酶/酶免疫电极最佳制备方式的确定及其微观分析

利用电化学方法测定各种实验条件下酶电极、酶免疫电极的电化学响应特性 ,以期确定这种新型生物电极的最佳制备条件 ,为生物传感器的应用提供可靠依据     

漆酶电极的研制及应用

本文报道二茂铁修饰电极为基底的漆酶电极的研制及应用，讨论了电极性能及响应机理，找出了实验最佳条件。并对环境污水中对苯二酚含量进行规定。一结果令人满意。     

利用壳聚糖的絮凝性质包埋酶的葡萄糖氧化酶电极

本文利用壳聚糖的絮凝性质，将葡萄糖氧化酶包埋在壳聚糖与多聚磷酸盐的絮絮沉淀中，操作简单，固定化效率高。研究了适合了酶电极使用的最佳固定化条件。     

铂基非酶葡萄糖传感器的研究进展

综述了铂基非酶葡萄糖电化学传感器(包括裸铂电极构建的非酶葡萄糖传感器、掺杂其它金属的铂基非酶葡萄糖传感器和纳米材料修饰的铂基非酶葡萄糖传感器)的研究进展;并对其发展趋势进行了展望(引用文献38篇)。     

高活性钛镀铂电极

在电沉积过程中采用超声波振荡技术，选择最佳条件可制备牢固高活性然镀铂电极，超声波振荡技术改善他镀层与基底的粘结力。电极活性与双层电容有关，并旭因于表面粗糙度。     

扫描电化学显微镜直接电沉积法构建葡萄糖氧化酶微米点

利用自制的凹形电极在铂基底电极上直接构建了葡萄糖氧化酶微米点. 首先, 将电聚合和电化学刻蚀法相结合制备了凹形铂微米电极. 然后将此种电极作为参比及辅助电极, 基底铂电极作为工作电极, 利用葡萄糖氧化酶在合适的条件下(浓度、一定量Triton X-100存在、电极电位等)由于电极表面pH的降低可以在铂电极上电沉积这一特性, 将酶固定在铂基底电极上, 微修饰得到了具有活性的葡萄糖氧化酶微米点. 最终用扫描电子显微镜和扫描电化学显微镜对所得微米点进行了表征. 所得微米点直径约20 μm, 且具有催化活性. 该方法简便, 干扰因素较少.     

微酶电极的研制及在流动注射分析中的应用

利用铂化电极的大表面吸附葡萄糖氧化酶（简称ＧＯＤ）构建了一种具有良好操作性能的微酶电极，在０～１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ葡萄糖浓度具有很好线性，相关系数γ＝０．９９８，响应时间短（＜２０ｓ），精度高。利用该电极组成三电极流动注射分析系统，这种系统同样有较好的线性范围，分析频率达４５ｈ＾－１，使用寿命在一周以上。     

醋酸纤维膜固定过氧化氢酶电极的研究

本将过氧化氢酶与经活化处理的醋酸纤维膜共价固定，并与氧电极偶合，研制成静态和流通二种过氧化氢生物电极。研究了醋酸纤维膜的活化、酶的固定化、测试介质等有关的实验条件和参数。测得静态和流通二种电极响应的线性范围分别为６．７×１０＾－５￣２．０×１０＾－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１．３×１０＾－４￣１．０×１０＾－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。将电极用于实际试样中的回收率测定时，获得了较好的结果。     

铂黑修饰酶电极测定胆碱

利用电化学方法在玻碳电极上均匀沉积亚微米粒度铂黑并进而修饰一层胆碱氧化酶膜,制成了胆碱酶电极。以计时电流法测定氯化胆碱,检测下限为 ７．４ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,线性范围２．４×１０－２～ １．０ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,重现性好,使用寿命较长。     

有机磷农药酶生物传感器研究进展

酶生物传感器（EBS）以简单、廉价、易于微型化等优势成了有机磷农药（OPs）传统分析方法的最佳替代品。本文从识别OPs的酶及识别机理、电化学EBS、酶的固定化技术、高分子材料的酶固定载体不同角度综述了有机磷农药酶生物传感器研究近况，并重点介绍了一次性丝网印刷酶电极。     

Electrochemical determination of minoxidil in different pharmaceutical formulations by flow injection analysis.

