Sequential injection flow system with improved sample throughput: determination of glycerol and ethanol in wines

The performance of sequential injection (SI) systems has often been criticized for its low sampling frequency. The present work describes a SI system where an injection valve and an additional pump were incorporated to enhance sample throughput rate. The proposed system was applied to the enzymatic determination of glycerol and ethanol in wines, using spectrophotometric detection and immobilized glycerol and alcohol dehydrogenases. The method proposed was applied to the determination of ethanol between 0.10 and 0.50% (v/v) and glycerol between 0.03 and 0.30 g l⁻¹. These ranges were appropriate for determination in table and port wines, since samples were diluted 50 times before introduction into the system. The results obtained from 15 wine samples were statistically comparable to those obtained by the reference methods, with good repeatability (R.S.D.<3.4%, n=10). The sampling rate was 22.5 h⁻¹, corresponding to 45 determinations per hour. This way, the time required for each determination was decreased by 30% when compared to a conventional SI system.     

Multivariate optimization and validation studies in on-line pre-concentration system for lead determination in drinking water and saline waste from oil refinery

The present paper proposes an on-line pre-concentration procedure for lead determination in drinking water and saline waste from oil refinery by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). It is based on the sorption of lead (II) ions in a minicolumn of polyurethane foam loaded with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) reagent. The optimization step was performed using Doehlert matrix involving the variables: sampling flow rate (SR), buffer concentration (BC), pH and eluent concentration (EC). The validation process was performed considering the parameters: linearity and other characteristics of the calibration curve, analytical features of on-line system, precision, robustness, effect of other ions in the pre-concentration system and accuracy. Using the established experimental conditions, the procedure allows lead determination with detection limit (3δ/S) of 0.4 μg l⁻¹, quantification limit (10δ/S) of 1.4 μg l⁻¹, and a precision, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.7 (n=8) and 2.1% (n=8) for lead concentration of 5 and 50 μg l⁻¹, respectively. The pre-concentration factor (PF) considering the ratio among the slopes of the analytical curves with and without pre-concentration is 51. The achieved recovery for lead determination in presence of several cations demonstrated that this procedure could be applied for analysis of water samples. The accuracy was confirmed by analysis of the standard reference material NIST 1640 Trace elements in natural water. The sorption process was characterized by the Langmuir isotherm. The method was applied for lead determination in drinking water collected in Salvador City, Brazil and in saline effluent samples from oil refinery. The lead content for 16 samples of drinking water analyzed varied from 0.77 to 6.98 μg l⁻¹.     

Acid extraction and cloud point preconcentration as sample preparation strategies for cobalt determination in biological materials by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

A thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (TS-FF-AAS) was employed for Co determination in biological materials. Cobalt presents a high atomization temperature and consequently poor sensitivity is obtained without changing its thermochemical behavior. The effect of different complexing agents on sensitivity was evaluated based on the formation of Co volatile compounds. A cloud point procedure was optimized for Co preconcentration for further improvement of sensitivity. Samples were treated with 1 mol l^− 1 hydrochloric acid solution for quantitative extraction of Co without simultaneous extraction of Fe, since it is a strong interferent. After the extraction and preconcentration steps, a sample volume of 150 μl was introduced into the hot Ni tube using air as carrier at a flow-rate of 0.4 ml min^− 1. The best sensitivity was attained using ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and Triton X-114 was employed for implementation of the cloud point procedure. The detection limit obtained for Co was 2.1 μg l^− 1 and the standard deviation was 5.8% for a solution containing 100 μg l^− 1 (n = 10). Accuracy was checked using two certified reference materials (tomato leaves and bovine liver) and results were in agreement with certified values at a 95% confidence level. Employing the developed procedure, Co were quantified in different biological materials (plant and animal tissues). The proposed method presents suitable sensitivity for cobalt determination in the quality control of foods.     

