Structural properties and energetics of Li2FeSiO4 polymorphs and their delithiated products from first-principles

Structural properties, thermodynamic stability and delithiation process for Li(2)FeSiO(4) polymorphs are investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) within the DFT + U framework. Three Li(2)FeSiO(4) polymorphs crystallizing in space group Pmn2(1), P2(1)/n, and Pmnb have been considered. The investigations demonstrate that the strong Si-O bonds remain almost unchanged during the lithiation-delithiation process for all the polymorphs, which contribute significantly to the structural stability. On the other hand, the differences in local environment around FeO(4) tetrahedra will be translated into varying degrees of distortion, which shows a significant influence on the structural stability and average voltages. The average voltages obtained here are in good agreement with the experimental values. Furthermore, the possibility of extracting more than one lithium ions per formula unit from Li(2)FeSiO(4) of P2(1)/n is also discussed.     

微波合成法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li2FeSiO4

研究了一种制备锂离子电池正极材料Li2FeSiO4的新方法. 采用机械球磨结合微波热处理合成了Li2FeSiO4正极材料. 通过XRD、SEM和恒流充放电测试, 对样品结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了表征和分析. 与传统固相法合成的材料在晶体结构、微观形貌以及充放电性能方面进行了比较. 结果表明, 微波合成法可以快速制备具有正交结构的Li2FeSiO4材料; 在650 ℃时处理12 min, 获得了纯度高、晶粒细小均匀的产物, 该产物具有较高的放电比容量和良好的循环性能. 在60 ℃下以C/20倍率(电流密度, 1C=160 mA·g-1)进行充放电, 首次放电容量为119.5 mAh·g-1, 10次循环后放电容量为116.2 mAh·g-1. 与传统高温固相法相比, 微波合成法制备的材料具有较高的纯度、均匀的形貌和较好的电化学性能.     

微波合成法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li2FeSiO4

研究了一种制备锂离子电池正极材料Li2FeSiO4的新方法.采用机械球磨结合微波热处理合成了Li2FeSiO4正极材料.通过XRD、SEM和恒流充放电测试,对样品结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了表征和分析.与传统固相法合成的材料在晶体结构、微观形貌以及充放电性能方面进行了比较.结果表明,微波合成法可以快速制备具有正交结构的Li2FeSiO4材料;在650 ℃时处理12 min,获得了纯度高、晶粒细小均匀的产物,该产物具有较高的放电比容量和良好的循环性能.在60℃下以C/20倍率(电流密度,1C=160mA·g-1)进行充放电,首次放电容量为119.5 mAh·g-1,10次循环后放电容量为116.2 mAh·g-1.与传统高温固相法相比,微波合成法制备的材料具有较高的纯度、均匀的形貌和较好的电化学性能.     

锂离子电池正极材料Li2FeSiO4/C的冻干干燥法制备及电化学性质

通过冻干干燥法辅助制备了分布均匀的纳米Li₂FeSiO₄材料.通过X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、N₂吸附-脱附、循环伏安（CV）和充放电测试等手段对材料的结构及电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,冻干法处理后得到的Li₂FeSiO₄材料颗粒尺寸更小,能够缩短锂离子的扩散距离;同时较大的比表面积可以使材料与电解液接触更加充分.在1.5~4.8 V电压范围内,与采用传统烘干干燥法制备的材料相比,采用冻干法制备的材料表现出更高的可逆比容量,并具有良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性.     

氮掺杂硅酸亚铁锂正极材料的制备及电化学性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了氮掺杂的硅酸亚铁锂正极材料.通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、充放电测试和交流阻抗测试（EIS）等对材料的结构及电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,N元素已掺杂到Li₂FeSiO₄材料晶格中,样品具有较小的颗粒尺寸和优异的动力学性能,表现出较好的充放电比容量和倍率特性,首次放电比容量为130 mA·h/g,循环50次后比容量仍可达到124 mA·h/g,容量保持率高达95%.     

球磨参数对锂离子正极材料Li2FeSiO4电化学性能的影响

以碳酸锂、草酸亚铁、纳米二氧化硅为原料,采用机械球磨和固相法相结合的方法制备了Li2FeSiO4正极材料(F)。研究了球磨参数对F电化学性能的影响。结果表明,在球磨速度为500 rad.min-1,球料比[m钢球∶m原料]为15∶1,球径为3 mm的条件下制备的F具有较好的电化学性能。     

Dependence of Li2FeSiO4 electrochemistry on structure

Small differences in the FeO(4) arrangements (orientation, size, and distortion) do influence the equilibrium potential measured during the first oxidation of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) in all polymorphs of Li(2)FeSiO(4).     