The electrochemical behavior and amperometric-FIA quantification of minoxidil at a glassy carbon electrode is described. The procedure is based on electrochemical oxidation at 0.800 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/NaCl(3 M) in a phosphate buffer solution. Minoxidil was determined over the range 1 x 10(-7) - 1 x 10(-4) M. Different analytical parameters and electrode stability were analyzed to obtain the best electrode performance. The optimal conditions were: working potentials, 0.800 V; flow rate, 0.74 mL min(-1); and solution pH 7.0. This system allowed a sampling rate of 120 samples per hour without any pretreatment. The proposed method was used for minoxidil quantification in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results. The accuracy of FIA-amperometric method was established by a comparison with the conventional UV determination technique using a paired t-test indicating the absence of systematic errors.     

Direct electrochemical nanopatterning of polycarbazole monomer and precursor polymer films: ambient formation of thermally stable conducting nanopatterns

The direct nanopatterning of polycarbazole on ultrathin films of a "precursor polymer" and monomer under ambient conditions is reported. In contrast to previous reports on electrochemical dip-pen nanolithography using monomer ink or electrolyte-saturated films in electrostatic nanolithography, these features were directly patterned on spin-cast films of carbazole monomer and poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) under room temperature and humidity conditions. Using a voltage-biased atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, electric-field-induced polymerization and cross-linking occurred with nanopatterning in these films. Different parameters, including writing speed and bias voltages, were studied to demonstrate line width and patterning geometry control. The conducting property (current-voltage (I-V) curves) of these nanopatterns was also investigated using a conducting-AFM (C-AFM) setup, and the thermal stability of the patterns was evaluated by annealing the polymer/monomer film above the glass transition (T(g)) temperature of the precursor polymer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in which thermally stable conducting nanopatterns were drawn directly on monomer or polymer film substrates using an electrochemical nanolithography technique under ambient conditions.     

基于多壁碳纳米管/壳聚糖多层膜修饰玻碳电极邻苯二酚的测定

改进了碳纳米管在壳聚糖溶液中的分散方法,制备了多壁碳纳米管/壳聚糖多层膜修饰玻碳电极,对比了不同修饰层数膜电极的循环伏安和电化学阻抗行为,5层多壁碳纳米管/壳聚糖膜修饰玻碳电极的电化学性能优良.在最优实验条件下,该修饰玻碳电极对邻苯二酚(CAT)有灵敏的响应,CAT浓度在3.99×10-6～9.09×10-4mol/L范围内与氧化峰电流呈良好的线性关系,检出限为2.39×10-6mol/L(S/N=3).该修饰玻碳电极性能稳定,测定4×10-5mol/LCAT溶液,RSD(n=10)为2.1%;15周后,该电极的响应值仅降低1.9%.     

Cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric studies on lamivudine: an antiretroviral drug

The electrochemical reduction and adsorption of lamivudine, a systemic antiviral drug, were studied in a phosphate buffer medium at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Cyclic voltammetry studies showed one well-defined reduction peak in the potential range from -1.2 to -1.8 V under different pH conditions, but the best results were obtained at pH 3.4. The reduction was irreversible and exhibited diffusion-controlled adsorption. The response was evaluated with respect to preconcentration time, pH effect, accumulation potential, accumulation time, and scan rate. The number of electrons transferred in the reduction process was calculated and the probable reduction mechanism was proposed. A systemic study of the experimental parameters that affect the square-wave stripping response was carried out and experimental conditions were optimized.     

Application of Novel Zn‐Ferrite Modified Glassy Carbon Paste Electrode as a Sensor for Determination of Cd(II) in Waste Water

This paper describes the preparation of a new sensor based on Zn‐ferrite modified glassy carbon paste electrode and its electrochemical application for the determination of trace Cd(II) ions in waste waters using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Different Zn/Ni ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD). The prepared ferrite nanoparticles were used for the preparation of Zn‐ferrite‐modified glassy carbon paste electrode (ZnMGCPE) for determination of Cd(II) at nanomolar levels in waste water at pH 5. The different parameters such as conditions of preparation, Zn²⁺/Ni²⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio and electrochemical parameters, percentage of modifier, accumulation time, pH and accumulation potential were investigated. Besides, interference measurements were also evaluated under optimized parameters. The best voltammetric response was observed for ZnFe₂O₄ modifier, when the percentage of modifier was 3 %, accumulation time 9 min, pH of supporting electrolyte 5 and accumulation potential ?1.05 V. Thus prepared electrode displays excellent response to Cd(II) with a detection limit of 0.38 ppb, and selective detection toward Cd(II) was achieved.     