Use of modified rice husks as a natural solid adsorbent of trace metals: characterisation and development of an on-line preconcentration system for cadmium and lead determination by FAAS

The use of rice husks as an alternative adsorbent in an on-line preconcentration system for Cd (II) and Pb (II) determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is described. The potential of rice husks as a natural adsorbent was evaluated as a material modified with 0.75 mol l⁻¹ NaOH solution and in the unmodified form. For this task, several techniques such as spectroscopy and thermogravimetry were used for elucidation of possible functional groups responsible for the uptake of Cd (II) and Pb (II). Furthermore, based on adsorption studies and adsorption isotherms applied to the Langmüir model, it was possible to verify that modified rice husks present a higher adsorption capacity for both metals. After establishing this material as a promising natural adsorbent, it was used for on-line preconcentration of Cd (II) and Pb (II) metals. The multivariate optimisation of chemical and flow variables was performed by using a full factorial design (2⁴) including the following factors: preconcentration time, preconcentration flow rate, concentration and volume of eluent. The optimum pH values used for on-line preconcentration were taken from prior univariate experiments. Under optimised conditions for Cd (II) determination (4 min of preconcentration at a 6 ml min⁻¹ preconcentration flow rate, in which comprises 24 ml of preconcentration volume, 200 μl elution volume and 1.0 mol l⁻¹ HNO₃ solution as eluent), the system achieved a detection limit of 1.14 μg l⁻¹ and an enrichment factor of 72.4. Similar conditions were used for Pb (II) determination (4 min of preconcentration, 6 ml min⁻¹ preconcentration flow rate, 300 μl elution volume and 1.0 mol l⁻¹ HNO₃ solution as eluent) from which a detection limit of 14.1 μg l⁻¹ and enrichment factor of 46.0 were achieved. Also, rice husks have been shown to be a homogeneous and stable adsorbent in which more than 100 preconcentration/elution cycles provide a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 6.0% on the analytical signal. The satisfactory accuracy of the method developed was obtained by using spiked water samples (mineral water and lake water) and spiked red wine samples. These values were confirmed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The certified reference material [pig kidney (CRM 186)] and the reference material [beech leaves (CRM 100)] were also used.     

Application of three-variables Doehlert matrix for optimisation of an on-line pre-concentration system for zinc determination in natural water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

This article describes an on-line pre-concentration system for zinc determination in environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). It was based on the sorption of zinc(II) ions in a minicolumn of polyurethane foam loaded with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR). The optimisation step was carried out using two-level full factorial and a Doehlert design. Three variables (sampling flow rate, buffer concentration and pH) were regarded as factors in the optimisation. Results of the two-level full factorial design 2³ for 8 runs (in duplicate) based on the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that all the factors in the tested levels are statistically significant. Besides, the interaction (sampling flow rate×buffer concentration) was also statistically significant. A three-variables Doehlert design was applied in order to determine the best condition for pre-concentration and determination of zinc. The validation process was assessed as: parameters of the analytical curve, precision, effect of other ions in the proposed system, robustness test and accuracy. The proposed system allowed determination of zinc with detection limit (3σ/S) of 0.28 μg l⁻¹, and a precision (reproducibility), calculated as relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of 10.0 and 3.7% for zinc concentration of 1.0 and 5.0 μg l⁻¹, respectively. The achieved pre-concentration factor was 91.23 and the sampling frequency was 48 samples per hour. The achieved recovery for zinc determination in presence of several cations demonstrated that this procedure could be applied for analysis of water samples. The accuracy was confirmed by analysis of three certified reference materials. This procedure was applied for zinc determination in several kinds of water samples including saline aqueous waste from oil Refinery.     

A multi-pumping flow system for chemiluminometric determination of ascorbic acid in powdered materials for preparation of fruit juices

A multi-pumping flow-based procedure with chemiluminescent detection is proposed for the determination of ascorbic acid, AA, in fruit juices (powdered form). The method relies on the inhibitory effect of AA on the oxidation of luminol by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium. The system comprises several discretely actuated solenoid pumps as the only active components. It handles 100 samples per hour, and requires 96 μl of sample, 42 μg of luminol and 105 μg of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) per determination. The analytical curve is linear up to about 11 mmol l^− 1 AA, and detection limit is 0.17 mmol l^− 1 AA. The system yields precise measurements (r.s.d. < 1%; n = 11), and recovery ranges from 94% to 106%. Results are in agreement with the reference method (AOAC) at the 95% confidence level.     

