偏斜光线抽运下的回音壁模式光纤激光辐射特性

研究了偏斜光线抽运下的回音壁模式光纤激光辐射特性.实验发现,在抽运光以偏斜光线方式沿光纤的近轴向抽运时,回音壁模式的光纤激光辐射中,既存在光电矢量和光纤径向垂直的横电波(TE),也存在光电矢量和光纤径向平行的横磁波(TM);随增益包层染料溶液折射率的增加,径向模式数和角模式数相同的TE波和TM波之间的波长差单调减小,回音壁模式激光辐射的中心波长向短波方向移动,辐射的波长范围变窄.用回音壁模式激光的辐射理论结合激光染料的四能级模型,满意地解释了实验结果.     

轴向隐失波激励的回音壁模式光纤激光器

采用轴向隐失波激励增益的方式,使激光增益区域局限在光纤回音壁模式的模场区域内,显著地降低了回音壁模式光纤激光辐射的抽运阈值,由此形成一种低阈值的回音壁模式光纤激光器.在微焦耳量级的低抽运能量条件下,用回音壁模式光纤激光器研究了激光染料的浓度效应.实验结果表明,随着激光染料浓度的增加,回音壁模式激光辐射的波长向长波方向移动,激光波长范围变宽.用回音壁模式染料激光的四能级模型得到激光上能级和所有能级上的分子数比值γ(λ)曲线后,很好地解释了实验结果.低抽运阈值的回音壁模式光纤激光器,为研究液体激光现象提供了极为便利的手段.     

Cavity-Q-driven phenomena in an evanescent-wave pumped and gain coupled whispering-gallery-mode fiber laser

We study cavity-Q-driven lasing wavelength shift and line-width widening in an evanescent-wave pumped and gain coupled Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) fiber lasers. A bare optical fiber is immersed in a lower refractive index (RI) dye solution, pumped and gain coupled by evanescence waves, and linearly polarized WGM lasing emission is observed from the rim of the fiber. We find that both lasing wavelengths and line width of WGM peaks are sensitive to the RI of the dye solution and the fiber diameter, with the increase of the RI of the dye solution or decrease of the fiber diameter, a blue shift of the lasing spectrum and a widening on the spectral line width are observed. The observed phenomena have been attributed to the change of quality factor of a circular cavity built in the fiber cross section, the achieved experimental data agree well with the calculated values of the quality factor.     

光纤回音壁模式的三波段激光辐射研究

将石英光纤浸入低折射率的激光染料溶液中构成圆柱形微腔.采用沿光纤轴向光抽运的消逝波激励增益方式,获得了沿光纤轴向长距离的激光染料增益,受激辐射光在圆柱形微腔中回音壁模式的支持下形成激光振荡.在直径为288 μm的同一根光纤外分三段分别填入罗丹明6G、罗丹明610和罗丹明640激光染料乙二醇溶液,实现了波长分别在567～575 nm、605～614 nm和656～666 nm三个不同波段的回音壁模式激光振荡,用一根光纤同时获得了红、橙、黄三种不同颜色的激光辐射.对实验所获得的回音壁模式激光光谱做了模式标定,依据标定的模式数计算了各种模式以及抽运光在光纤截面的强度分布.计算结果表明,激光增益区域总是局限在圆柱形微腔回音壁模式的模场区域内,由此可以显著地提高抽运效率,增加抽运光沿光纤轴向的增益长度.     

消逝波激励的双波段光纤回音壁模式激光辐射

将石英光纤浸入低折射率的染料溶液中后构成圆柱形微腔.采用轴向光抽运消逝波激励激光增益的方式,使增益区域局限在圆柱形微腔回音壁模式的模场区域内,由此显著地提高了抽运效率,增加了沿光纤轴向的增益长度.在一根石英光纤的轴向分段填入浓度同为2×10^-3mol/L的罗丹明6G和罗丹明B乙醇溶液,在567—576nm 和592—600nm的两个波长范围内同时获得回音壁模式的激光辐射;分段填入浓度为8×10^-4和8×10^-3mol/L的罗丹明B乙醇溶液, 关键词： 消逝波激励 圆柱形微腔 回音壁模式 双波段激光辐射     

聚二甲基硅氧烷微流道中光流控荧光共振能量转移激光

将单一折射率的石英裸光纤植入由聚二甲基硅氧烷构成的基片微流道中,以低折射率的罗丹明B(RhB)和吡啶821(LDS821)乙醇溶液构成的供体和受体对作为激光增益介质.采用沿光纤轴向消逝波抽运方式,首先以波长为532nm的连续波激光器作为激励光,对荧光共振能量转移特性参数进行了研究.然后以波长为532nm的脉冲激光器作为抽运光,通过直接激励供体分子RhB,并将其能量转移给临近的受体分子LDS821,在不改变抽运光波长的条件下,实现了较低阈值(1.26μJ/mm~2)的受体LDS821激光辐射.     

