Hofmeister series and ionic effects of alkali metal ions on DNA conformation transition in normal and less polarised water solvent

Normal and less polarised water models are used as the solvent to investigate Hofmeister effects and alkali metal ionic effects on dodecamer d(CGCGAATTCGCG) B-DNA with atomic dynamics simulations. As normal water solvent is replaced by less polarised water, the Hofmeister series of alkali metal ions is changed from Li⁺ > Na⁺ ? K⁺ ? Cs⁺ ? Rb⁺ to Li⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > Rb⁺ > Cs⁺. In less polarised water, DNA experiences the B→A conformational transition for the lighter alkali metal counterions (Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺). However, it keeps B form for the heavier ions (Rb⁺ and Cs⁺). We find that the underlying cause of the conformation transition for these alkali metal ions except K⁺ is the competition between water molecules and counterions coupling to the free oxygen atoms of the phosphate groups. For K⁺ ions, the ‘economics’ of phosphate hydration and ‘spine of hydration’ are both concerned with the DNA helixes changing.     

The mechanism of diffusion and ionic transport of alkali metal ions in the particles of tin (IV) antimonate

The kinetics of exchange of Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and Cs⁺ ions on tin (IV) antimonate with H⁺ form was studied particle-diffusion-control conditions at different temperatures. The values of activation energy, diffusion coefficient and entropy of activation increase with the ionic mobilities and radii, and decrease with the hydration energy of the alkali metal ions. On the basis of the kinetic parameters, the exchange of alkali metal ions occurs in the unhydrated form.     

Molecular dynamics study of swelling patterns of Na/Cs-montmorillonites and hydration of interlayer cations

We report on a molecular dynamics study of swelling patterns of an Na-rich/Cs-poor montomorillonite and a Cs-montomorillonite. The recently developed CLAYFF force field is used to predict the basal spacing as a function of the water content in the interlayer. The simulations reproduce the swelling patterns of the Na and Cs-montomorillonite, suggesting a mechanism of its hydration different from that of the montomorillonite. In the meanwhile, we find that the differences in size and hydration energy of Na and Cs ions have strong implications for the structure and the internal energy of interlayer water. In particular, our results indicate that the hydrate difference in the presence of coexistent Na and Cs has a larger influence on the behavior of clay-water system. For Na-rich/Cs-poor montomorillonite, the hydration energy values of Na ions and water molecules each have a dramatic increase compared with those in Na-montomorillonite on the interlayer spacing, and the hydration energy values of Cs ions and water molecules decrease somewhat compared with those in Cs-montomorillonite.     

Hydration structure of Na+ and K+ from ab initio molecular dynamics based on modern density functional theory

Molecular dynamics (Born–Oppenheimer) simulations based on density functional theory have been carried out to investigate the solvation structure of monovalent Na⁺ and K⁺ cations in water under ambient conditions. Four recently proposed van der Waals (vdW) density functionals (LMKLL, DRSLL, DRSLL-PBE, DRSLL-optB88), the semiempirical vdW method of Grimme (BLYP-D3) and conventional gradient-corrected (GGA-BLYP) density functionals are applied in order to evaluate their accuracy in describing the hydration structure of alkali metal ions. Theoretical results are compared to available experimental data. Our results indicate that addition of corrections accounting for dispersion forces significantly improves the agreement between predicted and measured coordination numbers for both Na⁺ and K⁺ cations. Analysis of radial distribution functions brings further support to the notion that the choice of the generalised gradient approximation density functional impacts crucially on the computed structural properties. DRSLL-optB88 and BLYP-D3 provide the best agreement with experiment.     

A molecular dynamics study of the swelling patterns of Na/Cs-montmorillonites and the hydration of interlayer cations

We report on a molecular dynamics study of the swelling patterns of an Na-rich/Cs-poor montomorillonite and a Csmontomorillonite.The recently developed CLAYFF force field is used to predict the basal spacing as a function of the water content in the interlayer.The simulations reproduce the swelling patterns of the Na and Cs-montomorillonite,suggesting a mechanism of its hydration different from that of the montomorillonite.In addition,we find that the differences in size and hydration energy of Na and Cs ions have strong implications for the structure and the internal energy of interlayer water.In particular,our results indicate that the hydrate difference in the presence of coexistent Na and Cs has a larger influence on the behavior of a clay-water system.For Na-rich/Cs-poor montomorillonite,the hydration energy values of Na ions and water molecules each have a dramatic increase compared with those in Na-montomorillonite on the interlayer spacing,and the hydration energy values of Cs ions and water molecules decrease somewhat compared with those in Cs-montomorillonite.     

