[4+2] Cycloaddition on densely functionalized cyclopentadiene

The Diels-Alder (DA) and hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reaction of N-(2,4-dicyano-1,5-dimethyl-3-phenylcyclopenta-2,4-dienyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide 1 can be conveniently used for the synthesis of biarylic and polycyclic compounds, depending on whether you use alkynes or alkenes as dienophiles. We observe a totally regioselectivity and endo-diastereoselectivity of the cycloaddition reactions.     

Application of spectroscopic and computational methods in the study of the electronic excitations of partially silylated hydroxyquinones

The silylation of hydroxynaphthoquinones and hydroxyanthraquinones with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide, in one step reaction, under mild conditions, has led, in nearly quantitative yields, to the isolation of hydrolytically stable partially silylated products (only of the hydroxyl groups), which differ dramatically in color from the starting materials. The spectroscopic investigation of the silylated products in solution as well as the correlation of the observed data with computationally derived results have been carried out within a study aiming at the understanding of the visible maxima shift to either the ultraviolet or near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which would imply availability of the silylated products in a variety of related applications.     

Copper-catalyzed synthesis of primary arylamines from aryl halides and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide

A catalytic method was developed to synthesize primary arylamines from the corresponding aryl bromides and iodides under mild conditions (yields = 80-99%). Crystalline 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide was used as ammonia surrogate and CuI/N,N′-dimethyl ethylenediamine was used as catalyst to achieve the C-N cross-coupling.     

Synthesis of 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 2-oxa-4-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-ene derivatives by base-promoted heterocyclization of alkyl N-(cis(trans)-3,trans(cis)-4-dibromocyclohex-1-yl)carbamates and N-(cis(trans)-3,trans(cis)-4-dibromocyclohex-1-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamides

We have studied the base-promoted heterocyclization of alkyl N-(cis(trans)-3,trans(cis)-4-dibromocyclohex-1-yl)carbamates and N-(cis(trans)-3,trans(cis)-4-dibromocyclohex-1-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamides, investigating the effect of the nitrogen protecting group and the relative configuration of the leaving group at C3 and C4 on the outcome of this reaction. We have observed that the sodium hydride-promoted heterocyclization of alkyl N-(cis-3,trans-4-dibromocyclohex-1-yl)carbamates (10, 12, 14, 16, 18) is a convenient method for the synthesis of 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivatives. For instance, the reaction of tert-butyl N-(cis-3,trans-4-dibromocyclohex-1-yl)carbamate (10) with sodium hydride in DMF at room temperature provides 2-bromo-7-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (2) (52% yield), whose t-BuOK-promoted hydrogen bromide elimination affords 7-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (31) in 78% yield, an intermediate in the total synthesis of epibatidine (1). However, the NaH/DMF-mediated heterocyclization of alkyl N-(trans-3,cis-4-dibromocyclohex-1-yl)carbamates (11, 13) is a more structure dependent reaction, where the nucleophilic attack of the oxygen atom of the protecting group controls the outcome of the reaction, giving rise to benzooxazolone and 2-oxa-4-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-ene derivatives, respectively, from low to moderate yields, in complex reaction mixtures. Conversely, the NaH/DMF heterocyclizations of N-(cis-3,trans-4-dibromocyclohex-1-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (40) or N-(trans-3,cis-4-dibromocyclohex-1-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (42) are very clean reactions giving 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane or 2-oxa-4-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-ene derivatives, respectively, in good yields. Finally, a mechanistic investigation, based on DFT calculations, has been carried out to rationalize the formation of the different adducts.     

