The effect of thermal dispersion on free convection film condensation on a vertical plate with a thin porous layer

An analytical solution to the problem of condensation by natural convection over a thin porous substrate attached to a cooled impermeable surface has been conducted to determine the velocity and temperature profiles within the porous layer, the dimensionless thickness film and the local Nusselt number. In the porous region, the Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer (DBF) model describes the flow and the thermal dispersion is taken into account in the energy equation. The classical boundary layer equations without inertia and enthalpyterms are used in the condensate region. It is found that due to the thermal dispersion effect, the increasing of heat transfer is significant. The comparison of the DBF model and the Darcy–Brinkman (DB) one is carried out.     

Polynomial Filtration Laws for Low Reynolds Number Flows Through Porous Media

In this study, we use the method of homogenization to develop a filtration law in porous media that includes the effects of inertia at finite Reynolds numbers. The result is much different than the empirically observed quadratic Forchheimer equation. First, the correction to Darcy’s law is initially cubic (not quadratic) for isotropic media. This is consistent with several other authors (Mei and Auriault, J Fluid Mech 222:647–663, 1991; Wodié and Levy, CR Acad Sci Paris t.312:157–161, 1991; Couland et al. J Fluid Mech 190:393–407, 1988; Rojas and Koplik, Phys Rev 58:4776–4782, 1988) who have solved the Navier–Stokes equations analytically and numerically. Second, the resulting filtration model is an infinite series polynomial in velocity, instead of a single corrective term to Darcy’s law. Although the model is only valid up to the local Reynolds number, at the most, of order 1, the findings are important from a fundamental perspective because it shows that the often-used quadratic Forchheimer equation is not a universal law for laminar flow, but rather an empirical one that is useful in a limited range of velocities. Moreover, as stated by Mei and Auriault (J Fluid Mech 222:647–663, 1991) and Barree and Conway (SPE Annual technical conference and exhibition, 2004), even if the quadratic model were valid at moderate Reynolds numbers in the laminar flow regime, then the permeability extrapolated on a Forchheimer plot would not be the intrinsic Darcy permeability. A major contribution of this study is that the coefficients of the polynomial law can be derived a priori, by solving sequential Stokes problems. In each case, the solution to the Stokes problem is used to calculate a coefficient in the polynomial, and the velocity field is an input of the forcing function, F, to subsequent problems. While numerical solutions must be utilized to compute each coefficient in the polynomial, these problems are much simpler and robust than solving the full Navier–Stokes equations.     

Self-similar solutions of the problem of displacement of one gas by another in an axisymmetric case with a quadratic drag law

A problem of piston-induced displacement of one gas by another in cracks (porous media) in an axisymmetric case with a quadratic drag law is studied. Self-similar solutions for determining the dynamic characteristics (velocity and pressure) of the displacing and displaced gases are constructed in quadratures. The velocity and pressure are studied as functions of a self-similar variable for several initial conditions and parameters. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 87–92, September–October, 2008.     

Nucleation of cracks in a perforated fuel cell

A mathematical model is constructed for crack nucleation in an isotropic fuel cell (heat-releasing solid material) attenuated by a biperiodic system of cooling cylindrical channels with a circular cross section. Cracks are assumed to appear with increasing heat-release intensity in the bulk of the material. The solution of the problem on equilibrium of an isotropic perforated fuel cell with crack nuclei reduces to the solution of a nonlinear singular integral equation with a Cauchy-type kernel. The solution of the latter equation yields the forces in the band of crack nucleation. The condition of crack nucleation is formulated with allowance for the criterion of ultimate extension of bonds in the material. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 121–133, September–October, 2007.     

A Two-Scale Model for Coupled Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Phenomena and Onsager’s Reciprocity Relations in Expansive Clays: II Computational Validation

