固相萃取-衍生化-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定环境水中双酚A和9种烷基酚类化合物的含量北大核心CSCD

提出了固相萃取-衍生化-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定环境水中双酚A(BPA)和9种C4~C9烷基酚类化合物(APs,包括4-叔丁基苯酚、4-丁基苯酚、4-戊基苯酚、4-己基苯酚、4-叔辛基苯酚、4-庚基苯酚、壬基酚、4-辛基苯酚和4-壬基苯酚)含量的方法。取500 mL水样,用50%(体积分数)盐酸溶液调节pH小于2,以50 mL·min^(-1)速率通过以苯乙烯/二乙烯苯聚合物为吸附剂的SDB-XC固相萃取膜,用5 mL丙酮和10 mL二氯甲烷洗脱。收集洗脱液,加入1 mL正己烷,经10 g无水硫酸钠脱水,用旋转蒸发仪浓缩至约0.5 mL后转移至1 mL容量瓶中。用少量二氯甲烷洗涤浓缩瓶,将洗涤液合并至容量瓶中,再依次加入100μL内标混合溶液和100μL衍生试剂,用二氯甲烷定容至1 mL,室温衍生1 h。上述溶液中各目标物在气相色谱仪中以程序升温和程序升压方式分离,在质谱仪中以选择离子监测模式测定,内标法定量。结果显示:BPA和9种APs标准曲线的线性范围为5.000~500.0μg·L^(-1),检出限为0.002~0.006μg·L^(-1);各目标物在空白加标水样中测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.2%~15%;方法用于实际地表水、生活污水和工业废水分析,均检出壬基酚和BPA,地表水和生活污水中还检出4-叔辛基苯酚,检出量为0.005~0.657μg·L^(-1),其余APs未检出,实际样品中BPA和9种APs的加标回收率为73.4%~125%。     

气相色谱–质谱法测定塑胶制品中3种抗氧剂的含量

建立气相色谱–质谱法测定塑胶制品中抗氧剂4,4'-硫代双(6-叔丁基-3-甲基苯酚)(TBM–6)、2,2'-亚甲基双(4-乙基-6-叔丁基苯酚)(AO425)、2,2'-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)(AO2246)的分析方法。样品用甲醇进行超声提取,考察了提取时间、温度对抗氧剂提取率的影响。提取液经有机滤膜过滤后,采用气相色谱–质谱联用仪进行测定,外标法定量。在优化实验条件下,TBM–6,AO425,AO2246的质量浓度在0.05~2.00 mg/L范围内与其色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999 0,方法检出限分别为0.005 8,0.006 5,0.002 4 mg/L。在0.5,5.0,20.0 mg/kg的添加水平下加标回收率为87.2%~107.6%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.7%~6.2%(n=7)。该方法前处理简便、快速,精密度与准确度高,能够满足塑胶制品中抗氧剂检测的要求。     

超声萃取–气相色谱–质谱法同时测定皮革制品中11种氯甲苯类化合物

建立了皮革制品中2-一氯甲苯、3-一氯甲苯、4-一氯甲苯、2,4-二氯甲苯、2,5-二氯甲苯、2,6-二氯甲苯、2,3-二氯甲苯、3,4-二氯甲苯、2,3,6-三氯甲苯、2,4,5-三氯甲苯、五氯甲苯等11种氯甲苯类化合物的超声萃取–气相色谱–质谱分析方法。样品用二氯甲烷溶液超声提取,提取溶液直接进气相色谱–质谱联用仪进行分析,以2,4,5,6-四氯间二甲基苯酚为内标物,内标法定量。11种氯甲苯类化合物的线性范围为0.1~2.0μg/m L,相关系数(r~2)不小于0.999 1,方法的定量限为0.1 mg/kg,加标回收率在79.7%~104.1%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于8.0%(n=6)。该方法快速、简便,定性定量准确,灵敏度高,适用于皮革制品中11种氯甲苯类化合物含量的日常检测。     

HPLC法分离工业品辛基二茂铁

采用气相色谱–质谱联用技术分析和表征工业品辛基二茂铁原料主要组成,以HPLC法对其进行分离。分别研究了流动相类型、组成、流量及色谱柱填料粒径大小对(2-辛基)-二茂铁、(3-辛基)-二茂铁和(4-辛基)-二茂铁3种辛基二茂铁分离效果的影响,获得最佳分离条件:5μm 12 nm C18烷基硅胶为填料,流动相为甲醇–水(88∶12),流量为0.8 m L/min。工业辛基二茂铁中3种异构体的含量分别为22.18%,24.15%,22.67%。     

