催化剂表面CO氧化反应的新模拟模型

以一个分子（原子）不能同时参加多个反应为出发点，在平面网格上将两个相邻格点定义为一个“超结构”，在此基础上给出一种新的元胞自动机模型，用于模拟CO在催化剂表面的氧化反应，反应只在同一个超结构内发生。并以演化几率作为参数，以控制超结构内反应物的反应过程，模拟结果表明，随着参数的不同，出现了O2中毒相，反应相及CO中毒相，与实验结果完全一致。     

基于黏弹模型的聚合物溶液相分离的三维数值模拟

利用GPU加速技术实现黏弹模型的三维数值模拟,系统研究了中等浓度聚合物溶液的分相形貌和相分离动力学.模拟结果表明本体应力的不对称是体系出现相反转的重要原因.与实验观察的聚合物溶液相反转的演化过程一致,首先聚合物富集相形成网络结构,然后聚合物网络收缩断网,最后变为离散的液滴相.本体松弛模量的增加,一方面会抑制相分离初期的浓度涨落,导致相反转发生时间延迟;另一方面在相分离后期有助于形成大的聚合物富集液滴相,加速相区增长.剪切松弛模量的增加只有助于聚合物富集相保持网络结构,并在剪切松弛模量较大的情况下,不规则相结构的缓慢松弛导致了剪切应力在相分离后期长期存在.     

模拟气固两相流动非均匀结构的颗粒运动分解轨道模型

针对气固两相流动具有稀密两相非均匀结构的特征 ,将两相流动中颗粒的运动过程进行分解 ,分别处理颗粒 颗粒及颗粒 流体间的两种作用 ,并对影响模拟真实性的空隙率计算提出新的算法 ,从而建立了接近于真实系统的离散型颗粒运动分解轨道模型 .该模型对气固流化床中典型的非均匀结构———鼓泡与节涌现象的模拟结果较已有工作有明显地改进 ,对于气泡破碎方式的模拟也与实验结果吻合 .研究结果表明 :颗粒运动分解轨道模型能够真实地模拟鼓泡流化床中的非均匀流动结构 ,并具有模拟图象真实、算法简单、适用面宽、计算量少的优点 .     

向列型液晶与硬粒子两相体系的织态演化动力学研究

用二维XY模型和CDS元胞动力学方法研究了向列型液晶与少量硬粒子组成的两相体系的织态演化动力学. 通过模拟给出了织态演化过程的偏光图案, 其中纯液晶体系的偏光图案与实验观察到的结果一致; 并计算得到了空间相关函数和结构因子以及相区域的特征长度随时间t增长的标度关系. 同时统计了体系中缺陷点的数目, 得到了缺陷数目随时间t减少的标度关系. 发现粒子与液晶的相互作用将导致序参量有序化过程、 相区域增长速度和缺陷湮灭速度减慢.     

Logistic Map三维耦合格子模型模拟环带球晶

应用Logistic map三维耦合格子模型对环带球晶进行了模拟. 利用数值计算的方法预测了与实验中环带球晶形貌一致的图案. 对于本体体系, 环带球晶形貌的带宽随Logistic map中可调参量μ的增大而变窄, 随耦合模型中的扩散项系数ε的增大而变宽; 对薄膜体系, 环带球晶形貌的带宽随格子厚度的增加而变宽, 模拟结果与实验结果一致. 同时, 还给出了螺旋状环带结构在三维空间中的形貌.     

镧系元素f-f跃迁光谱计算

运用不可约张量算符方法,建立了f-f超灵敏跃迁光谱的计算模型,编制了计算f离子^2s+1L~J能级、约化矩阵元、晶体场Stark能级、晶体场态-态跃迁振子强度及模拟吸收光谱的计算机程序.其中,自由f离子能级计算采用包括双电子与叁电子组态相互作用的二三参数模型,晶体场Stark分裂计算采用单电子轨道近似,用Newman角叠加模型计算晶体场参数.f-f跃迁振子强度计算包括静电诱导偶极跃、配体极化偶极跃、振动诱导电偶极跃迁及磁偶极跃迁的贡献.     