In Part I Moyne and Murad [Transport in Porous Media 62, (2006), 333–380] a two-scale model of coupled electro-chemo-mechanical phenomena in swelling porous media was derived by a formal asymptotic homogenization analysis. The microscopic portrait of the model consists of a two-phase system composed of an electrolyte solution and colloidal clay particles. The movement of the liquid at the microscale is ruled by the modified Stokes problem; the advection, diffusion and electro-migration of monovalent ions Na⁺ and Cl⁻ are governed by the Nernst–Planck equations and the local electric potential distribution is dictated by the Poisson problem. The microscopic governing equations in the fluid domain are coupled with the elasticity problem for the clay particles through boundary conditions on the solid–fluid interface. The up-scaling procedure led to a macroscopic model based on Onsager’s reciprocity relations coupled with a modified form of Terzaghi’s effective stress principle including an additional swelling stress component. A notable consequence of the two-scale framework are the new closure problems derived for the macroscopic electro-chemo-mechanical parameters. Such local representation bridge the gap between the macroscopic Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and microscopic Electro-Hydrodynamics by establishing a direct correlation between the magnitude of the effective properties and the electrical double layer potential, whose local distribution is governed by a microscale Poisson–Boltzmann equation. The purpose of this paper is to validate computationally the two-scale model and to introduce new concepts inherent to the problem considering a particular form of microstructure wherein the clay fabric is composed of parallel particles of face-to-face contact. By discretizing the local Poisson–Boltzmann equation and solving numerically the closure problems, the constitutive behavior of the diffusion coefficients of cations and anions, chemico-osmotic and electro-osmotic conductivities in Darcy’s law, Onsager’s parameters, swelling pressure, electro-chemical compressibility, surface tension, primary/secondary electroviscous effects and the reflection coefficient are computed for a range particle distances and sat concentrations.     

Development of a Generalized Version of the Poisson– Nernst–Planck Equations Using the Hybrid Mixture Theory: Presentation of 2D Numerical Examples

A numerical scheme for the transient solution of a generalized version of the Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) equations is presented. The finite element method is used to establish the coupled non-linear matrix system of equations capable of solving the present problem iteratively. The PNP equations represent a set of diffusion equations for charged species, i.e. dissolved ions, present in the pore solution of a rigid porous material in which the surface charge can be assumed neglectable. These equations are coupled to the ‘internally’ induced electrical field and to the velocity field of the fluid. The Nernst–Planck equations describing the diffusion of the ionic species and Gauss’ law in use are, however, coupled in both directions. The governing set of equations is derived from a simplified version of the so-called hybrid mixture theory (HMT). The simplifications used here mainly concerns ignoring the deformation and stresses in the porous material in which the ionic diffusion occurs. The HMT is a special version of the more ‘classical’ continuum mixture theories in the sense that it works with averaged equations at macroscale and that it includes the volume fractions of phases in its structure. The background to the PNP equations can by the HMT approach be described by using the postulates of mass conservation of constituents together with Gauss’ law used together with consistent constitutive laws. The HMT theory includes the constituent forms of the quasistatic version of Maxwell’s equations making it suitable for analyses of the kind addressed in this work. Within the framework of HTM, constitutive equations have been derived using the postulate of entropy inequality together with the technique of identifying properties by Lagrange multipliers. These results will be used in obtaining a closed set of equations for the present problem.     

Flow of fluids with substantially different mobilities through a porous medium in the presence of phase transitions: Boundary layer phenomena, spatial phase structures, and instability of the flow

A model of flow through a porous medium with phase transitions which permits an efficient qualitative investigation is proposed for two fluids with sharply different (high-contrast) mobilities. It is shown that the model problem of flow toward a unit sink is singularly perturbed and can be solved using analytic asymptotic matching methods. The nature of the singularity is associated with violation of the condition of the flow contrast in certain zones. The solution can be unstable depending on the direction of interphase mass transfer and the zone in which the process takes place. Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 124–135, March–April, 2000. The work was carried out with support from the European Foundation INTAS (grant No. 94-4367) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 95-01-01179a).     

Convective instability of a fluid in two-layer saturated strata

The problem of convective instability of a fluid in a system consisting of two horizontal porous strata with different permeabilities and a permeable common boundary is considered. The problem is investigated in parametric form as a function of the stratum thickness ratio and stratum permeabilities. As distinct from a uniform stratum, in this case the neutral curve can have one or two minima depending on the relationship between the parameters. The case of two minima is characterized by the condition of loss of stability of the fluid in the system as a whole and in the thinner stratum with greater permeability. These minima correspond to significantly different wave numbers. Makhachkala. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 165–169, January–February, 1999.     

Using the perturbation method to solve the problem of separated incompressible flow past thin airfoils

A model for separated incompressible flow past thin airfoils in the neighborhood of the “shockless entrance” condition is constructed based on the averaging of the vortex shedding flow past the airfoil edges. By approximation of the vortex shedding by two vortex curves, determination of the average hydrodynamic parameters is reduced to a twofold solution of an integral singular equation equivalent to the equation describing steady-state nonseparated airfoil flow. In this case, the calculation time is two orders of magnitude smaller than the time required for the solution of the corresponding evolution problem. The results of a test calculation using the proposed method are in fair agreement with available results of calculations and experiments. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 49–63, May–June, 2006.     