GC–SIM/MS Profiling of Urinary Steroids as their Per-trimethylsilyl Derivatives

Complete GC–SIM/MS separation and identification of 19 steroids (including several steroid isomers) in a male urine sample, as their per-trimethylsilyl ethers, is described. Trimethylsilylation of their functional groups (hydroxyl and carbonyl) was achieved by a rapid, simplified and one-step derivatization method, using N -methyl- N -trimethylsilyl-2,2,2,-trifluoroacetamide as the silylating agent and the solvent as well, along with catalytic amounts of trimethylsilyl iodide and dithioerythritol. Furthermore, a GC/MS method for the analysis of a synthetic mixture of underivatized urinary steroids is proposed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluorinated azole anticancer drugs: Synthesis,elaborated structure elucidation and docking studies

The present article deals with the synthesis of novel nano-sized fluorinated thiazoles and studying their anticancer potentiality. The targeted azoles could be accessed via trifluoro-methylated thiosemicarbazone (3) prepared by reaction of with thiosemicarbazide in acidic solution of ethanol. The latter a fluorinated building block (3) have been reacted with appropriate derivatives of a-halo compounds namely, N-aryl 2-oxopropane-hydrazonoyl chlorides 4a-f using dioxane containing TEA as base catalyst. Also, the reaction between N-(4-(1-(2-carbamothioylhydrazineylidene)ethyl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (3) and chloroacetonitrile 8 under the same experimental conditions furnished the corresponding amino thiazole derivative 11. In the same manner the base catalyzed cyclocondensation reaction between N-(4-(1-(2-carbamothioylhydrazineylidene)ethyl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (3) and phenacyl bromide derivatives 12a-d afforded the corresponding thiazoles 13a-d in good yield. The structure of all synthesized thiazole derivatives as well as their mechanistic pathways were studied based on spectral data analysis and physical characteristics. The nanosized products were confirmed by using XRD analysis. Moreover, twelve samples were submitted for evaluation of their cytotoxicity activities against MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cell) using colorimetric MTT assay, in comparison with Cisplatin standard drug. Two nano-sized thiosemicarbazone derivative 3 and the thiazole derivative 7c showed potent activity with IC₅₀ = 7.7 and 2.97 µg/ml, respectively in compared with the IC₅₀ = 4.33 µg/ml of cisplatin. The nanosized thiazole derivative 7c was more potent than cisplatin. Also, two thiazole derivatives 13b and 7b showed good activity with IC₅₀ = 13.4 and 14.9 µg/ml. In addition, the molecular docking studies have been achieved using 4hy0, (X-chromosome-linked- inhibitor of apoptosis protein; (XIAP)).     

Cu(111)面上糠醇加氢生成2-甲基呋喃的反应机理

采用广义梯度近似的密度泛函理论并结合平板模型的方法,详细研究了糠醇在Cu(111)面上反应生成2-甲基呋喃的反应历程,优化了糠醇在Cu(111)面的吸附模型,并采用完全线性同步和二次同步变换的方法,对三种可能的反应机理中的各反应步骤进行了过渡态搜索.结果表明,糠醇主要通过支链上OH与Cu(111)面相互作用,易形成ψCH2和ψCH2O中间体(ψ代表呋喃环).糠醇进一步加氢机理很可能为:引入的氢物种明显降低了糠醇分解形成的中间体ψCH2的活化能,并促进了它的形成;中间体ψCH2更易从糠醇中获得H而生成2-甲基呋喃.该过程的控速步骤为ψCH2O*→ψCHO*+H*,活化能为199.0kJ/mol,总反应是2ψCH2OH=ψCH3+ψCHO+H2O.     