应用分子动力学模拟和拉曼光谱对钙、镁、氯离子 水化现象的研究

应用分子动力学方法,模拟了298 K下,密度为1.0 g/cm~3的水溶液中Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Cl~-的水化现象,得到了相应离子周围水分子的微观分布情况.发现在钙离子周围,水分子以其氧离子去靠近中心离子;而在氯离子周围,水分子则以其中的一个氢原子去靠近中心离子.通过分析三种离子的径向分布函数、配位数曲线、水化数、水化半径,发现Ca²⁺的水化数和水化半径均大于Mg²⁺,即Ca²⁺的水合能力比Mg²⁺强.与以往研究结果相比,本文计算所得的自扩散系数更接近实验所得结果.为了使模型更好的代表真实水溶液体系,本文还应用分子动力学和拉曼光谱法研究了不同浓度的CaCl₂水溶液.分子动力学研究发现随着浓度的升高,CaCl₂溶液中Ca²⁺,Cl~-的配位数分别呈降低趋势.同时,随着浓度的升高,Ca²⁺,Cl~-的自扩散系数也呈现降低的趋势.作者推断这是由于浓度的升高,加剧了离子的微观反...     

碱金属碱土金属化合物标准熵的拓扑研究

定义离子极化力参数 gi.在分子拓扑图的邻接矩阵基础上 ,由 gi 建构极化力连接性指数 mG ,其中 0 G、1G对无机分子有良好的结构选择性 .计算了 6 4种碱金属、碱土金属的氧化物、卤化物、硫化物、硒化物等的 0 G、1G ,发现它们的标准熵与分子的大小及分子中的原子数正相关 ,而与分子中离子的极化力负相关 .这与其标准熵的递变规律相一致 .所以 ,化合物的 0 G、1G必然与其标准熵表现出良好的相关性 .研究结果表明 ,其预测值和实验值基本吻合 ,优于Latimer法以及Randic Kier连接性指数     

Alkali metal and alkali metal hydroxide intercalates of 2s-tantalum disulfide

The alkali metal intercalates of the layered compound 2s-tantalum disulfide were prepared from the respective hexamethylphosphoric triamide solutions of the metals. The c-lattice parameters of the intercalates increased with increase in the crystallographic radii of the metals. All intercalates prepared were superconductors, and the transition temperatures increased as the crystallographic radii of the metals became larger. The intercalates reacted with water to produce hydrogen gas and changed to different intercalates. These had properties similar to those of the corresponding alkali metal hydroxide intercalates prepared from aqueous solutions of the metal hydroxides. The alkali metal hydroxide intercalates, on the other hand, were found to be classified into two groups in terms of the c-lattice parameters; one having c-lattice parameters around 23.8 Å and the other 18 Å. Lithium and sodium hydroxide intercalates belong to the former type, and potassium, rubidium and cesium hydroxide intercalates, including ammonium hydroxide, to the latter. Dried lithium and sodium hydroxide intercalates were also classified in the latter group. In the former case the disulfide was found to intercalate the cations, conserving the ice-like structure of the surrounding water molecules. In the latter, the cations were intercalated in their naked or primary hydrated states, and the interlayer distances were governed by cointercalated hydroxide ions. The observed superconducting transition temperatures were similar for the intercalates with c-lattice parameters around 18 Å irrespective of the particular cation.     

Water characteristics depend on the ionic environment. Thermodynamics and modelisation of the aquo ions

We have characterized the aquo ion in solution by five parameters: the charge q and the corresponding crystallographic radius R_c of the ion with the coordination number N, the radius R_w of the water molecule in the aquo complex and the number H of water molecules in the second hydration shell. A consistent set of these parameters has been derived from literature data. From an analysis of experimental determinations of the cation-oxygen distance and evaluation of electrostriction phenomena, we have concluded that the radius R_w of the water molecule depends on the charge of the central ion and on its crystallographic radius.