毛细管电泳-安培法测定复方磺胺甲噁唑片中的有效成分

采用毛细管电泳-安培法(CE-AD)同时分离测定了磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)、磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine,SD)和抗菌增效剂甲氧苄胺嘧啶(trimethoprim,TMP)3种常用磺胺类抗菌药物成分,考察了实验参数对分离、检测体系的影响。在优化实验条件下,以300μm碳圆盘电极作为工作电极,检测电位为1050mV(vs.SCE),在Na2B4O7(13mmol/L)-KH2PO4(18mmol/L)(pH5.8)的缓冲溶液中,分离电压18kV,进样6s,3组分在14min内可实现基线分离。上述3组分浓度分别在5×10-4~5×10-2、5×10-4~0.1和5×10-4~5×10-2g/L范围内与其峰电流强度呈线性关系,检出限达5.1×10-5~8.0×10-5g/L(S/N=3)。该方法已成功应用于复方磺胺甲噁唑片中抗菌活性成分的含量测定,结果令人满意。     

Optimization of sample preparation using statistical methods: spectrophotometric determination of Fe and Co in pharmaceutical samples

This work presents alternatives for Fe and Co determination in pharmaceutical samples using flow analysis. The first procedure describes Fe extraction in mineral/vitamin complexes. The best conditions were reached when HNO₃ concentration and volume, sample mass and shaking time were 1.0 mol l⁻¹, 5 ml, 25 mg and 10 min. Three mineral/vitamin complexes of known concentrations (ranging from 12 to 32 g kg⁻¹) were analyzed (10 authentic replicates for each) and recoveries of around 100% were obtained when compared with a well-established mineralization procedure employing concentrated HNO₃ and H₂O₂ (30% w/v). The second work part shows the employment of Tiron and H₂O₂ reaction for Co determination in a drug for inappetence. The results (352±18.7 mg kg⁻¹) were compared with those using Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry—ETAAS (346±15.7 mg kg⁻¹). The proposed method showed detection and quantification limits of 0.20 and 0.70 μg l⁻¹, respectively. Both procedures for Fe and Co determination presented time, reagent and effort reduction.     

A flow injection procedure based on solenoid micro-pumps for spectrophotometric determination of free glycerol in biodiesel

A flow system designed with solenoid micro-pumps is proposed for fast and greener spectrophotometric determination of free glycerol in biodiesel. Glycerol was extracted from samples without using organic solvents. The determination involves glycerol oxidation by periodate, yielding formaldehyde followed by formation of the colored (3,5-diacetil-1,4-dihidrolutidine) product upon reaction with acetylacetone. The coefficient of variation, sampling rate and detection limit were estimated as 1.5% (20.0 mg L⁻¹ glycerol, n = 10), 34 h⁻¹, and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ (99.7% confidence level), respectively. A linear response was observed from 5 to 50 mg L⁻¹, with reagent consumption estimated as 345 μg of KIO₄ and 15 mg of acetylacetone per determination. The procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of biodiesel samples and the results agreed with the batch reference method at the 95% confidence level.     

Development and critical comparison of greener flow procedures for nitrite determination in natural waters