Effects of Hall current on f lows of a Burgers’ fluid through a porous medium

This paper generalizes the analysis of four magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow problems of an Oldroyd-B fluid discussed by Asghar et al. [Int. J. Non-linear Mech. 40, 589–601 (2005)] into three directions: (i) to discuss the problems in a porous medium using modified Darcy’s law (ii) to see the influence of Hall current (iii) to determine the effect of rheological parameter of Burgers’ fluid. Analytical solutions of velocity distribution valid at large and small times are given in each problem. Comparison has been provided for Oldroyd-B and Burgers’ fluids through graphs. The physical interpretation is also included.     

Microdroplet absorption by two-layer porous media

Microdroplet absorption by two-layer porous media is studied both theoretically and experimentally. A two-dimensional model for liquid flow from a droplet into a porous medium is presented and veri.ed based on a simultaneous numerical solution of the Euler equations taking into account surface tension forces and the unsteady filtration equation. The effect of the structural parameters of the two-layer porous medium (pore size in the layers, and the thickness and porosity of the layers) on the droplet absorption is analyzed. It is shown that the presence of the second layer can have a significant effect on the droplet absorption rate and the liquid distribution in the medium. The pore size is found to be the main parameter that governs the effect of the second layer. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 121–130, January–February, 2007.     

Analytical Investigation of the Effect of Viscous Dissipation on Couette Flow in a Channel Partially Filled with a Porous Medium

An analytical study of viscous dissipation effect on the fully developed forced convection Couette flow through a parallel plate channel partially filled with porous medium is presented. A uniform heat flux is imposed at the moving plate while the fixed plate is insulated. In the fluid-only region the flow field is governed by Navier–Stokes equation while the Brinkman-extended Darcy law relationship is considered in the fully saturated porous medium. The interface conditions are formulated with an empirical constant β due to the stress jump boundary condition. Fluid properties are assumed to be constant and the longitudinal heat conduction is neglected. A closed-form solution for the velocity and temperature distributions and also the Nusselt number in the channel are obtained and the viscous dissipation effect on these profiles is briefly investigated.     

A method of determining the piezoelectric modulus of a nonuniformly polarized rod

A method is proposed for determination of the depolarization function of a rod of piezoelectric ceramics for a specified amplitude-frequency characteristic of the current. The problem is reduced to a nonlinear integral equation solved by means of a combination of Tikhonov’s linearization and regularization methods. The uniqueness of the solution is shown and a series of numerical experiments is carried out with the aim to determine the polarization law. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 204–210, May–June, 1999.     

Early-time Asymptotic,Analytical Temperature Solution for Linear Non-adiabatic Flow of a Slightly Compressible Fluid in a Porous Layer

This article will present a set of analytical equations for the calculation of early time temperature at the edge of a porous, finite layer experiencing linear flow of a slightly compressible fluid. The equations provide the full, transient temperature solution for the flow of slightly compressible fluids (i.e., liquids and, sometimes, gasses) into horizontal wells. The solution is essential for temperature transient analysis in smart wells—a monitoring approach of great potential, but in early development stage. The early time, analytical model solution provided in the paper will be tested against a rigorous numerical simulation model. The methods proposed here can be applied to a wide variety of well-completion types, flow conditions and system properties. This article will first discuss the problem of transient temperature analysis, the flow conditions and the assumptions required to sufficiently simplify the thermal model so that an analytical solution can be derived. The solution is derived for the temperature change generated by the Joule–Thomson fluid heating under the condition of 2D heat losses to the surrounding formation.     

Effect of Internal Heat Generation on the Onset of Marangoni Convection in a Fluid Layer Overlying a Layer of an Anisotropic Porous Medium

Linear stability analysis has been performed to investigate the effect of internal heat generation on the criterion for the onset of Marangoni convection in a two-layer system comprising an incompressible fluid-saturated anisotropic porous layer over which lies a layer of the same fluid. The upper non-deformable free surface and the lower rigid surface are assumed to be insulated to temperature perturbations. The fluid flow in the porous layer is governed by the modified Darcy equation and the Beavers–Joseph empirical slip condition is employed at the interface between the two layers. The resulting eigenvalue problem is solved exactly. Besides, analytical expression for the critical Marangoni number is also obtained by using regular perturbation technique with wave number as a perturbation parameter. The effect of internal heating in the porous layer alone exhibits more stabilizing effect on the system compared to its presence in both fluid and porous layers and the system is least stable if the internal heating is in fluid layer alone. It is found that an increase in the value of mechanical anisotropy parameter is to hasten the onset of Marangoni convection while an opposite trend is noticed with increasing thermal anisotropy parameter. Besides, the possibilities of controlling (suppress or augment) Marangoni convection is discussed in detail.     

