani coal was de‐polymerized/liquefied in toluene in a 1000 mL micro autoclave. Experiments have been performed in a pool of hydrogen under varying operating conditions of temperature, residence time, hydrogen pressure (cold), coal/solvent ratio and coal particle size. A pronounced effect of all these process variables has been noted on the yields of liquefied products, i.e., THF solubles, n‐pentane solubles, and n‐pentane insolubles. Extraction temperature of 450 °C, residence time of 1 hour, hydrogen pressure of 30 kgf/cm², coal/solvent ratio of 1:2 and coal particle size of 53–45 μm were found optimum for maximum conversion of Pakistani coal into liquefied products.     

A study of the effect of the nature of the solvent and temperature on the route of the reaction of thiobenzyl esters of PIII acids with molecular oxygen

The effects of the nature of the solvents, the degree of dilution, the duration of the process, and the temperature on the ratio of the products obtained in the reactions ofS-benzyl diphenylthiophosphinite or S,S-dibenzyl phenyldithiophosphonite with molecular oxygen have been studied. Possible reaction schemes are discussed.Translated fromIzyestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1444–1445, August, 1993.     

Hydrogenolysis of rice husk protolignin. II

It has been established that the partial hydrogenolysis of rice husk protolignin (RHP) takes place at a temperature of 180°C and an initial hydrogen pressure of 10 atm in an alkaline medium. Conditions have been selected under which the greatest yield of low-molecular-weight products (91% on the Komarov lignin) is obtained: hydrogenolysis in an alkaline medium in the presence of an anthraquinone (AQ) catalyst. The addition of AQ increases the yield of low-molecular-weight products by a factor of 1.8. Semiempirical formulas have been derived for incompletely hydrolyzed lignin residues. A study of the molecular-weight distribution of these lignins has shown that they are polydisperse. It has been established that in the process of hydrogenolysis AQ promotes the demethoxylation of structural units with syringyl nuclei.     

The thermal degradation of polysiloxanes: Part 6—Products of degradation of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane) and copolymers with dimethylsiloxane

The volatile products of thermal degradation of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane) and a series of copolymers with dimethylsiloxane have been separated and identified using principally gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The effect of temperature of degradation and copolymer composition on the pattern of products has been demonstrated. As the proportion of dimethylsiloxane structures in the copolymers is increased, the predominantly linear products give way to cyclics.     

Studies on thermal degradation of benzylidene malononitriles

Thermal decomposition studies have been carried out using flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT) to find out the decomposition temperature for benzylidene malononitriles (BMNs) including 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (cs), a widely used riot control agent. The FVT studies have been carried out in a specially designed all glass assembly at various temperatures ranging from 300 to 600°C. A number of rearranged products along with hydrogen cyanide were obtained as major decomposition products. The products were analysed and the structures were confirmed by GC/MS. the thermal behaviour of BMNs has also been investigated by TG under nitrogen atmosphere. These studies show that the pyrotechnic mixture for tear gas munitions should not have burst temperature above 300°C. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Bis(NHC)-Pd(II) complexes as highly efficient catalysts for allylation of aldehydes with allyltributyltin

Novel cis-chelated bidentate bis(NHC)-Pd(II) complexes derived from 1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine (BINAM) bearing weakly coordinating acetate or trifluoroacetate counterions have been synthesized and their structures have been characterized by X-ray diffraction of single crystals. We found that these bis(NHC)-Pd(II) complexes were highly effective in the allylation of aldehydes with allyltributyltin to give the corresponding products in good to excellent yields in most cases at room temperature.     

Thermal degradation of aramids: Part I—Pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of poly(1,3-phenylene isophthalamide) and poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide)

The thermal degradation reactions of poly(1,3-phenylene isophthalamide) or Nomex (I) and poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide) or Kevlar (II) aramids have been investigated in the temperature range 300–700°C by pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The initial degradation products below 400°C of (I) are carbon dioxide and water. At 400°C benzoic acid and 1,3-phenylenediamine are detected. Benzonitrile, aniline, benzanilide, N-(3-aminophenyl)benzamide as well as carbon monoxide and benzene are evolved in the range 430–450°C. The yields of these products increase rapidly in the range 450–550°C. Isophthalonitrile is observed at 475°C and hydrogen cyanide is detected above 550°C, as are other secondary products such as toluene, tolunitrile, biphenyl, 3-cyanobiphenyl and 3-aminobiphenyl. Pyrolysis of (II) below 500°C evolves only water and trace amounts of carbon dioxide. At 520–540°C the following degradation products have been detected: 1,4-phenylenediamine, benzonitrile, aniline, benzanilide and N-(4-aminophenyl)benzamide. These products as well as carbon dioxide and water increase appreciably between 550°C and 580°C; benzoic acid, terephthalonitrile, benzene and 4-cyanoaniline are also detected in this temperature range. Above 590°C, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, toluene, tolunitrile, biphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl and 4-cyanobiphenyl are evolved. Degradation reactions consistent with the formation of these products, which involve initial heterolytic cleavage of the amide linkage for (I) and initial homolytic cleavage of the aromatic NH and amide bonds for (II), are described.     