The different ion-water interactions and previous models are discussed, and we propose an ionic model and a general relation which gives the free hydration energy, ΔG(hyd), of a monatomic ion with ionic character. It depends on the five fundamental characteristics of the aquo ion and reproduces the experimental data with standard deviation less than 0.3%. In the case of lanthanides, it is shown that the model including average values of the oxygen-cation distance, or different distances, taking into account the local structure of the aquo ion, gives similar thermodynamic data. The proposed model gives also the possibility to deduce properties of the ions such as consistent values of the coordination numbers.     

Ratiometric detection of Raman hydration shell spectra

The micro‐structure of hydration shell of solute in water is significant for understanding the properties of aqueous solutions. However the spectra of hydration shell are difficult to be obtained. Herein, a novel Raman ratio spectra, which is obtained through dividing the Raman spectra of aqueous solutions from the spectrum of water, was applied to deduce the spectra of hydration shell of organic (acetone‐D6) and inorganic compounds (NaNO₃, NaSCN, NaClO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCl) in water. Those spectra of the hydration shell were employed to study the micro‐structures of the first hydration shells of anions, the number of water molecules in the first hydration shell of free anions and acetone‐D6, and the aggregation behavior of ions in the concentrated aqueous NaNO₃. The number of water molecules in the hydration shell was supported by our molecular dynamic simulations. The Raman ratio spectra can be widely employed to obtain the spectra of the first hydration shell, and it is helpful to understand the micro‐structure of aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

显微激光拉曼光谱测定甲烷水合物的水合指数

甲烷水合物是由甲烷气体分子与水分子在低温高压下形成的一种笼型结构化合物,广泛存在于海底陆架区和陆地冻土区,被认为是一种潜在的能源资源。在水合物的晶格中,水分子在氢键的作用下形成大小不同的笼子,甲烷分子可分别进入大笼(51262)和小笼(512)中。在自行研制的实验装置上,分别合成了一系列不同体系下的甲烷水合物,包括十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)水溶液-甲烷体系、冰粉-甲烷体系以及冰粉-不同粒度砂-甲烷体系。对这些甲烷水合物样品进行了激光拉曼光谱分析,测定了其水合指数,笼占有率等结构参数。结果表明,这些甲烷水合物都为Ⅰ型结构,其水合指数和笼占有率基本不受沉积物粒径大小的影响。在3种体系中生成的水合物,大笼中甲烷分子基本占满,占有率大于97%;小笼中甲烷分子占有率为80%～86%,测得的水合指数为6.05～6.15。     

Raman investigation of hydration structure of iodide and iodate

In the troposphere,the destruction of ozone and the formation of new particles are closely related to the iodine content,which mainly comes from iodide(I~-) and iodate(IO_3~-) in the seawater.Therefore,understanding the interactions between I~-,IO_3~-and water molecules plays a certain role in alleviating the destruction of the ozone layer.Raman spectroscopy is commonly used to obtain the information of the interaction between I~-,IO_3~-and water molecules quickly and accurately.Herein,the effect of I~-and IO_3~-on the change in Raman band characteristics of water is investigated to reflect the associated intermolecular interactions change.With the addition of the two ions,the Raman band corresponding to OH stretching vibration moves towards the high wavenumber,indicating the formation of hydration structure.The narrowing of the Raman band from OH stretching vibration under weak hydrogen bond agrees well with the hydrogen bond variation,while the abnormal broadening of the Raman band from OH stretching vibration under strong hydrogen bond indicates the formation of H-down structure.With the increase of ions concentration,the frequency shift of the Raman band from OH stretching vibration under both weak and strong hydrogen bonds becomes more apparent.Meanwhile,the frequency shift of I~-is more obvious than that of IO_3~-,which indicates that I-is more likely to form the hydration structure with water than IO_3~-.These results contribute to analyzing the different interactions between I~--water and IO_3~--water,then helping to prevent ozone depletion.     