Structure and lithium transport pathways in Li2FeSiO4 cathodes for lithium batteries

The importance of exploring new low-cost and safe cathodes for large-scale lithium batteries has led to increasing interest in Li(2)FeSiO(4). The structure of Li(2)FeSiO(4) undergoes significant change on cycling, from the as-prepared γ(s) form to an inverse β(II) polymorph; therefore it is important to establish the structure of the cycled material. In γ(s) half the LiO(4), FeO(4), and SiO(4) tetrahedra point in opposite directions in an ordered manner and exhibit extensive edge sharing. Transformation to the inverse β(II) polymorph on cycling involves inversion of half the SiO(4), FeO(4), and LiO(4) tetrahedra, such that they all now point in the same direction, eliminating edge sharing between cation sites and flattening the oxygen layers. As a result of the structural changes, Li(+) transport paths and corresponding Li-Li separations in the cycled structure are quite different from the as-prepared material, as revealed here by computer modeling, and involve distinct zigzag paths between both Li sites and through intervening unoccupied octahedral sites that share faces with the LiO(4) tetrahedra.     

A strontium-doped Li2FeSiO4/C cathode with enhanced performance for the lithium-ion battery

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Strontium-doped Li2FeSiO4/C is prepared by using the sol-gel method with soluble Li, Fe, Si, and Sr sources. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron...     

Hydrothermal synthesis of spindle-like Li2FeSiO4-C composite as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

In this paper,we report on the preparation of Li_2FeSiO_4,sintered Li_2FeSiO_4,and Li_2FeSiO_4-C composite with spindle-like morphologies and their application as cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries.Spindle-like Li2FeSi04 was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method with(NH_4)_2Fe(SO_4)_2 as the iron source.The spindle-like Li_2FeSiO_4 was sintered at 600 ℃ for 6 h in Ar atmosphere.Li_2FeSiO_4-C composite was obtained by the hydrothermal treatment of spindle-like Li_2FeSiO_4 in glucose solution at 190 ℃ for 3 h.Electrochemical measurements show that after carbon coating,the electrode performances such as discharge capacity and high-rate capability are greatly enhanced.In particular.Li_2FeSiO_4-C with carbon content of 7.21 wt%delivers the discharge capacities of 160.9 mAh·g~(-1) at room temperature and 213 mAh·g~(-1) at45℃(0.1 C),revealing the potential application in lithium-ion batteries.     

Structure of Li2FeSiO4

A large-scale lithium-ion battery is the key technology toward a greener society. A lithium iron silicate system is rapidly attracting much attention as the new important developmental platform of cathode material with abundant elements and possible multielectron reactions. The hitherto unsolved crystal structure of the typical composition Li2FeSiO4 has now been determined using high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction experiments. The structure has a 2 times larger superlattice compared to the previous beta-Li3PO4-based model, and its origin is the periodic modulation of coordination tetrahedra.     

Germanium-rich pentaruthenium carbonyl clusters including Ru(5)(CO)(11)(mu-GePh(2))(4)(mu(5)-C) and its reactions with hydrogen

The reaction of Ru(5)(CO)(15)(mu(5)-C), 1, with Ph(3)GeH at 150 degrees C has yielded two new germanium-rich pentaruthenium cluster complexes: Ru(5)(CO)(11)(mu-CO)(mu-GePh(2))(3)(mu(5)-C), 2; Ru(5)(CO)(11)(mu;-GePh(2))(4)(mu(5)-C), 3. Both compounds contain square pyramidal Ru(5) clusters with GePh(2) groups bridging three and four of the edges of the Ru(5) square base, respectively. When treated with 1 equiv of Ph(3)GeH at 150 degrees C compound 2 is converted to 3. Reaction of 3 with H(2) at 150 degrees C yielded Ru(5)(CO)(10)(mu-GePh(2))(4)(mu(5)-C)(mu-H)(2), 4, containing two hydride ligands and one less CO ligand. Reaction of 4 with hydrogen at 150 degrees C yielded the compound Ru(5)(CO)(10)(mu-GePh(2))(2)(mu(3)-GePh)(2)(mu(3)-H)(mu(4)-CH), 5, by loss of benzene and conversion of two of the bridging GePh(2) groups into triply bridging GePh groups. Compound 5 contains one triply bridging hydride ligand and a quadruply bridging methylidyne ligand formed by addition of one hydrogen atom to the carbido carbon atom.     