超高效液相色谱–串联质谱法测定湿巾中5种异噻唑啉酮类防腐剂

建立超高效液相色谱–串联质谱法快速测定湿巾中2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮、5-氯-2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮、1,2-苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮、2-正辛基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮和4,5-二氯-2-正辛基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮5种异噻唑啉酮类防腐剂的含量。样品经甲醇超声提取后用超高效液相色谱–串联质谱法测定。以甲醇–水为流动相,梯度洗脱,在多反应监测(MRM)模式下定性,外标法定量。5种异噻唑啉酮的质量浓度在1.0~100.0μg/L范围内与色谱峰面积均呈良好的线性关系,r≥0.999 5,方法定量限均为0.005 mg/kg。平均加标回收率为91.1%~103.5%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.11%~3.27%(n=6)。该方法样品前处理简单,检测灵敏度高,能快速测定湿巾中异噻唑啉酮的含量。     

超高效液相色谱–串联质谱法同时测定化妆品中7种双酚类化合物及其衍生物

建立同时快速测定化妆品中7种双酚类化合物及其衍生物的超高效液相色谱–串联质谱方法.水剂化妆品采用正己烷–乙酸乙酯(体积比为1:1)溶液超声提取;粉类、膏霜乳液类、凝胶类化妆品采用乙酸乙酯超声提取,提取液经氮吹浓缩后用甲醇–水(体积比为1:1)溶液定容,用Waters XSelect HSS T3(100 mm×2.1μ...     

辛基二茂铁同分异构体标准物质的制备

以辛基二茂铁为原材料,利用常压色谱柱结合环糊精包结分离制得(2-辛基)-二茂铁、(3-辛基)-二茂铁、(4-辛基)-二茂铁3种相对纯度均大于99.5%的辛基二茂铁同分异构体,作为标准物质候选物。利用气相色谱法检测,考察标准物质候选物的均匀性和稳定性,用气相色谱–质谱法、核磁共振法分析候选物中杂质的结构,确定其类型。用内标法和主成分自身对照法对不同的杂质进行定值,并对定值不确定度进行评定。(2-辛基)-二茂铁、(3-辛基)-二茂铁、(4-辛基)-二茂铁的纯度分别为99.5%,99.5%,99.8%,扩展不确定度均为0.2%(k=2)。该标准物质可为相关物质的检测提供量值溯源标准。     

磺酸功能化双核离子液体催化合成双酚F

合成并表征了4种具有Brnsted酸性的磺酸功能化咪唑类离子液体催化剂,考察了其在催化苯酚、甲醛合成双酚F反应中的催化活性.结果表明磺酸功能化双核离子液体双-(3-磺酸丙基-1-咪唑)亚丁基硫酸氢盐([DPSIM][HSO4]2)不仅催化活性最佳,还提高了4,4’-双酚F异构体的含量.以[DPSIM][HSO4]2为催化剂,在苯酚与甲醛摩尔比30∶1、离子液体催化剂质量浓度6.8%、反应温度90℃、反应时间60 min的优化条件下,双酚F收率可达94.1%,同时提出了其催化合成双酚F的反应机理.该离子液体催化剂腐蚀性低,易分离回收,在重复使用6次后,双酚F收率仍在70%以上.     

固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定尿液中6种双酚类及烷基酚类物质

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定人体尿液中双酚A(BPA)、双酚F(BPF)、四氯双酚A(TCBPA)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)、壬基酚(NP)、4-正辛基苯酚(4-n-OP)的检测方法。尿液样品通过酶解和固相萃取法进行前处理,采用Acquity UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)分离,负离子电喷雾多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。6种待测物在0.5~50μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.995,检出限为0.05~0.60μg/L,定量下限为0.17~2.00μg/L,2、10、50μg/L加标水平下的回收率为81.4%~112%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为6.8%~30%。应用此方法测定160份人体尿液样品,双酚A的检出率为93.8%,检出范围为0.24~29.54μg/L,其余目标物未检出。该方法操作简便、重现性好、定量准确,适用于人体尿液中双酚类及烷基酚类物质的测定。     

玩具中苯酚和双酚A的高效液相色谱-荧光检测方法研究

采用高效液相色谱分离,荧光检测器检测,建立了三种不同类型的玩具中苯酚和双酚A的测定方法.用超声提取的方式处理样品,对提取溶剂和提取时间进行选择,确定以甲醇-水(65:35,V/V)作为提取溶液,超声提取20 min.苯酚和双酚A分别在0.012～1.0 mg/L、0.03～2.5 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均达到0.9999,检出限分别为0.6 mg/kg和1.5 mg/kg,不同加标水平的回收率为90.5%～104.3%,其相对标准偏差为0.4%～3.8%.该方法操作简便,灵敏度高、重现性好,能有效提取和测定三类玩具中的苯酚和双酚A.     

