一种数码相机定焦镜头的光学系统设计

为适应市场上对结构简洁、成像品质高且生产成本低的数码相机镜头的需要,运用光学设计软件CODE V,在传统数码相机定焦镜头的基础上,结合非球面塑料透镜理论,模拟出了生产成本较低的三片式数码相机定焦镜头。该数码相机镜头结构的特点是：模块仅包括3块透镜;选择塑料镜头代替玻璃/塑料混合镜头或者全玻璃镜头,降低了系统的生产成本;系统的后焦距增大到0.8116mm,能够确保良好的远心光路性能;透镜表面完全采用非球面设计,较好地校正了球差等各种像差,使透镜具有良好的光学成像性能。     

A feasible injection molding technique for the manufacturing of large diameter aspheric plastic lenses

A computer aided engineering (CAE) tool-assisted technique, using Moldex3D and aspheric analysis utility (AAU) software in a polycarbonate injection molding design, is proposed to manufacture large diameter aspheric plastic lenses. An experiment is conducted to verify the applicability/feasibility of the proposed technique. Using the preceding two software tools, these crucial process parameters associated with the surface profile errors and birefringence of a molded lens can be attainable. The strategy adopted here is to use the actual quantity of shrinkage after an injection molding trial of an aspherical plastic lens as a reference to perform the core shaping job while keeping the coefficients of aspheric surface, radius, and conic constant unchanged. The design philosophy is characterized by using the CAE tool as a guideline to pursue the best symmetry condition, followed by injection molding trials, to accelerate a product’s developmental time. The advantages are less design complexity and shorter developmental time for a product.     

Single Telephoto Lens for Focus Error Detection with Astigmatic Method

An astigmatic method for focus error detection has been integrated into a singlet. The first convex and the second concave surfaces compose a telephoto system with a telephoto ratio of about 0.4. The first surface of the lens is rotationally symmetrical asphere and the second surface is a toric shape whose aspherical profiles correct spherical aberration. We implemented our optical design using a molded glass process. Its performance was confirmed using the optical head of a magneto-optical disk system.     

CCD摄像机大视场光学镜头的设计

为提高CCD摄像机的成像质量，同时使镜头结构紧凑、小型化，在大视场光学镜头的设计中，引入标准二次曲面和偶次非球面。根据初级像差理论，分析了非球面的位置、初始结构参数的求解规律。通过理论计算和ZEMAX光学设计软件的优化，给出工作波长为0.4～0.7μm、全视场角为80°，相对孔径为1∶1.5的镜头设计实例。该镜头由7块镜片组成，包括一个标准二次曲面和两个8次方非球面；在40lp/mm空间频率处的MTF值超过0.85，全视场畸变小于3％，像质优良     

一款超薄800万像素手机镜头的设计

为了满足市场对超薄手机镜头的要求,运用光学软件CODEV,结合非球面理论,设计一款新的超薄800万像素手机镜头。该镜头由4片非球面塑料镜片,1片滤光镜片和1片保护玻璃组成,其中第1片透镜是正透镜,第2片镜片是负透镜,第3片镜片是正透镜,第4片镜片是负透镜,且光阑位于第1片透镜的前面。镜头光圈值F为2.4,视场角2为65.5,焦距为3.731 5 mm,后焦距0.31 mm,镜头总长度为4.6 mm,在最高频率1/2处大多数视场的MTF值均大于0.5,畸变小于2% 。     

A design study of a triple field of view 8–12 μm waveband airborne FLIR

In this work, a design study of a three field-of-view (FOV) optical system for 8–12 μm imaging using a 288×4 focal plane array detector is presented. The detector pixel size is 25 μm×28 μm. The f/# of the detector is 1.76. In order to switch the FOVs, three different optical configurations are superimposed and all three configurations are optimized. The narrow and medium FOV switching is based on movement of the second negative lens of the afocal system, whereas the wide FOV is selected by inserting a mirror between the 4th and 5th lenses of the afocal system. By inserting a switching mirror, the objective part of the first configuration is blocked out; nevertheless the afocal of the wide FOV is activated. The imager part of the layout is common for all FOVs. Diffractive and aspheric surfaces are utilized to control chromatic and all other kinds of aberrations, reducing the total lens number. The final optical designs, together with their modulation transfer function (MTF) plots, are illustrated, exhibiting excellent performance in all three FOVs. More specifically, the paper emphasizes how the displacement of compensating lenses effect the MTF of the system and how automatic movements of the lenses are used to eliminate the defocusing problem under changing environmental conditions.     

高变倍比数码变焦镜头设计

为提高变焦距系统的工作性能,使其在大视场时仍具有良好的像质,且系统结构简单,易于机械设计、加工及装调,在设计中引入了传统球面光学设计与非球面相结合的设计思想。选择4个焦距位置进行设计计算,用光学设计软件ZEMAX上机调试,设计了焦距为6.9mm～91.6mm,视场5°～60°的变焦系统,整个系统由4组12片透镜组成,其中包括3个非球面,系统具有变倍比高、视场大等特点。设计结果表明：在设计中采用非球面可使系统结构紧凑,系统成像质量得到提高。     