Cu/SBA-15-SO3H催化木糖一锅转化制备糠醇（英文）

糠醇是一种重要的高附加值化学品,目前工业上由含半纤维素或木聚糖的生物质原料经过酸脱水先制备糠醛,糠醛再进一步加氢制备糠醇.在实际生产中,这两步反应分别在不同的设备中进行,增加了分离纯化和运输成本;目前也很少有研究偶联这两步反应.本工作中,我们制备了一种多功能介孔Cu/SBA-15-SO3H催化剂用于一锅法一步转化木糖到糠醛,并且通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TGA)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)、X射线荧光(XRF)、NH3-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和N2物理吸附等表征检测了负载的酸和金属位点的可用性以及催化剂的物理化学性质,优化了反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间和溶剂体系等反应条件,研究了酸和金属位点的比例以及介孔尺寸对合成糠醇的影响.XRD表征和TEM及HRTEM图像均表明,在负载了磺酸和Cu之后,均会一定程度上破坏SBA-15的形貌,但是依然可以保持原本的有序介孔结构.XPS表明还原后的Cu主要以+1价的形式存在,也有少量的0价和+2价.红外光谱表明磺酸基团和SBA-15载体以共价键形式紧密结合.氮气吸脱附和相关的BET和BJH计算表明,我们的原位制备方法相比于传统浸渍法,磺酸位点的含量提高了7倍以上.通过对反应条件的优化,该体系在140℃和4MPaH2下可以实现62.6%的糠醇收率.过高的温度会引起产物过度加氢生成2-甲基呋喃,而过高的压力会导致原料过度加氢生成木糖醇.合适的溶剂也是反应的关键因素,使用1:3的水/丁醇双相体系,一方面可以有效促进糖的溶解,另一方面可以有效萃取产物,保证了反应的碳平衡.在对催化剂的筛选中发现,单独的SBA-15几乎无催化活性,Cu/SBA-15主要催化木糖加氢生成木糖醇,SBA-15-SO3H主要催化木糖脱水生成糠醛,而物理混合的Cu/SBA-15和SBA-15-SO3H的效率远不如双功能Cu/SBA-15-SO3H催化剂.通过调节磺酸含量和探究产物时间曲线发现,提高酸性位点可以促进木糖转化,但是过多的酸性位点会导致结焦,降低糠醇收率.共同存在的磺酸酸性位点和铜金属位点保持平衡,协同催化串联反应进行.通过调节SBA-15的孔道结构发现,4 nm的孔道最适合反应进行,孔道过大会降低反应的整体碳收率和糠醇收率.本催化体系实现了从木糖一锅多步法制糠醇,并对催化剂的构效关系进行了研究,对反应条件进行了系统的优化,有希望实际应用到糠醇生产中.     

(2+4)-Cycloaddition with Singlet Oxygen. 17O-lnvestigation of the Reactivity of Furfuryl Alcohol Endoperoxide¶

In earlier work, the use of furfuryl alcohol as a specific singlet oxygen acceptor was proposed because of the high ratio between the rate constants of chemical reaction and physical quenching. In contrast to furfuryl aldehyde, a number of products are formed by this type II photo-oxidation of furfuryl alcohol. These products may be derived from the endoperoxide of furfuryl alcohol as a common intermediate. The present work focuses on the reactivity of this endoperoxide that was marked specifically by the use of ¹⁷O₂ as a source for singlet oxygen. The analyses of the stable products, their yields and their labeling distribution reveal a strong solvent effect on the primary reaction pathways, and nucleophilic substitution reactions leading to hydroperoxide intermediates are dominant.     

Thermally amendable tailor‐made functional polymer by RAFT polymerization and “click reaction”

This investigation reports the preparation and characterization of thermally amendable functional polymer bearing furfuryl functionality via reversible‐addition fragmentation and chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and Diels‐Alder (DA) reaction. In this case, furfuryl methacrylate (FMA) was polymerized using 4‐cyano‐4‐[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl] pentanoic acid as RAFT reagent and 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) as thermal initiator. ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analysis showed that furfuryl group in poly(furfuryl methacrylate) (PFMA) was not affected during RAFT polymerization and the tailor‐made polymer had RAFT end group. The DA reaction was successfully carried out between the reactive furfuryl functionality of PFMA and different bismaleimides. The thermoreversible property of these DA polymers was characterized by FT‐IR and DSC analysis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013 , 51, 3365–3374     

Promotion of Trimethylsilylation of Phenols by Trifluoroacetic Acid

Abstract

The speed of trimethylsilylation of sterically hindered phenols was increased by promoting the reaction with a small amount of trifluoroacetic acid. Promotion was successful with hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane, bis-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide, bis-(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide, and trimethylsilylimidazole.     