Symmetry classification of quasi-linear PDE’s containing arbitrary functions

We consider the problem of performing the preliminary “symmetry classification” of a class of quasi-linear PDE’s containing one or more arbitrary functions: we provide an easy condition involving these functions in order that nontrivial Lie point symmetries be admitted, and a “geometrical” characterization of the relevant system of equations determining these symmetries. Two detailed examples will elucidate the idea and the procedure: the first one concerns a nonlinear Laplace-type equation, the second a generalization of an equation (the Grad–Schlüter–Shafranov equation) which is used in magnetohydrodynamics.     

Positive Solutions to Singular Second and Third Order Differential Equations for Quantum Fluids

We analyze a quantum trajectory model given by a steady-state hydrodynamic system for quantum fluids with positive constant temperature in bounded domains for arbitrary large data. The momentum equation can be written as a dispersive third-order equation for the particle density where viscous effects are incorporated. The phenomena that admit positivity of the solutions are studied. The cases, one space dimensional dispersive or non-dispersive, viscous or non-viscous, are thoroughly analyzed with respect to positivity and existence or non-existence of solutions, all depending on the constitutive relation for the pressure law. We distinguish between isothermal (linear) and isentropic (power law) pressure functions of the density. It is proved that in the dispersive, non-viscous model, a classical positive solution only exists for “small” (positive) particle current densities, both for the isentropic and isothermal case. Uniqueness is also shown in the isentropic subsonic case, when the pressure law is strictly convex. However, we prove that no weak isentropic solution can exist for “large” current densities. The dispersive, viscous problem admits a classical positive solution for all current densities, both for the isentropic and isothermal case, with an “ultra-diffusion” condition. The proofs are based on a reformulation of the equations as a singular elliptic second-order problem and on a variant of the Stampacchia truncation technique. Some of the results are extended to general third-order equations in any space dimension. Accepted July 1, 2000?Published online February 14, 2001     

Low-frequency dilatational wave propagation through unsaturated porous media containing two immiscible fluids

An analytical theory is presented for the low-frequency behavior of dilatational waves propagating through a homogeneous elastic porous medium containing two immiscible fluids. The theory is based on the Berryman–Thigpen–Chin (BTC) model, in which capillary pressure effects are neglected. We show that the BTC model equations in the frequency domain can be transformed, at sufficiently low frequencies, into a dissipative wave equation (telegraph equation) and a propagating wave equation in the time domain. These partial differential equations describe two independent modes of dilatational wave motion that are analogous to the Biot fast and slow compressional waves in a single-fluid system. The equations can be solved analytically under a variety of initial and boundary conditions. The stipulation of “low frequency” underlying the derivation of our equations in the time domain is shown to require that the excitation frequency of wave motions be much smaller than a critical frequency. This frequency is shown to be the inverse of an intrinsic time scale that depends on an effective kinematic shear viscosity of the interstitial fluids and the intrinsic permeability of the porous medium. Numerical calculations indicate that the critical frequency in both unconsolidated and consolidated materials containing water and a nonaqueous phase liquid ranges typically from kHz to MHz. Thus engineering problems involving the dynamic response of an unsaturated porous medium to low excitation frequencies (e.g., seismic wave stimulation) should be accurately modeled by our equations after suitable initial and boundary conditions are imposed.     

On Perturbation and Marginal Stability Analysis of Magneto-Convection in Active Mushy Layer

This present study considers the problem of steady magneto-convection in a horizontal mushy layer with variable permeability and an impermeable mush–liquid interface during directional solidification of binary alloys. We model the flow by introducing a uniform magnetic field in the mushy layer which is considered as a porous medium where Darcy’s law holds and the permeability is a function of the local solid volume fraction. Basic-state solutions are obtained analytically using the no-flow condition. With the help of multiple shooting techniques, we obtain numerical solutions to the linear perturbation system for non-magnetic and magnetic cases. Numerical results are presented showing the effects of the magnetic field and the permeability of the layer. These results demonstrate that the application of an external magnetic field has stabilizing effects on the convection and can reduce the tendency for chimney formation in the mushy layer. In addition, variable permeability, which corresponds to an active mushy layer, indicates more stable and realizable flow system as compared to the case of constant permeability.     

Generation of cracks in a perforated reinforced plate

A problem of fracture mechanics on crack nucleation in a reinforced plate attenuated by a periodic system of circular holes is considered. Crack nucleation is modeled by a pre-fracture band in the plastic flow state with a constant stress, which is considered as a region of attenuated bonds between material particles. Determining unknown parameters characterizing the emerging crack reduces to solving a singular integral equation. The condition of crack emergence is formulated with allowance for the criterion of the limiting opening of the faces of the material pre-fracture band. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 170–180, November–December, 2008.