Osmium pyme complexes for fast hydrogenation and asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones

The osmium compound trans,cis-[OsCl2(PPh3)2(Pyme)] (1) (Pyme=1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanamine), obtained from [OsCl2(PPh3)3] and Pyme, thermally isomerizes to cis,cis-[OsCl2(PPh3)(2)(Pyme)] (2) in mesitylene at 150 degrees C. Reaction of [OsCl2(PPh3)3] with Ph2P(CH2)(4)PPh2 (dppb) and Pyme in mesitylene (150 degrees C, 4 h) leads to a mixture of trans-[OsCl2(dppb)(Pyme)] (3) and cis-[OsCl2(dppb)(Pyme)] (4) in about an 1:3 molar ratio. The complex trans-[OsCl2(dppb)(Pyet)] (5) (Pyet=2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine) is formed by reaction of [OsCl2(PPh3)3] with dppb and Pyet in toluene at reflux. Compounds 1, 2, 5 and the mixture of isomers 3/4 efficiently catalyze the transfer hydrogenation (TH) of different ketones in refluxing 2-propanol and in the presence of NaOiPr (2.0 mol %). Interestingly, 3/4 has been proven to reduce different ketones (even bulky) by means of TH with a remarkably high turnover frequency (TOF up to 5.7 x 10(5) h(-1)) and at very low loading (0.05-0.001 mol %). The system 3/4 also efficiently catalyzes the hydrogenation of many ketones (H2, 5.0 atm) in ethanol with KOtBu (2.0 mol %) at 70 degrees C (TOF up to 1.5 x 10(4) h(-1)). The in-situ-generated catalysts prepared by the reaction of [OsCl2(PPh3)3] with Josiphos diphosphanes and (+/-)-1-alkyl-substituted Pyme ligands, promote the enantioselective TH of different ketones with 91-96 % ee (ee=enantiomeric excess) and with a TOF of up to 1.9 x 10(4) h(-1) at 60 degrees C.     

Spontaneously resolved chiral three-fold interpenetrating diamondoidlike Cu(II) coordination polymers with temperature-driven crystal-to-crystal transformation

The chiral 3-fold interpenetrating diamondoidlike Cu(II)-containing coordination polymer [Cu(2,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole)2(H2O)](ClO4)2]n (1a) is reported. It undergoes a temperature-driven reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal structural transformation between room- (293 K, 1a) and low-temperature (150 K, 1b) forms.     

Pressure effect and crystal structure reinvestigations on the spin crossover system: [Fe(bt)2(NCS)2] (bt = 2,2'-bithiazoline) polymorphs A and B

The crystal structure of [Fe(bt)2(NCS)2] (A) was determined by X-ray diffraction at 293 and at 150 K in order to analyze the structural changes associated with the spin transition. The space group is P1 with Z = 2 at both temperatures. Lattice constants are as follows: a = 8.5240(4), b = 11.0730(6), c = 12.5300(8) at 293 K and a = 8.1490(4), b = 11.4390(5), c = 12.1270(6) at 150 K. The iron(II) atom lies at the center of a distorted [FeN6] defined by two bt ligands arranged in a cis conformation. The two remaining coordination positions are occupied by two isothiocyanate anions. The average bond lengths of 2.159(4) A (293 K) and 1.951(2) A (150 K) clearly indicate the change in spin configuration. The trigonal distortion parameter phi has a value of 9.6 degrees and 5.5 degrees at 293 and 150 K, respectively. For A, DeltaV = DeltaV(SCO) = 28 A(3) per formula unit and is accompanied by a hysteresis of 10 K. chi(M)T vs T curves at atmospheric pressure for A show an abrupt spin transition with Tc downward arrow = 176 K and Tc upward arrow = 187 K. The thermodynamic parameters associated with the spin transition are DeltaH = 8.4 +/- 0.4 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS = 46.5 +/- 3 J K mol(-1). The thermal dependence of the magnetic susceptibility at different pressures, 0.1-0.91 GPa, points out an unusual behavior, which can only be understood in terms of a crystallographic phase transition or a change in the bulk modulus of the complex. Polymorph B crystallizes in the C2/c space group with an average Fe-N bond length of 2.168(2) A and phi = 14.7 degrees at 293 K. B remains in the HS configuration even at pressures of 1.06 GPa.     

Decomposition of monochlorogallane, [H2GaCl]n, and adducts with amine and phosphine bases: formation of cationic gallane derivatives

Thermal decomposition of monochlorogallane, [H2GaCl]n, at ambient temperatures results in the formation of subvalent gallium species. To Ga[HGaCl3], previously reported, has now been added a second mixed-valence solid, Ga4[HGaCl3]2[Ga2Cl6] (1), the crystal structure of which at 150 K shows a number of unusual features. Adducts of monochlorogallane, most readily prepared from the hydrochloride of the base and LiGaH4 in appropriate proportions, include not only the 1:1 molecular complex Me3P.GaH2Cl (2), but also 2:1 amine complexes which prove to be cationic gallane derivatives, [H2Ga(NH2R)2]+Cl-, where R = tBu (3a) or sBu (3b). All three of these complexes have been characterized crystallographically at 150 K.     