Variations of water’s local-structure induced by solvation of NaCl

The researches on the structure of water and its changes induced by solutes are of enduring interests. The changes of the local structure of liquid water induced by NaCl solute under ambient conditions are studied and presented quantitatively with some order parameters and visualized with 2-body and 3-body correlation functions. The results show that, after the NaCl are solvated, the translational order t of water is decreased for the suppression of the second hydration shells around H₂O molecules; the tetrahedral order ｜q｜ of water is also decreased and its favorite distribution peak moves from 0.76 to 0.5. In addition, the orientational freedom k and the diffusion coefficient D of water molecules are reduced because of new formed hydrogen-bonding structures between water and solvated ions.     

ICP-OES分析低钙粉煤灰在NaOH溶液中离子浸出规律

低钙粉煤灰潜在的火山灰活性释放缓慢限制了其大规模利用,通过碱激发提高粉煤灰中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+等离子浸出率对于加快低钙粉煤灰活性释放具有积极作用。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分别测试和分析了5种浓度NaOH溶液对低钙粉煤灰激发过程中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+的浸出规律、化学基团变化、水化产物生成及微观形貌演化。结果表明：碱激发作用显著提高了低钙粉煤灰中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+浸出率,三种离子浸出率大小为：Si4+＞Al3+＞Ca2+,其中Si4+和Al3+浸出率随NaOH浓度增加而增加,随浸出时间延长呈对数规律升高;Ca2+由于在NaOH溶液中生成Ca(OH)₂沉淀,其浸出率大小表现为在水中高,在NaOH溶液中低。红外光谱清晰地表征出低钙粉煤灰受碱激发作用后化学基团在指纹区(波数1 300 cm-1以下)的变化,且随碱激发时间的延长和碱浓度的增加变化愈加明显。水化产物和微观形貌的结果显示出粉煤灰颗粒表面受到碱侵蚀发生解聚,在OH-催化下,硅铝单体分子重新排列形成硅酸盐和铝酸盐低聚络合物,通过亲核取代反应形成铝硅酸盐的低聚态溶胶,并进一步与碱金属阳离子通过配位键或静电键的作用缩聚形成水化凝胶类产物。采用ICP-OES测试粉煤灰中离子浸出率可作为评价粉煤灰火山灰活性的一种快速和准确的方法。     

Dehydration process in NaCl solutions under various external electric fields

Ionic motions at solid-liquid interface in supersaturated NaCl solutions have been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for understanding crystal growth processes. The density profile in the vicinity of the interfaces between NaCl(100) and the supersaturated NaCl solution was calculated. Diffusion coefficients of water molecules in the solution were estimated as a function of distance from the crystal interface. It turned out that the structure and dynamics of the solution in the interfaces was different from those of bulk solution owing to electric fields depending on the surface charge. Therefore, the electric field was applied to the supersaturated solutions and dehydration phenomenon occurring in the process of the crystal growth was discussed. As the electric field increased, it was observed that the Na⁺ keeping strongly hydration structure broke out by the electric force. In supersaturated concentration, the solution structure is significantly different from that of dilution and has a complicated structure with hydration ions and clusters of NaCl. If the electric fields were applied to the solutions, the breakout of hydration structure was not affected with increasing the supersaturated ratio. This reason is that the cluster structures are destroyed by the electric force. The situation depends on the electric field or crystal surface structure.     

Distinct effect of xenobiotics on the metal‐binding properties of protein molecules

The X‐ray standing‐wave method was applied to study the elemental composition and molecular organization of ordered protein films of alkaline phosphatase exposed to different xenobiotics (drug compounds, lead). Binding of metal ions from triply distilled water to protein molecules has been experimentally observed. Definite differences in the arrangement of impurity metal ions in the films have been established. The considerable enhancement of protein–metal interactions is attributed to partial rearrangement of the protein native structure, induced by xenobiotics.     