Comparison of microwave-assisted extraction of aloe-emodin in aloe with Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction

This paper reports the extraction of aloe-emodin from aloe by microwave-assisted extraction.The effects of various factors,including the solvent,the ratio (mL/g) of the solvent to the sample,microwave irradiation time and microwave power,were discussed in the experiments.The yield of aloe-emodin was determined by HPLC.The optimized conditions for microwave-assisted extraction of aloe-emodin were concluded as follows: the solvent is 80% ethanol (V/V) solution,microwave irradiation time is 3 min and microwave...     

Mathematical modelling of actinide extraction equilibria and extraction processes

Progress is reviewed in the authors' works on actinide extraction equilibria (including activity coefficient evaluation from extraction data) and their mathematical modelling (including Tc influence on Pu/U separation).     

Comprehensive comparison of classic Soxhlet extraction with Soxtec extraction, ultrasonication extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil

This paper compares the extraction effectiveness of six different commonly applied extraction techniques for the determination of PCBs in soil. The techniques included are Soxhlet, Soxtec, ultrasonication extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction. For none of the techniques were the extraction conditions optimized, but instead the extraction parameters were based on the experience from previous successful investigation published by a number of research groups worldwide. In general, all extraction techniques were capable of producing accurate data for one native PCB contaminated soil diluted with another soil sample to obtain two concentration levels. It could therefore be concluded that any of the investigated techniques can be used with success if the extraction conditions applied are chosen wisely.     

Distribution behavior of astatine: Solvent extraction and back extraction

The distribution behavior of astatine was studied at tracer concentrations and over a wide range of carrier iodide concentration in both solvent extraction and back extraction processes. Astatine compounds were extracted instantly into the organic solvent, CS₂ from the carrier free and carrier iodide containing solutions. Back extraction of astatine with various NaOH solutions followed by solvent extraction caused the hydrolysis of astatine. The distribution behavior of astatine was explained by the extraction reaction schemes.     

Determination of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in Sargassum fusiforme and comparison of the extraction efficiency of ultrasonication, microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction and pressurised liquid extraction

The concentrations of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCD) in Sargassum fusiforme, the common Chinese edible seaweed, were investigated by LC‐MS/MS. For the recovery of HBCD, the efficiency levels of ultrasonic‐assisted extraction, microwave‐assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction and pressurised liquid extraction were compared under different conditions. Pressurised liquid extraction and ultrasonic‐assisted extraction resulted in complete extraction of HBCD (92.7–102.5% recovery). Microwave‐assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction, on the other hand, offered relatively low extraction recoveries (82.1–90.6%). The instrumental LODs on columns in this study were 1.0, 0.3 and 0.7 ng/g for α‐HBCD, β‐HBCD and γ‐HBCD, respectively. Because of its accuracy, this straightforward method is particularly suitable for routine HBCD analysis.     

Simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic drugs via on-chip electromembrane extraction

In the present work, a on-chip electromembrane extraction (CEME) was designed and employed for simultaneous extraction of mefenamic acid (MEF) and diclofenac (DIC), as acidic model analytes, and betaxolol (BET), as a basic model analyte, followed by HPLC-UV. The CEME consists of two polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) parts which each part consists of two separated microfluidic channels. A polypropylene sheet membrane impregnated with an organic solvent was sandwiched between the parts. One of the parts was used as the flow path for the sample solution and the other one as holder for the acceptor phases. The separated microfluidic channels of the sample solution part were connected to each other using a small piece of a capillary tube and the sample solution was pumped through them by means of a micro-syringe pump. However, the acceptor phases of the acidic and basic analytes were separately kept stagnant in the two microfluidic channels during the extraction process. A d.c. potential was applied for migration of the analytes from sample solution through the organic membrane into the acceptor phases. All effective variables on the extraction efficiency of the analytes were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, preconcentration factors higher than 15 were achieved and the calibration curves were linear in the range of 10–500 μg L⁻¹ (r² > 0.9982). RSD% values (n = 4) and LODs were less than 7.1% and 5.0 μg L⁻¹. The results demonstrated that CEME could efficiently be used for the simultaneous analysis of acidic and basic analytes in biological samples.     