High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of homogeneous D-gluco-oligosaccharides and -polysaccharides (polymerization degree greater than or equal to 50) with pulsed amperometric detection

High-performance anion-exchange chromatography under alkaline conditions with pulsed amperometric detection was applied to the analyses of (1----2)-, (1----3)-, (1----4)- and (1----6)-linked homogeneous alpha- or beta-D-gluco-oligosaccharides and -polysaccharides up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of greater than or equal to 50. Each series of homogeneous D-gluco-oligomers and -polymers showed a linear relationship between log k' and DP in isocratic elution using 150 mM sodium hydroxide solution containing 100 mM sodium acetate as the eluent. An effective separation of individual members of an homologous series of linear glucans was achieved using gradient elution, accomplished by maintaining the sodium hydroxide concentration at 150 mM and increasing the sodium acetate concentration during the analysis. The detector response per HCOH group in D-gluco-oligomers (DP 2-7) was almost the same.     

Radio-high-performance liquid chromatography for ecotoxicity assessment of insect growth regulators

The described radiochromatographic method permits fast and high-sensitivity monitoring of soil biodegradation products of an insect growth regulator for its environmental risk assessment. We analyzed and compared two diastereoisomers of ethyl N-(2-(4-[(2-hydroxycyclohexyl) methyl]phenoxy)ethyl)carbamate, namely its cis-(1S,2S) isomer JN-W330 and a trans-(1R,2S) isomer JN-W331. Microbial conversion of the cis-isomer to the trans-isomer was proved by mass spectrometry analyzer. Among the chromatographic columns tested, the best separation was found with a 125 mm x 4 mm i.d. column packed with Supersphere 100 RP-C18, 5 microm and an acetonitrile-water gradient. The detection limit for the both isomers was in the range of 120-250 Bq (0.3-0.8 ng) at a concentration of 2 ng/ml with radiometric detection. The calibration curves for standard solutions were linear in the range of 150Bq-150kBq (r = 0.996). The method enabled us to compare the analyzed juvenoids with biologically active oostatic peptides in terms of their environmental safety.     

Temperature dependence of exciton diffusion in conjugated polymers

The temperature dependence of the exciton dynamics in a conjugated polymer is studied using time-resolved spectroscopy. Photoluminescence decays were measured in heterostructured samples containing a sharp polymer-fullerene interface, which acts as an exciton quenching wall. Using a 1D diffusion model, the exciton diffusion length and diffusion coefficient were extracted in the temperature range of 4-293 K. The exciton dynamics reveal two temperature regimes: in the range of 4-150 K, the exciton diffusion length (coefficient) of approximately 3 nm (approximately 1.5 x 10 (-4) cm2/s) is nearly temperature independent. Increasing the temperature up to 293 K leads to a gradual growth up to 4.5 nm (approximately 3.2 x 10 (-4) cm2/ s). This demonstrates that exciton diffusion in conjugated polymers is governed by two processes: an initial downhill migration toward lower energy states in the inhomogenously broadened density of states, followed by temperature activated hopping. The latter process is switched off below 150 K.     

1,3-双(二苯基膦氧)丙烷锰(Ⅱ)配合物磷光蒸气变色研究

本文以1,3-双(二苯基膦氧)丙烷(DPPPO2)为配体,合成了两种不同结构的锰(Ⅱ)配合物,其化学式分别为[Mn(DPPPO2)Br2]n(1G)和[Mn2(DPPPO2)4Br2]Br2·4CH3OH(1R).通过X射线单晶衍射确定了这两个化合物的结构.1G呈现一维链状结构,1R则为笼状结构的双核配合物.四面体构型的Mn(Ⅱ)化合物1G在紫外灯照射下呈现绿光发射(λem=514 nm),而扭曲四方锥构型的Mn(Ⅱ)化合物1R呈现红光发射(λem=634 nm).无论是晶体、粉末还是PMMA掺杂薄膜,1G暴露在甲醇蒸气中可发生结构重排,转化为1R,伴随磷光发射光谱显著红移,最大发射峰从514 nm红移到634 nm,同时绿光转变为红光发射.另一方面,若150℃加热1R,则转化为1G,伴随着红光转换为绿光发射.X射线衍射实验表明,化合物1G吸收甲醇蒸气后转变为1R,但加热到150℃时1R又可以恢复到1G,由此实现1G与1R可逆转化.