高掺杂稀土PBA玻璃的制备及其化学稳定性研究

稀土掺杂磷酸盐玻璃具有优异的光学和光谱特性,在激光介质材料、有色滤光材料等领域中有着重要的应用。在研究P2O5-BaO-Al2O3-Sm2O3(PBAS)玻璃形成能力的基础上,借助NMR、红外吸收光谱等分析手段,研究了玻璃的结构特点以及在各种化学介质条件下玻璃的化学稳定性能、玻璃的组成和结构对化学稳定性的影响。结果表明:玻璃结构主要由磷氧四面体[PO4]3-和铝氧八面体[AlO6]3-构成;Al3+含量越高,玻璃结构越稳定,玻璃的耐水性和耐酸性也越好;玻璃结构中阳离子的极化能力越强,玻璃的耐酸性越好,侵蚀过程中玻璃表面形成的“缺碱层”在一定程度上减缓了化学介质的侵蚀程度;在碱性介质中,磷酸盐长链末节的金属离子被水化,产生P—O—P断键,形成正磷酸盐溶解到溶液中,稀土离子含量的增加,在一定程度上恶化了玻璃的耐碱性能。     

Hydration of nucleic acid components in dependence on nucleotide composition and relative humidity: a Monte Carlo simulation

What role does the nucleotide composition play in the process of formation of hydrated environment of nucleic acids? Can one estimate the hydration of nucleic acids on the level of their components? In order to resolve these questions we have completed an extensive computer simulation of the hydration of nucleic acids components - deoxynucleoside monophosphates distinguished by nucleotide composition. The energetic characteristics of systems containing deoxynucleoside monophosphates and water clusters of various dimensions are received. Our results demonstrate that deoxynucleoside monophosphates containing guanine and/or cytosine residues hydrated more strongly because of formation of more hydrogen bonds with water molecules in small water clusters, i.e. at low values of relative humidity. With increasing of number of water molecules in a water cluster the energetic preference of deoxynucleoside monophosphates containing guanine and/or cytosine residues decreases, and for water clusters corresponding to a state of a dilute aqueous solution the hydration of all types of deoxynucleoside monophosphates does not differ in a great degree. Deoxynucleoside monophosphates containing guanine and/or cytosine residues cause the greater destruction of the water structure compensated by the greater interaction with the nearest water molecules for all levels of relative humidity. Received 25 December 2001 and Received in final form 22 March 2002 Published online 13 September 2002     

Infrared intensities of ion-water interactions in aqueous electrolyte solutions

The i.r. absorption intensities have been measured of the fundamental vibrations of water molecules in metal halide aqueous solutions. Pseudo-isosbestic points were observed in the regions of both the stretching and bending vibrations and interpreted in terms of two states of water molecules in the solutions. The intensities of the stretching vibrations of water molecules coordinated to the dissolved ions have been estimated. The intensities become stronger in the order, Li⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ for the cations and F^- > Cl^- > Br^- > I^- for the anions. These orders are consistent with the strengths of the ion-water interactions, which are related to the dynamical behavior of the water molecules in the primary hydration shell.     

基于Raman光谱技术的瓦斯混合气水合过程定量分析

瓦斯水合物微观晶体结构研究对水合分离技术具有重要理论意义。利用Raman光谱技术对三种含高浓度CO₂瓦斯混合气水合反应过程进行在线观测,并对水合物相Raman光谱图进行分析,获取了瓦斯水合物不同生长阶段大、小孔穴占有率,同时利用van der Waals与Platteeuw热力学统计模型间接获得水合指数等晶体结构信息。结果表明,瓦斯水合物孔穴占有率及水合指数在水合物不同生长阶段未发生较大变化,水合物相中大孔穴几乎被客体分子填满,CO₂与CH₄分子共同占据大孔穴,但CO₂占绝大多数,达到78.58%~94.09%,CH₄分子仅为4.52%~19.12%,这主要是由于两种分子间存在竞争关系且气样中CO₂浓度明显高于CH₄,大孔穴占有率维持在97.70%~98.68%;小孔穴占有率为17.93%~82.41%,占有率普遍偏低,且仅有CH₄分子;随气样中CH₄浓度增加,CH₄在大、小孔穴中的占有率均有所增加,且CH₄分子在大孔穴中的占有率均明显低于在小孔穴中占有率;水合物生长不同阶段水合指数为6.13~7.33,随气样中CH₄浓度的增加,小孔穴占有率有所增加,致使水合指数随之降低;由于瓦斯水合物生长分布不均匀,三种气样对应的不同生长阶段水合指数均呈不规则变化。