材料研究中的介观模拟方法

介绍了材料研究中的蒙特卡罗、元胞自动机和耗散粒子动力学三种介观模拟方法的原理和应用。重点阐述了耗散粒子动力学方法在材料研究领域中的应用,包括嵌段共聚物在水溶液中的聚集行为、聚合物和表面活性剂的相互作用、复杂流体流动的耗散粒子动力学研究、嵌段共聚物的微相分离等,除此之外,笔者还初步探索了耗散粒子动力学在熔体静电纺丝领域的...     

吡咯烷类胞液型磷脂酶A2抑制剂的比较分子力场分析

胞液型磷脂酶A2能引发关节炎，针对胞液型磷脂酶A2的抑制剂有可能成为治疗关节炎的特效药，因此引起了广泛的关注.文章对于吡咯烷类胞液型磷脂酶A2抑制剂进行了三维定量构效关系研究，利用比较分子力场分析构建了该类分子的定量构效关系，得到三维等值线图，为胞液型磷脂酶A2抑制剂的进一步改造提供了有益的启示.     

连铸方坯凝固过程成分分布数值模拟

从传热、传质和动量传输原理出发,建立定量描述连铸坯凝固过程的统一数学模型,将连铸坯凝固过程的三个区(固相区、固液两相区、液相区)的三个场(温度场、流场、溶质场)的定量描述统一在用同一组方程,实现了连铸批凝固过程的成分分布的数值模拟.根据生产的实测结果,初步证明本文建立的统一模型和编制的软件是比较合理可靠的.     

心磷脂蓝莓类结构的形成和演化

用共聚焦显微镜和光学显微镜研究了NaCl溶液中心磷脂蓝莓类结构的形成和演化过程. 研究发现, 在NaCl溶液(浓度0.005~0.25 mol/L)中, 心磷脂海绵相的表面首先生成半球形的层状相微结构元胞, 并逐渐呈蜂窝状六角密堆积排列. 溶液中NaCl浓度的轻微增加驱使层状相与海绵相的界面由表面向海绵相内部扩散, 溶液中微弱流场的存在也会影响微结构元胞的形貌, 最终形成蜂窝样网状结构、 蓝莓样包状结构和蓝莓样球状结构, 统称蓝莓类结构. 由于心磷脂在线粒体内膜的拓扑结构转变中具有重要作用, 因此相转变及微结构形态演化的研究有助于进一步理解其在线粒体功能发挥中的作用机理.     

Growth dynamics of isotactic polypropylene single crystals during isothermal crystallization from a miscible polymeric solvent

The present article presents a spatiotemporal growth of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) single crystals, melt crystallized from a polymeric solvent, i.e., poly (ethylene octene) copolymer that is known to be miscible with iPP. Optical and atomic force microscopic investigations reveal that the melt grown single crystals of iPP develop in the form of two parallel rows of crystal lamellae, but these crystals merge at the tips. To elucidate the mechanism of these emerging parallel rows of iPP crystals, a phase field model pertaining to solidification phenomena has been employed that involves a nonconserved crystal order parameter and a chain-tilting angle. This phase field model is based on the free energy of crystallization, having an asymmetric double well, and a tensorial surface free energy of the crystal interface coupled with a curvature elastic free energy that is possessed by the solid-liquid interface. The spatiotemporal simulation of iPP single crystal growth has been carried out on a square lattice based on the finite difference method for spatial steps and an explicit method for temporal steps with a periodic boundary condition. The appearance of the seemingly twin crystal is captured in the simulation, which may be attributed to the sector demarcation that is taking place in the anisotropically growing single crystal of iPP.     