Two greener procedures for flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of nitrite in natural waters were developed and critically compared. Replacement of toxic reagents, waste minimization and treatment were exploited to attend the standards of clean chemistry. The flow system was designed with solenoid micro-pumps in order to minimize reagent consumption and waste generation. The first procedure is based on the Griess diazo-coupling reaction with sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (NED) yielding an azo dye, followed by photodegradation of the low amount of waste generated based on the photo-Fenton reaction. The second procedure is based on the formation of iodine from nitrite and iodide in acid medium in order to avoid the use of toxic reagents. For Griess method, linear response was achieved up to 1.0 mg L^− 1, described by the equation A = − 0.007 + 0.460C (mg L^− 1), r = 0.999. The detection limit was estimated as 8 μg L^− 1 at the 99.7% confidence level and the coefficient of variation was 0.8% (n = 20). The sampling rate was estimated as 108 determinations per hour. The consumption of the most toxic reagent (NED) is reduced 55-fold and 20-fold in comparison to batch method and flow injection with continuous reagent addition, respectively. A colorless residue was obtained by in-line photodegradation with reduction of 87% of the total organic carbon content. The results obtained for natural water samples were in agreement with those achieved by the reference method at the 95% confidence level. For the nitrite–iodide method, linear response was observed up to 2.0 mg L^− 1, described by the equation A = − 0.024 + 0.148C (mg L^− 1), r = 0.999. The detection limit was estimated as 25 μg L^− 1 at the 99.7% confidence level and the coefficient of variation was 0.6% (n = 20). The sampling rate was estimated as 44 determinations per hour. Despite avoiding the use of toxic reagents, the nitrite–iodide method presented worst performance in terms of selectivity and sensitivity.     

Electroanalytical and chromatographic determination of pentachlorophenol and related molecules in a contaminated soil: a real case example

Electroanalytical and chromatographic methodologies have been applied for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and some of its derivatives in real soil samples contaminated by industrial discharge. The analytes were extracted with hexane from soil samples collected at different points of the site and mixed to produce a representative sample. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) experiments were carried out on either a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode or a gold ultramicroelectrode (Au-UME) in an analyte composed by the Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer at pH 5.5 with the direct addition of proper amounts of the extract. The voltammetric responses revealed an irreversible anodic peak at approximately 0.80 V vs. Ag/AgCl with a peak current showing a linear dependence on PCP concentration. This linear relationship yielded a detection limit (DL) of 2×10⁻⁸ mol l⁻¹ (or 5.5 μg l⁻¹) for the BDD electrode and 6.9×10⁻⁸ mol l⁻¹ (18.4 μg l⁻¹) for the Au-UME, while the independently measured HPLC detection limit was 1.1×10⁻⁸ mol l⁻¹ (3.0 μg l⁻¹). The application of electroanalytical and chromatographic methodologies in the analysis of soil extracts revealed, besides the PCP responses, signals for some related molecules such as o-tetrachlorobenzoquinone (o-chloranil), hexachlorobenzene and tetrachlorophenol. Recovering experiments for PCP showed a concentration of 27.5 mg kg⁻¹ for the electroanalytical determinations and 26.8 mg kg⁻¹ for the HPLC analysis, values exceedingly high if considering that the maximum residue limit established for natural waters by the Brazilian Environmental Agency is 10 μg l⁻¹.     

Determination of Proteins in a Mesofluidic Lab-on-Valve System

The application of a mesofluidic lab-on-valve system to the spectrophotometric determination of protein was investigated. Protein species in the sample solution reacts rapidly with Congo red at pH 4.1, which forms a complex with a maximum absorption at 496 nm. A univariant approach was used for the optimization of the experimental parameters. A sample volume of 20 μl was used along with 4.0 μl of Congo red solution of 0.9 g l⁻¹, and a flow rate for the detection process of 20 μl s⁻¹ was used. Under optimal conditions, a linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 12.5–200 μg ml⁻¹ of bovine serum album, along with a detection limit (3σ) of 5.6 μg ml⁻¹ and a sampling frequency of 60 per hour. Protein concentrations in human serums, urine, milk, and yoghourt were determined using this procedure, and satisfactory agreements were obtained with that achieved using the Coomassie brilliant blue method.     

An investigation of the chemiluminescence reaction in the sodium hypochlorite–folic acid–emicarbazide hydrochloride system

A chemiluminescence method for the determination of folic acid by the sodium hypochlorite–folic acid–semicarbazide hydrochloride system with a new flow injection technique has been established. The new method can perform simple, sensitive and rapid determinations of folic acid. The response to the concentration of folic acid, in the range of 1.0×10⁻⁷5.0×10⁻⁵ g/ml, is linear. The relative standard deviation of the method is 2.3% (C_s=4.0×10⁻⁶ g/ml, n=11). The detection limit is 2.7×10⁻⁸ g/ml. This method is suitable for automatic and continuous analysis, and has been successfully tested for the determination of folic acid in a folic acid tablet.     