Cylindrical microcavity laser based on the evanescent-wave-coupled gain

A microcavity laser based on the gain only in the evanescent field region of whispering gallery modes has been demonstrated. A cylindrical microcavity of 125 microm diam was surrounded by rhodamine 6G dye molecules in an ethanol solution of lower refractive index such that whispering gallery modes of the microcavity underwent laser oscillation when the dye molecules in the evanescent field region outside the cavity were excited by a second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser. For particular pumping spots, single-mode laser oscillation of a transverse magnetic mode was observed at about 600 nm with associated cavity Q of 3x10(7).     

染料掺杂聚合物薄膜中金纳米颗粒增强的随机激光

基于金属纳米结构而获得随机激光的增强,其独特的性质及其潜在的应用价值具有重要的研究意义,在表面增强荧光、光学开关器件、表面等离子激元激光等方面实现了较多应用。报道一种快捷有效的制备纳米颗粒的手段并基于该纳米颗粒结构分析了染料掺杂聚合物薄膜涂覆的随机激光现象和规律。利用离子溅射沉积和高温热处理在石英基底上制备了Au纳米颗粒,改变溅射时间Au纳米颗粒的尺寸发生可控变化,该方法便捷、工艺简单。研究采用40,80和120 s三种不同的时间进行Au膜溅射并在650 ℃下高温处理,得到粒径尺寸不同的Au纳米颗粒,随着溅射时间延长Au纳米颗粒的尺寸逐渐变大。通过涂覆有机荧光染料DCJTB掺杂的PMMA聚合物薄膜构建光致激射系统,利用纳秒脉冲激光对样品进行激发,得到随机激光并研究其出射光强度和阈值的变化规律特征。40,80和120 s三种溅射时间下所得Au纳米颗粒的平均粒径尺寸分别为230,250和390 nm,在532 nm激光激发下产生随机激光的阈值分别为20.5,17.5和12.5 μJ·pulse-1。Au纳米颗粒尺寸越大、粒子间距越小时,光子散射的平均自由程越短,光在金属颗粒之间可以多次有效散射,从而显著提高散射效率,产生较低阈值的激光发射;Au纳米颗粒的吸收峰与染料的荧光峰恰好匹配时,将会显著增强染料的荧光效应,激发更多染料分子发生能级跃迁,增加光子态密度,获得峰值更高、阈值更低的激射现象;泵浦光不破坏染料分子的情况下,可以多次循环泵浦获得激光,染料分子的发光效率随着多次激发略有降低,有助于随机激光器件的研究开发。实验研究结果与理论分析相一致,进一步明确了Au纳米颗粒对光子散射和等离子共振对光吸收增强的随机激光发射机理。该研究以Au纳米结构对光子的强散射效应为增益,通过理论分析和实验测量获得随机激光,为实现高效率、低阈值的随机激光研究提供了一种便捷的技术手段,有望促进随机激光器件的开发和应用。     

Polarization and power characteristics of pulsed dye lasers with transverse pumping

Starting from the classical theory on molecular luminescence in liquids, rate equation for two-polarization-mode laser oscillation under transverse pumping with intense excitation have been set forth neglecting the influence of orientational relaxation of the dye molecules. Hence, the laser output power and polarization under different configurations have been obtained. The results show that the dye laser is partially polarized even when the pump beam is unpolarized and no polarizing elements exist in the cavity. If we define a reference plane consisting of the axes of the pump beam and the dye laser, the laser system has to adopt the plane perpendicular to the reference plane as the polarization direction in order to yield a highly efficient, linearly polarized laser output. Experiments on a copper-vapor laser pumped dye laser verified these analytical results.     