Epitaxial crystallization of homopolymers on single crystals of alkali halides

Epitaxial deposition of homopolymers from solution [polyethylene, isotactic polystyrene, poly-3,3-bischloromethyloxacyclobutane (Penton) and polypropylene] was found on the (001) faces of cleaved alkali halide single crystals. Electron and optical microscopy studies have shown that the polymer usually grew from small, rodlike crystallites which were oriented in (110) directions of the halide crystal. Large oriented, four-leaved, “rose” structures also were observed for polyethylene. Electron diffraction studies indicate that the polymer chain axes for polyethylene, isotactic polystyrene, and Penton generally lie parallel to the (001) faces of the halide crystal and are also oriented in the 〈110〉 directions of the crystal face. Investigations on the effect of various halide substrates upon the epitaxial crystallization habit of polyethylene inferes that lattice matching does not play the major role in orientation. Two possible explanations are offered for this epitaxial behavior.     

Effect of thermal transport on spatiotemporal emergence of lamellar branching morphology during polymer spherulitic growth

Spatiotemporal emergence of lamellar branching morphology of polymer spherulite has been investigated theoretically in the framework of a phase field model by coupling a crystal solidification potential pertaining to a nonconserved crystal order parameter with a temperature field generated by latent heat of crystallization. A local free-energy density having an asymmetric double well has been utilized to account for a first-order phase transition such as crystallization. To account for the polymorphous nature of polymer crystallization, the phase field order parameter of crystal at the solidification potential of the double-well local free-energy density is modified to be supercooling dependent. The heat conduction equation, incorporating liberation of latent heat along the nonuniform solid-liquid interface, has led to directional growth of various hierarchical structures including lamella, sheaflike structure, and spherulite. Two-dimensional calculations have been carried out based on experimentally accessible material parameters and experimental conditions for the growth of syndiotactic polypropylene spherulite. The simulations illustrate that, under self-generated thermal field, the initial nucleus is anisotropic having lamellar stacks that transforms to a sheaflike structure and eventually to a lamellar branching morphology with a dual-eye-pocket texture at the core. It appears that the released latent heat is responsible for the lamellar side branching and splaying from the main lamellae. On the same token, the heat build-up seemingly prevents the interface boundaries of neighboring spherulites from over running on each other during impingement, thereby forming the grain boundary.     

Formation of a Syndiotactic Organic Polymer Inside a MOF by a [2+2] Photo‐Polymerization Reaction

Getting suitable crystals for single‐crystal X‐ray crystallographic analysis still remains an art. Obtaining single crystals of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) containing organic polymers poses even greater challenges. Here we demonstrate the formation of a syndiotactic organic polymer ligand inside a MOF by quantitative [2+2] photopolymerization reaction in a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal manner. The spacer ligands with trans,trans,trans‐conformation in the pillared‐layer MOF with guest water molecules in the channels, undergo pedal motion to trans,cis,trans‐conformation prior to [2+2] photo‐cycloaddition reaction and yield single crystals of MOF containing two‐dimensional coordination polymers fused with the organic polymer ligands. We also show that the organic polymer in the single crystals can be depolymerized reversibly by cleaving the cyclobutane rings upon heating. These MOFs also show interesting photoluminescent properties and sensing of small organic molecules.     

A distribution kinetics approach for crystallization of polymer blends

The cluster distribution approach is extended to investigate the crystallization kinetics of miscible polymer blends. Mixture effects of polymer-polymer interactions are incorporated into the diffusion coefficient. The melting temperature, activation energy of diffusion, and phase transition enthalpy also depend on the blending fraction and lead to characteristic kinetic behavior of crystallization. The influence of different blending fractions is presented through the time dependence of polymer concentration, number and size of crystals, and crystallinity (in Avrami plots). Computational results indicate how overall crystallization kinetics can be expressed approximately by the Avrami equation. The nucleation rate decreases as the blending fraction of the second polymer component increases. The investigation suggests that blending influences crystal growth rate mainly through the deposition-rate driving force and growth-rate coefficient. The model is further validated by simulating the experimental data for the crystallization of a blend of poly(vinylidenefluoride)[PVDF] and poly(vinyl acetate)[PVAc] at various blending fractions.     