Highly enantioselective desymmetrization of meso anhydrides by a bifunctional thiourea-based organocatalyst at low catalyst loadings and room temperature

Bifunctional (thio)urea-based cinchona alkaloid derivatives have been shown to promote highly efficient enantioselective desymmetrization reactions of meso anhydrides. The most selective of these catalysts is capable of the enantioselective methanolysis of succinic and glutaric anhydride derivatives to form hemiester products with >90% yield and enantiomeric excess at 1 mol % loading and ambient temperature.     

Chemical oxidation of the components of extraction solutions and critical parameters of heat explosion

Thermochemical interaction of TBP with nitric acid in single-phase organic systems has been studied at the concentrations of HNO₃ 1.4 to 5.6M, in temperature range of 110–140 °C. The termochemical oxidation of TBP includes a number of consecutive and concurrent reactions, such as acid hydrolysis, the oxidation of the TBP hydrolysis products, and TBP destructive oxidation. Some of these reactions can proceed with heat explosion. The limiting temperature (120–130 °C) and acid concentration (2.5 mol/l) at which the oxidation reactions are able to transform to heat explosion have been estimated. The rate constants and activation energies were determined for the reactions presenting a potential hazard.     

Kinetics of reduction of transition metal ions by sodium tetrahydroborate. Reduction of molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI)

Summary The kinetics of reduction of molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI) ions by NaBH₄ in buffered aqueous solution have been investigated. The reaction rate depends upon the first powers of the concentrations of the reactants. The temperature was varied, and the activation parameters were evaluated. Chemical and spectral evidence for the formation of molybdenum(V) and tungsten(V), as the reaction products, is presented. Plausible mechanistic pathways for these reactions are suggested.     

环脲硝胺化合物的性能和电子结构之间的关系——Ⅳ.热分解研究

主要用气相色谱(GC)、辅以差热-热重(DTA-TG)和红外(IR)分析法实测了环脲硝胺系列化合物的热解过程和产物。在H_2和N_2气氛中的热解初始及最高温度基本一致,气相分解产物也主要均为N_2O、NO_2、CO_2和H_2O等。用全略微分重叠(CNDO/2)分子轨道法计算了它们的电子结构,发现各基态分子中均以N-NO_2键的键级最小,支持了该键将优先断裂的热解引发机理。     

Minimizing 18O/16O back‐exchange in the relative quantification of ribonucleic acids

The use of isotopically labeled endonuclease digestion products allows for the relative quantification of ribonucleic acids (RNAs). This approach utilizes ribonucleases such as RNase T1 to mediate the incorporation of ¹⁸O onto the 3′‐terminus of the endonuclease digestion product from a solution containing heavy water (H₂¹⁸O). The accuracy and precision of relative quantification are dependent on the efficiency of isotope incorporation and minimizing any possible ¹⁸O to ¹⁶O back‐exchange before or during mass spectral analysis. Here, we have investigated the stability of ¹⁸O‐labeled endonuclease digestion products to back‐exchange. In particular, the effects of pH, temperature and presence of RNase on the back‐exchange process were examined using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS). We have found that back‐exchange depends on the presence of the RNase—back‐exchange was not observed once the enzyme was removed from the sample. With RNase present, at all pH values examined (from acidic to basic pH), back‐exchange was detected at incubation above room temperature. The rates and extent of back‐exchange were similar at all pH values. In contrast, back‐exchange in the presence of RNase was found to be especially sensitive to incubation temperature—at temperatures below room temperature, minimal back‐exchange was detected. However, back‐exchange increased as the incubation temperature increased. Based on these findings, appropriate sample‐handling and sample storage conditions for isotopically labeled endonuclease digestion products have been identified, and these conditions should improve the accuracy and precision of results from the relative quantification of RNAs obtained by this approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inhibited oxidation of a polyethylene melt

The oxidation of linear polyethylene inhibited by an effective antioxidant of the phenolic type, viz. 2,2′-methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert. butylphenol), has been studied over the temperature range 170–210. There is a critical concentration of antioxidant above which the rate of its consumption is directly proportional to its concentration. Deviations from this dependence are due to chain initiation by direct oxidation of the polymer and to reactions involving the products derived from the antioxidant: these products can also retard the oxidation. Similar results have been obtained using the amine type antioxidant, N-phenyl-N′-cyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine. Some features of the mechanism of polyolefin oxidation are discussed.     

Hydrogenolysis of rice husk protolignin. II

It has been established that the partial hydrogenolysis of rice husk protolignin (RHP) takes place at a temperature of 180°C and an initial hydrogen pressure of 10 atm in an alkaline medium. Conditions have been selected under which the greatest yield of low-molecular-weight products (91% on the Komarov lignin) is obtained: hydrogenolysis in an alkaline medium in the presence of an anthraquinone (AQ) catalyst. The addition of AQ increases the yield of low-molecular-weight products by a factor of 1.8. Semiempirical formulas have been derived for incompletely hydrolyzed lignin residues. A study of the molecular-weight distribution of these lignins has shown that they are polydisperse. It has been established that in the process of hydrogenolysis AQ promotes the demethoxylation of structural units with syringyl nuclei.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 734–738, September–October, 1987.     

Morphologies Controlled Synthesis of MnO2 Nanostructures

Spherical MnO₂ nanosheet aggregates have been synthesized by the reaction between MnSO₄ and KMnO₄ at room temperature. After the resulting products are treated under hydrothermal conditions, MnO₂ nanorods and tower‐like crystals have been prepared in the absence/presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, respectively. The products are characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray diffractometer, respectively.