柱形微腔回音壁激光光谱模式的精确标定

由柱形微腔中回音壁模式满足的本征值方程,得到确定回音壁模式位置和间距的近似解析公式。以此近似解析公式,首次对直径在215～328 μm间的5个柱形微腔回音壁激光光谱做了模式标定。在用近似解析公式对柱形微腔激光光谱的数值作拟合的计算中,除了回音壁模的径向模式数(l)和角动量模式数(n)外无需其他拟合参数,解析公式的拟合值和实验激光光谱波长值间的偏差小于0.05 nm,拟合结果精确可靠。柱形微腔回音壁激光光谱模式的精确标定在模式的场分布计算以及频移型微腔生物传感器的研究应用中具有重要作用,文章介绍的方法亦可应用于柱形微腔直径和折射率的精密测量。     

Spectroscopic and lasing characterisation of a dicarbazovinylene-MEH-benzene dye

The dye 1,4-bis(9-ethyl-3-carbazovinylene)-2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-benzene (abbreviated 2CzV-MEH-B) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and as neat film is characterised by optical absorption and emission spectroscopy. The absorption and stimulated emission cross-section spectra, the fluorescence quantum distributions, fluorescence quantum yields, degrees of fluorescence polarisation, and fluorescence lifetimes are determined. A lasing characterisation is carried out by pumping with single second harmonic pulses of a mode-locked ruby laser (wavelength 347.15 nm, pulse duration 35 ps). The excited-state absorption at the pump laser wavelength is determined by saturable absorption measurements. Laser oscillation of the dye in THF in a rectangular cell is achieved by transverse pumping using the uncoated cell windows for light feedback. From the emission behaviour around threshold the excited-state absorption cross-section spectrum in the laser active spectral region is extracted. The wave-guided travelling-wave lasing behaviour of the dye as neat film is studied by analysis of the amplification of the transverse pumped spontaneous emission. Surface emitting distributed-feedback lasing was achieved with a neat film on corrugated second-order periodic gratings.     

Two-photon pumping of random lasers by picosecond and nanosecond lasers

We experimentally demonstrated two-photon pumping of random lasers using picosecond and nanosecond pump lasers. The picosecond laser pumping experiment was performed with 400 ps laser pulses at 770 nm, and the gain media was a Coumarin 480D dye solution doped with TiO₂ nanoparticles. Onset of laser action was observed at a pump laser pulse energy below 500 μJ. The nanosecond laser pumping experiment was performed with 7 ns laser pulses at 1064 nm, and the gain media was a Rhodamine 640 dye solution doped with TiO₂ nanoparticles. Onset of laser action was observed at a pump laser energy ∼18 mJ. Our results suggest that there exists an optimal pulse duration of the pumping laser in two-photon pumped random lasing that leads to minimum photodamage of the gain media and still keeps a high pumping efficiency. PACS 33.50.Dq; 42.55.Mv; 42.55.Zz     

A review of Ni-like X-ray laser experiments undertaken using the VULCAN laser at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Recent progress using the VULCAN laser at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory to pump X-ray lasing in nickel-like ions is reviewed. Double pulse pumping with ∼100 ps pulses has been shown to produce significantly greater X-ray laser output than single pulses of duration 0.1–1 ns. With double pulse pumping, the main pumping pulse interacts with a pre-formed plasma created by a pre-pulse. The efficiency of lasing increases as there is a reduced effect of refraction of the X-ray laser beam due to smaller density gradients and larger gain volumes, which enable propagation of the X-ray laser beam along the full length of the target. The record shortest wavelength saturated laser at 5.9 nm has been achieved in Ni-like dysprosium using double pulse pumping of 75 ps duration from the VULCAN laser. A variant of the double pulse pumping using a single ∼100 ps laser pulse and a superimposed short ∼1 ps pulse has been found to further increase the efficiency of lasing by reducing the effects of over-ionisation during the gain period. The record shortest wavelength saturated laser pumped by a short ∼1 ps pulse has been achieved in Ni-like samarium using the VULCAN laser operating in chirped pulse amplified (CPA) mode. Ni-like samarium lases at 7.3 nm.     

High efficiency, dual-wavelength fibre Raman pump laser for U-band fibre Raman amplifiers

A dual-wavelength, continuous wave, high efficiency fibre Raman ring laser for pumping U-band (1625–1675 nm) fibre Raman amplifiers is demonstrated. Two fibre Bragg gratings were used as wavelength-selective elements resulting in lasing lines at 1529.7 and 1558.7 nm with respective maximum powers of 209.0 and 390.9 mW. A simple U-band Raman amplifier was constructed to test the dual-wavelength pump laser and on:off gain with a peak of 7.3 dB and a 3-dB bandwidth of 73 nm was obtained.     

Energy transfer in flashlamp pumped organic dye lasers

The pumping characteristics of dye lasers using multiple dyes are discussed. It turns out that varying the dye concentration may change considerably the portion of the pump light spectrum which is effective in creating population inversion. Thus the effect of an energy transfer dye depends strongly on the concentration of the lasing dye. Multiple dye systems are shown to have larger tuning ranges than single dye systems, and should exhibit improved tuned linewidth as well as better dye stability. Experimental results are presented for a common dye combination (Rhodamine 6G and Coumarin 6). Measurements were made both by directly mixing the auxiliary dye with the lasing dye, and also by using the auxiliary dye as a fluorescent spectral filter placed between the pump light source and the laser cell; the results are compared.     