Mycosporine glycine protects biological systems against photodynamic damage by quenching singlet oxygen with a high efficiency

This report concerns physiological function of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA) as an active defense against the photooxidative effects of sunlight in marine organisms. Mycosporine glycine (MG) is a representative member of MAA family and was found to effectively suppress various detrimental effects of the Type-II photosensitization in biological systems, such as inactivation of mitochondrial electron transport, lipid peroxidation of microsomes, hemolysis of erythrocytes and growth inhibition of Escherichia coli. The presence of MG in solutions of eosin Y or methylene blue resulted in a marked decrease in the level of singlet oxygen (1O2) produced by the sensitizers under illumination. The rate constant of 1O2 quenching by MG was determined to be 5.6 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) by the time-resolved 1O2 luminescence decay method, which is higher than, or at least comparable to, the values for 1O2 reaction of well-known quenchers such as 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane and furfuryl alcohol. The results suggest that MG probably together with some other active MAA may play an important role in protecting marine organisms against sunlight damage by eliminating 1O2 generated from certain endogenous photosensitizers.     

A new bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate for the synthesis of Z-unsaturated N-methoxy-N-methylamides

The N-methoxy-N-methyl bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonamide was easily obtained via the Arbuzov reaction with use of commercially available tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphite, 2-bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide, and KF/alumina. The reaction of bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate with several aldehydes demonstrates the versatility of the method, which gives Z-unsaturated amides in good yields.     

Thermally reversible crosslinking of polystyrene via the furan–maleimide Diels–Alder reaction

Mixtures of maleimidomethylated polystyrene with difurfuryl adipate or with furfuryl alcohol-esterified poly[styrene-co-(maleic anhydride)] underwent thermally reversible Diels–Alder crosslinking. Reversal of crosslinking occurred rapidly at 150°C. The instability of the furfuryl group, however, limits the practicability of the reaction. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Determination of endogenous and exogenous estrogens in effluents from sewage treatment plants at the ng/L-level

An analytical method for the determination of the major endogenous and exogenous estrogenic steriods in effluent water samples of sewage treatment plants (STPs) with a LOQ down to 1 ng/L and below has been developed. The exogenous estrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol, frequently used as estrogenic component in oral contraceptives, and the endogenous estrogen 17β-estradiol show the highest estrogenic potential, therefore they were part of our target compounds. In addition, the content of the synthetic gestagen levonorgestrel, also often administered in oral contraceptives, was determined. A solid-phase extraction system for high volume sampling of water up to 25 L was implemented. Two types of adsorbent, Amberlite XAD 2 and a mixture of LiChrolut EN/Bondesil C-18, respectively, were tested for their extraction efficiency of these polar analytes. Recovery rates with LiChrolut EN/¶Bondesil C-18 ranged up to 94 %, whereas sampling on XAD 2 led only to poor recoveries below 40 %. After a liquid chromatographic clean-up step on silicagel the steroids were converted into their trimethylsilyl-ethers by the reaction with MSTFA/TMSI (N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide, trimethylsilyliodide) and were then determined by HRGC/MS in the selected ion mode. A limit of quantification over the whole procedure of at least 1 ng/L was reached for all analytes. In several effluent samples the input of estrogens by the STP of the cities Ulm and New Ulm into the river Danube was characterised. The concentrations commonly found ranged from 1 ng/L up to 13 ng/L, depending on the respective steroid.     

Hydrogenolysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to 1,2-Pentanediol Over Supported Ruthenium Catalysts

Hydrogenolysis of the furan rings of furfural and furfuryl alcohol, which can be obtained from biomass, has attracted attention as a method for obtaining valuable chemicals such as 1,2-pentanediol. In this study, we examined the hydrogenolysis of furfuryl alcohol to 1,2-pentanediol over Pd/C, Pt/C, Rh/C, and various supported Ru catalysts in several solvents. In particular, we investigated the effects of combinations of solvents and supports on the reaction outcome. Of all the tested combinations, Ru/MgO in water gave the best selectivity for 1,2-pentanediol: with this catalyst, 42 % selectivity for 1,2-pentanediol was achieved upon hydrogenolysis of furfuryl alcohol for 1 h at 463 K. In contrast, reaction in water in the presence of Ru/Al₂O₃ afforded cyclopentanone and cyclopentanol by means of hydrogenation and rearrangement reactions.     

Determination of endogenous and exogenous estrogens in effluents from sewage treatment plants at the ng/L-level

An analytical method for the determination of the major endogenous and exogenous estrogenic steriods in effluent water samples of sewage treatment plants (STPs) with a LOQ down to 1 ng/L and below has been developed. The exogenous estrogen 17alpha-ethynylestradiol, frequently used as estrogenic component in oral contraceptives, and the endogenous estrogen 17beta-estradiol show the highest estrogenic potential, therefore they were part of our target compounds. In addition, the content of the synthetic gestagen levonorgestrel, also often administered in oral contraceptives, was determined. A solid-phase extraction system for high volume sampling of water up to 25 L was implemented. Two types of adsorbent, Amberlite XAD 2 and a mixture of LiChrolut EN/Bondesil C-18, respectively, were tested for their extraction efficiency of these polar analytes. Recovery rates with LiChrolut EN/Bondesil C-18 ranged up to 94%, whereas sampling on XAD 2 led only to poor recoveries below 40%. After a liquid chromatographic clean-up step on silicagel the steroids were converted into their trimethylsilyl-ethers by the reaction with MSTFA/TMSI (N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide, trimethylsilyliodide) and were then determined by HRGC/MS in the selected ion mode. A limit of quantification over the whole procedure of at least 1 ng/L was reached for all analytes. In several effluent samples the input of estrogens by the STP of the cities Ulm and New Ulm into the river Danube was characterised. The concentrations commonly found ranged from 1 ng/L up to 13 ng/L, depending on the respective steroid.     

N-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)- and N-(1-Hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)amides in C-Amidoalkylation Reaction of Functionally-substituted Aromatic Compounds

A reaction with phenol and pyrocatechol of N-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)arenesulfonyl-, ethoxycarbonylamides and 1-hydroxy-substituted N-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)amides of arenesulfonic, carbamic, and acetic acids in the presence of oleum or in sulfuric acid provided the corresponding (1-amido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-substituted phenols. N-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide reacted with salicylamide in the presence of oleum to afford 3-aminocarbonyl-4-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonamido)ethyl]benzene whereas the 1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethylamides of the acetic, carbamic, and arenesulfonic acids did not enter into such reactions.     

Continuous flow reaction system for the synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroacetophenone derivatives and its application

A continuous flow reaction system was developed for the synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroacetophenone derivatives. When aryl propiolic acids and water were mixed with trichloroisocyanuric acid in DMF at 5?°C, the 2,2,2-trichloroacetophenone derivatives were formed within 5?min with good yields. In addition, the resulting mixture was flowed to react with amines to give the corresponding benzamide. This flow reaction system provided higher yields within shorter times than the batch reaction system.     

Water-soluble graphene dispersion functionalized by Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction

Water-soluble graphene dispersions were fabricated by the exfoliation of graphite functionalized with furfuryl alcohol by Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction. The pristine graphite was firstly heat-treated in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) before it was functionalized with furfuryl alcohol, and then, the increased interlayer spacing is propitious for furfuryl alcohol to enter into the lattice and react with graphite. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy indicate that the functional graphene is a high-quality product without any significant defects, and atomic force microscopy shows that the functional graphene consists of single to few layers graphene. Moreover, the grafting ratio onto graphene is up to 1.52 mmol/g. Therefore, the method provides a feasible route to produce functional graphene.