Sensitive spectrofluorimetric determination of ruthenium at nanotrace levels using 2-(α-pyridyl) thioquinaldinamide [PTQA]

A new spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of ruthenium with nonfluorescent 2-(α-pyridyl) thioquinaldinamide (PTQA) is described. The oxidative reaction of Ru(III) upon PTQA gives oxidised fluorescent product (λ_ex(max)=347 nm; λ_em(max)=486 nm). The sensitivity of the fluorescence reaction between ruthenium and PTQA is greatly increased in the presence of Fe (III). The reaction is carried out in the acidity range 0.01–0.075 M H₂SO₄. The influence of reaction variables is discussed. The range of linearity is 1–400 μg l⁻¹ Ru(III). The standard deviation and relative standard deviation of the developed method are ±1.210 μg l⁻¹ Ru (III) and 2.4%, respectively (for 11 replicate determinations of 50 μg l⁻¹ Ru (III)). The effect of interferences from other metal ions, anions and complexing agents was studied; the masking action is discussed. The developed method has been successfully tested over synthetic mixtures of various base metals and platinum group metals, synthetic mixtures corresponding to osmiridium, certified reference materials in spiked conditions and rock samples.     

Occurrence of ochratoxin A in Turkish wines

A total of 95 wine samples including 34 white, 10 rosé and 51 red wines originating from four different Turkish areas were analysed for ochratoxin A (OTA). An analytical method based on immunoaffinity column (IAC) for clean-up and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) was used to determine OTA in wines. The limit of detection (LOD) was estimated as 0.006 ng ml^− 1 for white wine and 0.010 ng ml^− 1 for rosé and red wines. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was estimated as 0.020 ng ml^− 1 in white wine and 0.030 ng ml^− 1 in rosé and red wines. Recovery experiments were carried out with spiked samples in the range 0.1–1 ng ml^− 1 of OTA. The average OTA recoveries from spiked white wine samples varied from 79.43% to 85.07%; while the mean recoveries for rosé and red wine samples were in the range of 77.48–83.96% and 76.61–83.55%, respectively. OTA was detected in 82 (86%) wine samples at levels of < 0.006–0.815 ng ml^− 1, which were below the maximum allowable limit established by the European Community. The mean OTA concentration in red wines was slightly higher than in white and rosé wines. Furthermore, our data indicate that the geographic region of origin has strong influence on OTA level for white, rosé and red wines: wines originating from Thrace (n = 44, mean = 0.158 ng ml^− 1) and Aegean (n = 28, mean = 0.060 ng ml^− 1) regions of Turkey were more contaminated with OTA compared with wines originating from central (n = 15, mean = 0.027 ng ml⁻¹) and east Anatolia (n = 8, mean = 0.027 ng ml^− 1) areas. This study showed that the occurrence of OTA in Turkish wines is high, but at levels that probably leads to a non-significant human exposure to OTA by consumption of wines.     

Speciation Stabilities of Iodine in underground Water by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Specific determination for IO₃⁻ and I⁻ in ground water using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICPMS) is described. Chromatographic separations were carried out using an ICS-A23 column. Iodine species were quantitatively eluted with 0.03 M ammonium carbonate. Under the Shield Torch high sensitive mode, the method detection limits for IO₃⁻ and I⁻ with injection of 1 ml were 0.035 μg l⁻¹ and 0.025 μg l⁻¹, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of iodide and iodate in ground water. However, the signal response difference between iodate and iodide was observed by both the HPLC-ICP-MS system and the ICP-MS system. Also, the same signal response difference was also observed in other laboratories. It was reported that the signal response and stability of iodine species vary with their solution medium. The instability of IO3 – and I – was controlled by using KOH as their solution storing media. The IO₃⁻ and I⁻ peak area ratios by HPLC-ICP-MS measurement were still close to 1:1 when the mixed standard solution was stored in the 0.01% KOH medium for 5 days.     