Characteristics of whispering-gallery-mode dye lasers utilizing dye-doped solid microspheres by UV N2-laser pumping

The characteristics of a whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) dye laser using a variety of dye-doped solid microspheres, pumped by a UV N₂-laser, are presented. Experimental results for the WGM dye laser are presented with the spatial distribution and spectral and temporal responses of lasing. The spectral response of a new variety of WGM dye laser is in the blue-green or red spectral regions, and over a wide spectral range.     

Whispering gallery mode microlasers and refractive index sensing based on single polymer fiber

The realization of whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing in polymer fibers is hindered by an appropriate method to dissolve the polymer and the gain material. In this work, microfibers fabricated by directly drawing from a dye doped polymer solution are exhibited as high quality microlasers and microsensors. Multi‐mode and even single‐mode lasing is observed from the fiber under optical pumping at room temperature. The linewidth of lasing mode is narrower than 0.09 nm. The lasing mechanism is unambiguously verified by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and ascribed to WGMs. Diameter‐ and polarization‐dependent lasing characteristics are systematically investigated, showing good agreement with the theoretical calculation. Particularly, application of the fiber laser for refractive index sensing based on resonant shift of lasing mode is demonstrated and the sensitivity up to about 300 nm/RIU is achieved. The promising potential of high quality polymer microfibers as optical sensors and multi‐function components for flexible photonic integrated systems is highly expected.     

Collective spontaneous emission of dye molecules and lasing

The threshold pump power density for lasing in dye solutions is found to depend on the photon energy of pumping radiation. An increase in the pumping photon energy can significantly lower the threshold pump power of dye lasers. For an ethanol solution of rhodamine 6G with a concentration of 4×10¹⁸ cm^?3, the threshold power density for pumping radiation with a wavelength of 532 nm is 20-fold higher than for pumping radiation with a wavelength of 347 nm. This phenomenon is associated with the competition of collective spontaneous emission, which can lead to the efficient deactivation of excited molecules in femtosecond times, and the dephasing of excited molecules due to the intramolecular nonradiative processes of absorbed-energy conversion. An increase in the dephasing rate with the increasing energy of exciting photons lowers the efficiency of collective spontaneous emission and increases the concentration of dephased excited molecules responsible for lasing.     

光纤回音壁模式激光产生长度的实验与理论研究

采用沿光纤轴向光抽运消逝场激励增益的方式,获得了沿光纤轴向较长范围的回音壁模式激光辐射.研究了这种激光器的激光产生长度与抽运能量间的关系.实验发现:当抽运能量刚超过激光产生阈值时,激光产生长度迅速增长;随抽运能量的继续增加,产生长度的增长趋势变缓;产生长度随抽运能量的变化关系决定于增益包层溶液的染料浓度和溶液折射率.根据抽运光沿光纤轴向以受抑全反射方式传播的物理特性,在抽运能量中引入了遵循比尔吸收定律的指数衰减函数,结合消逝场激励增益的回音壁模式激光理论,在分析系统增益和损耗的基础上由激光阈值条件推导出了 关键词： 回音壁模式 受抑全反射 消逝场 激光产生长度     

微流芯片中消逝波激励的荧光辐射特性研究

将石英裸光纤植入聚二甲基硅氧烷基片的微流道中,采用沿光纤轴向光抽运、消逝场激励染料分子的方式,在基片微流道中获得均匀的荧光辐射.实验发现,荧光辐射的强度随光纤轴向距离的增加而衰减,光纤包层溶液折射率越大,荧光沿光纤轴向的衰减越突出;包层溶液中染料浓度越大,荧光沿光纤轴向的衰减也越突出;通过选择适当的包层溶液折射率以及染料浓度可以获得沿光纤轴向接近均匀的荧光辐射.用消逝波激励荧光的辐射理论计算了荧光光强沿光纤轴向的变化,计算结果与实验符合较好.在此基础上,设计并制作了一种具有三个通道的聚二甲基硅氧烷基片,通过在三个微流道中分别注入染料浓度均为0.1 mmol的罗丹明640、罗丹明B及罗丹明6 G的乙醇染料溶液,采用沿光纤轴向消逝波光激励方式,在一块聚二甲基硅氧烷基片上同时实现了三个不同波段的荧光辐射.