Electrochemical properties and morphology of composite fibers based on silicon and carbon obtained by electroforming

Pyrolized Si/C composite fibers and films were studied in the processes of lithium intercalation-extraction during the operation of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. It was found that their electrochemical characteristics differ from those of pure silicon and pure carbon. Analysis of these parameters under charge-discharge conditions allowed us to determine the optimum composition of precursors: FM-1 and TEOS mixtures used as silicon-containing components. The optimum modes and temperatures of fiber pyrolysis were found to have a Si/C ratio of 3/2 in the pyrolyzed fibers and an oxygen content not much greater than 20 at %. The prospects for applying fibers in the form of film electrodes (the best stability in cycling) and adhesives with developed structural networks are shown.     

Electrochemical surface characterization and O2 reduction kinetics of Se surface-modified ru nanoparticle-based RuSe(y)/C catalysts

The electrochemical properties of Se surface-modified Ru/C catalysts (RuSey/C with y = 0 to 1) and their O2 reduction characteristics were determined in model studies under well-defined mass transport conditions, combining quantitative differential electrochemical mass spectrometry and double-disk electrode thin-layer flow-cell measurements. Surface characterization of the catalysts including the quantitative evaluation of the active surface area was performed by electrochemical/mass spectrometric (combined H-upd adsorption, preadsorbed CO monolayer oxidation, Cu-upd adsorption/stripping, and RuOx formation) methods. The suitability of these methods for the determination of the active surface area in the high and low Se coverage regime are discussed, and COad stripping is found to be the most relevant method for the present catalysts. The kinetic parameters for the ORR (activity and selectivity) under quasi-steady-state conditions and their variation with Se modification were evaluated in potentiostatic flow-cell measurements. Modification of Ru/C catalyst by Se improves the O2 reduction activity and reduces the tendency for H2O2 formation in the technically relevant potential region of 0.6-0.8 VRHE, but even for the best catalyst compositions a significant ( approximately 0.2 VRHE) overpotential for O2 reduction on the RuSey/C catalysts remains compared to that for the Pt/C catalyst, and we find H2O2 yields of at least 1% at typical cathode operation potentials. Consequences of the relatively high H2O2 yields for membrane/electrode stability in practical applications are discussed.     

Electropolymerization of 2,3‐diaminophenol

The optima conditions to electrosynthesize poly(2,3‐diaminophenol) by electro‐oxidation of the monomer were determined, and the electrodeposits obtained characterized by electrochemical methods, UV‐vis, FTIR, conductivity and viscosity measurements. The influence of parameters such as electrolytical medium and electrochemical conditions on the electro‐oxidation of 2,3‐diaminophenol were also investigated. It has been established that appropriate deposits are obtained only when very anhydrous acetonitrile is used as solvent. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 1698–1703, 2000     

Electrochemical Kinetic Characterization of Redox Mediated Glucose Oxidase Reactions: A Simplified Approach

One of the main drawbacks affecting first‐generation electrochemical biosensors in the analysis of real matrices is the interference of electroactive species present in the sample under investigation. Several approaches have been attempted to overcome this problem in the past ten years but the best results were achieved by using mediated based electrochemical biosensors. Despite this, the kinetic of the redox mediators‐enzymatic proteins interaction has not been studied deeply enough. In this work we have developed a theoretical‐methodological approach for the characterization of the kinetic of interaction between redox enzymes and substrates and/or redox mediators. Particularly, the interaction of glucose oxidase (GOx) with several commercially available redox mediators has been studied by means of amperometry and cyclic voltammetry. The main kinetic parameters for different mediators were exploited and discussed with the aim of finding the best mediator for a glucose biosensor to be used on real samples.     

A study of Ag/Ag2S and Ag/AgSCN electrodes: coulometric production of sulphide and thiocyanate ions

The electrochemical behaviour of Ag/Ag₂S and Ag/AgSCN electrodes was studied The efficiency of generation of sulphide and thiocyanate ions was tested in the pH range 1–9, the error was always less than 1% The best conditions for preparing the generating electrodes were also determined.