Exhaustive extraction of peptides by electromembrane extraction

This fundamental work illustrates for the first time the possibility of exhaustive extraction of peptides using electromembrane extraction (EME) under low system-current conditions (<50 μA). Bradykinin acetate, angiotensin II antipeptide, angiotensin II acetate, neurotensin, angiotensin I trifluoroacetate, and leu-enkephalin were extracted from 600 μL of 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.5), through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) containing di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate (DEHP) dissolved in an organic solvent, and into 600 μL of an acidified aqueous acceptor solution using a thin flat membrane-based EME device. Mass transfer of peptides across the SLM was enhanced by complex formation with the negatively charged DEHP. The composition of the SLM and the extraction voltage were important factors influencing recoveries and current with the EME system. 1-nonanol diluted with 2-decanone (1:1 v/v) containing 15% (v/v) DEHP was selected as a suitable SLM for exhaustive extraction of peptides under low system-current conditions. Interestingly, increasing the SLM volume from 5 to 10 μL was found to be beneficial for stable and efficient EME. The pH of the sample strongly affected the EME process, and pH 3.5 was found to be optimal. The EME efficiency was also dependent on the acceptor solution composition, and the extraction time was found to be an important element for exhaustive extraction. When EME was carried out for 25 min with an extraction voltage of 15 V, the system-current across the SLM was less than 50 μA, and extraction recoveries for the model peptides were in the range of 77–94%, with RSD values less than 10%.     

Comparisons of soxhlet extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction for environmental solids: recovery, selectivity and effects on sample matrix

Extractions of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil from a former manufactured gas plant site were performed with a Soxhlet apparatus (18 h), by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) (50 min at 100 degrees C), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) (1 h at 150 degrees C with pure CO2), and subcritical water (1 h at 250 degrees C, or 30 min at 300 degrees C). Although minor differences in recoveries for some PAHs resulted from the different methods, quantitative agreement between all of the methods was generally good. However, the extract quality differed greatly. The organic solvent extracts (Soxhlet and PLE) were much darker, while the extracts from subcritical water (collected in toluene) were orange, and the extracts from SFE (collected in CH2Cl2) were light yellow. The organic solvent extracts also yielded more artifact peaks in the gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and GC-flame ionization detection chromatograms, especially compared to supercritical CO2. Based on elemental analysis (carbon and nitrogen) of the soil residues after each extraction, subcritical water, PLE, and Soxhlet extraction had poor selectivity for PAHs versus bulk soil organic matter (approximately 1/4 to 1/3 of the bulk soil organic matter was extracted along with the PAHs), while SFE with pure CO2 removed only 8% of the bulk organic matrix. Selectivities for different compound classes also vary with extraction method. Extraction of urban air particulate matter with organic solvents yields very high concentrations of n- and branched alkanes (approximately C18 to C30) from diesel exhaust as well as lower levels of PAHs, and no selectivity between the bulk alkanes and PAHs is obtained during organic solvent extraction. Some moderate selectivity with supercritical CO2 can be achieved by first extracting the bulk alkanes at mild conditions, followed by stronger conditions to extract the remaining PAHs, i.e., the least polar organics are the easiest organics to extract with pure CO2. In direct contrast, subcritical water prefers the more polar analytes, i.e., PAHs were efficiently extracted from urban air particulates at 250 degrees C, with little or no extraction of the alkanes. Finally, recent work has demonstrated that many pollutant molecules become "sequestered" as they age for decades in the environment (i.e., more tightly bound to soil particles and less available to organisms or transport). Therefore, it may be more important for an extraction method to only recover pollutant molecules that are environmentally-relevant, rather than the conventional attempts to extract all pollutant molecules regardless of how tightly bound they are to the soil or sediment matrix. Initial work comparing SFE extraction behavior using mild to strong conditions with bioremediation behavior of PAHs shows great promise to develop extraction methodology to measure environmentally-relevant concentrations of pollutants in addition to their total concentrations.