Monte Carlo simulations of single crystals from polymer solutions

A novel "anisotropic aggregation" model is proposed to simulate nucleation and growth of polymer single crystals as functions of temperature and polymer concentration in dilute solutions. Prefolded chains in a dilute solution are assumed to aggregate at a seed nucleus with an anisotropic interaction by a reversible adsorption/desorption mechanism, with temperature, concentration, and seed size being the control variables. The Monte Carlo results of this model resolve the long-standing dilemma regarding the kinetic and thermal roughenings, by producing a rough-flat-rough transition in the crystal morphology with increasing temperature. It is found that the crystal growth rate varies nonlinearly with temperature and concentration without any marked transitions among any regimes of polymer crystallization kinetics. The induction time increases with decreasing the seed nucleus size, increasing temperature, or decreasing concentration. The apparent critical nucleus size is found to increase exponentially with increasing temperature or decreasing concentration, leading to a critical nucleus diagram composed in the temperature-concentration plane with three regions of different nucleation barriers: no growth, nucleation and growth, and spontaneous growth. Melting temperatures as functions of the crystal size, heating rate, and concentration are also reported. The present model, falling in the same category of small molecular crystallization with anisotropic interactions, captures most of the phenomenology of polymer crystallization in dilute solutions.     

Crystal structure of the trigonal form of isotactic polypropylene as an example of density-driven polymer structure

Propene-hexene copolymers crystallize in a new polymorphic form of isotactic polypropylene when the concentration of hexene is higher than nearly 10-15 mol %. The hexene units are included in the crystals, inducing an increase of density that allows crystallization of 3-fold helical chains in a trigonal unit cell according to the space group R3c or Rc, where the helical symmetry of the chains is maintained in the crystal lattice. The structure of this new form is similar to those of isotactic polybutene and polystyrene and does not crystallize in polypropylene homopolymer because it would have too low density. The crystal structure of isotactic polypropylene is therefore no longer an exception to the principles of polymer crystallography, but the new structure represents the fulfillment of these principles and indicates that the packing of polymer molecules is mainly driven by density.     

On the crystallization behavior of cold-drawn syndiotactic polypropylene

The influence of the chain conformation on the crystallization behavior of cold-drawn syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) has been investigated. The conformational and structural changes depending on drawing conditions and thermal treatments has been observed by x-ray diffraction, infra-red spectroscopy and modulated differential scanning calorimetry. A nucleation and crystal growth model is introduced, which explains the low crystallinity of cold-drawn sPP.     

Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in thermally crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene

The diffusion, solubility, and permeability behavior of oxygen and carbon dioxide were studied in amorphous and semicrystalline syndiotactic polystyrene (s‐PS). The crystallinity was induced in s‐PS by crystallization from the melt and cold crystallization. Crystalline s‐PS exhibited very different gas permeation behavior depending on the crystallization conditions. The behavior was attributed to the formation of different isomorphic crystalline forms in the solid‐state structure of this polymer. The β crystalline form was virtually impermeable for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. In contrast, the α crystalline form was highly permeable for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. High gas permeability of the α crystals was attributed to the loose crystalline structure of this crystalline form containing nanochannels oriented parallel to the polymer chain direction. A model describing the diffusion and permeability of gas molecules in the composite permeation medium, consisting of the amorphous matrix and the dispersed crystalline phase with nanochannels, was proposed. Cold crystallization of s‐PS led to the formation of a complex ordered phase and resulted in complex permeation behavior. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2519–2538, 2001     

Crystal structures and order‐disorder phenomena in polymers

The crystal structure of various polymers, presenting symmetry breaking, is discussed. Owing to the presence of disorder, the crystal structure of polymers is generally described in term of ideal modifications, a limit ordered form, characterized by ideal three‐dimensional order, and a limit disordered form, characterized by the presence of statistical disorder in the packing, while preserving the order in the parallelism of the chains. The real crystalline forms are generally intermediate between the limit ordered and limit disordered models. The occurrence of conformational disorder, which produce defects frozen in the crystals of syndiotactic polypropylene, is analyzed.