伏安免疫法检测牛奶中氯霉素残留

为探索用于现场检测牛乳中氯霉素(CAP)残留的高灵敏度及特异性强的免疫传感器方法,本实验在制备CAP单克隆抗体的基础上,以卵清蛋白-氯霉素(OVA-CAP)偶联物为包被抗原,并将其包被到聚苯乙烯反应板上;在孵育反应中,样品中的CAP与OVA-CAP竞争结合CAP单克隆抗体,洗涤后加入碱性磷酸酶(ALP)标记的二抗,经再次孵育及洗涤后加入对硝基苯磷酸(pNPP)底物液;反应终止后用线性导数伏安法记录pNPP水解产物的氧化峰电流。实验结果表明,用免疫传感法测试CAP的灵敏度高于传统的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)。该方法检测CAP的检出限为0.064μg/L;检测线性范围为0.15~600μg/L,测试牛奶样品的平均回收率为89.8%。另外,由于免疫电化学传感器体积较小,便于携带,操作简单,可实现牛乳样品中CAP残留的现场检测。     

Development of a new method for the separation of vanadium species and chloride interference removal using modified silica capillaries-DIN-ICP-MS

A new on-line method for the separation of vanadium (IV) and vanadium (V) as well as for the removal of ClO⁺ mass spectral interference on vanadium determination by quadrupole-ICP-MS has been developed. The sample introduction system consists of a modified fused silica capillary coupled to a direct injection nebuliser (DIN), between the solvent delivery system and the ICP. Fused silica capillaries were treated with different anion and cation exchanger reagents and were tested for the retention of Cl⁻ and the separation of vanadium ions at μg l⁻¹ levels. A suitable strong anion exchanger functional group (3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane) was selected. Chlorine anions were retained in this anionic capillary and the separation between V(IV) and V(V) was possible in the pH range 2–4. The selections of instrumental ICP-MS conditions for the minimisation of the ClO+ interference were carefully considered. Factors affecting the chromatographic separation such as sample pH, sample flow rate, effect of methanol in the mobile phase and length of the capillary for the separation were optimised. The proposed methodology provides a simple and rapid method for vanadium speciation. A relative detection limit of 12 l⁻¹ (i.e. absolute detection limits of 120 pg) for V(IV) based on peak height measurements was obtained. The relative standard deviation for V(IV) was 2.4% for a 10 μl injection (n=6).     

白藜芦醇作辣根过氧化物酶底物的布氏杆菌抗体酶联免疫传感器研究

一种纯天然产物白藜芦醇用作辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)底物。对其化学性质的研究证实,白藜芦醇在空气中较稳定,对HRP、H2O2的电化学响应性能优于传统HRP底物,对人体无毒害。白藜芦醇在HRP催化下可被H2O2氧化成醌,产物醌在电极上于-376 mV处可被还原,其电流的大小与HRP的浓试在一定浓度范围内呈线性相关。将兔布氏杆菌抗原包埋在石墨-石蜡基质中制备了测定兔布氏杆菌抗体的电化学酶联免疫传感器,该传感器测定兔布氏杆菌抗体的线性范围为3×10-4~1.65×10-2g/L;检出限为1×10-4g/L;RSD为4.6%。本方法制备免疫传感器的电化学性能稳定,抗原活性保持良好。     

阳离子表面活性剂对电化学法测试牛奶中氯霉素残留量的影响

为探索用电化学方法检测生物样品中氯霉素残留的高灵敏度技术,本实验研究了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对氯霉素在玻碳电极上伏安行为的影响,实验结果表明,以0.02 mol/L高氯酸为支持电解质,在0.40~-0.60 V的范围内进行伏安扫描时,2×10-5mol/L CTMAB能显著提高氯霉素在-0.41 V处的还原峰电流。利用这种改进的电化学方法检测氯霉素的线性范围为0.0026~8 mg/L,检出限达到0.83μg/L。研究了缓冲液种类及其酸碱度及其它表面离子活性剂等对测试氯霉素的影响。