基于PDMS基片的可变焦柱透镜

设计并制作了一种基于聚二甲基硅氧烷（Polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS）基片的可变焦微型柱透镜。这种柱透镜主要由一根埋入PDMS基片中的玻璃毛细管构成,通过选择毛细管内液体的折射率实现变焦功能。液体折射率为1.451 8～1.550 2时,柱透镜焦距可由21.369 mm减小到3.362 mm,变焦倍数达到6.4倍。用散射光成像方法观察并拍摄了平行光通过这种可变焦柱透镜后的光线轨迹图;用ZEMAX光学设计软件摸拟了成像过程,模拟结果和实验图像相符;用高斯光学的逐次成像方法推导出了这种柱透镜的焦距公式,焦距的计算结果和实验以及模拟结果吻合。PDMS基片中可变焦微型柱透镜的成功制作,为＂芯片上的实验室＂提供了一种重要的光学成像元件。     

Design and fabrication of fluid controlled dynamic optical lens system

A novel small fluid controlled optical lens system that is capable of displaying dynamic variation of its focal length and field-of-view (FOV) is designed and fabricated. In this active lens system, appropriate volume of the optical fluid can be pumped into or out of the lens chamber to provide double-convex (DCX) or double-concave (DCV) lens effect. Simple optical imaging experiments were performed using different sets of glass lenses with fixed focal lengths to determine the optimum lens configuration required for designing a dynamic optical lens system. The experimental results obtained from the glass lenses demonstrate that a combination of a single DCX lens with three DCV lenses provides a wider FOV. The flexible membranes for fluid controlled lenses were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane polymer material, which has good optical transparency and elasticity. A simple fluid injection system is used to vary the radius of curvature of the lenses, and thereby to change the focal length. A dynamic optical lens system with a combination of one DCX and multiple variable focal length DCV lenses as designed here can image an object with a wide range of focal length and FOV. With this fluid controlled optical system, the FOV and focal length could be continuously varied and a maximum FOV of 118.3° could be achieved. The smallest f-number (f_/#) for this fluid controlled single lens system was found to be 1.3, which corresponds to the numerical aperture value of 0.35.     

Third-order design of aspheric spectacle lenses

The theory of third-order aberrations for a system of rotationally symmetric aspheric thin lenses and relations for calculation of the shape of rotationally symmetric aspheric spectacle lenses with zero astigmatism are described. A comparison of aspheric and spherical spectacle lens design is presented. Possible applications of aspheric lens surfaces are proposed including the design of a spectacle lens with two types of primary aberrations corrected, an anastigmatic spectacle lens with minimum weight and a spectacle lens with the desired aesthetic shape. Our work performs a complex analysis of the third-order design of spectacle lenses considering not only astigmatism but all types of primary aberrations and their combinations.     

三视场红外搜索光学系统的设计

设计一款实际工程应用的红外三视场光学系统,其中大中视场利用透镜组切换变倍,小视场和大视场利用反射镜切换变倍。设计中采用二次成像的方式,3个视场共用二次成像透镜组,保证100％冷屏效率,减小第1片透镜的过口径。同时,采用非球面技术校正系统的球差和彗差,通过光学设计软件CODE V仿真,得出最大的点列斑为11 m左右,并且MTF接近衍射极限,成像质量完全满足使用要求。最后,该系统利用反射镜折叠光路实现了系统结构紧凑、体积小的特点。     

Aberration correction of a single aspheric lens with particle swarm algorithm

In order to design a single aspheric lens to meet the requirements of spherical aberration, the particle swarm algorithm is applied to the aberration correction for a single aspheric lens. A mathematical model is constructed, and a program code is developed. Merit functions in an optical system are employed as fitness functions, which combined coefficients of a higher order polynomial equation, a reciprocal of radius of curvature, the conic constant, thicknesses among lens surfaces and refractive indices regarding an optical system. By using this function, the automatic correction of spherical aberration is carried out. The example for a single aspheric lens design using particle swarm algorithm shows that PSO as a tool of the spherical aberration correction for a single aspheric lens is simple and effective, and easy to find a series of good design results. The asphere's more complex surface profile can reduce or eliminate easily spherical aberration at different incidence heights at one time. The automatic design and analysis of a single aspheric lens using this method from the view of a particular optical design problem are presented.     

非制冷长波红外热像仪折衍混合双视场光学系统设计

根据衍射光学元件具有大的负向色散特性,将衍射光学元件应用于红外双视场光学系统中,根据傅里叶光学分析衍射光学元件(DOE)的消色差,列表对比折射透镜与衍射光学透镜的特性,并给出变倍比为4∶1可用作非制冷红外热像仪的光学系统的具体设计实例.系统采用切入式变焦方式,在短焦时切入2片透镜实现宽视场,通过引入二元面和非球面提高了成像质量.设计结果表明:在空间频率11 lp/mm处,短焦距40 mm时,各个视场的MTF值均大于0.6;长焦距160 mm时,各个视场的MTF值均大于0.7,宽视场和窄视场都具有较好的成像质量.     

Optimum design of aspheric collimation lenses for optical antenna system

Three kinds of aspheric collimation lenses for optical antenna have been design by optimization. The aspheric cylinder collimation lenses with aspheric surfaces (such as elliptic, hyperbolic and parabolic marginal profiles) have been researched for the semiconductor laser beam with the characteristic of dot emitting source. Based on genetic algorithm and the optimization toolbox of MTLAB, the divergence angle has been optimized. The collimation divergence angle is less than 115 μrad has been measured by laser beam analyzer. This optimum design laser beam collimation lenses as a pre-collimation system can be used for optical antenna system. And it can be widely used in modern space laser communication.     

Optical design for enhanced prism type fingerprint scanner image contrast with asymmetrical aspheric lens

The design of optical prism fingerprint scanner with aspheric lens is researched. We propose a modified structure for optical prism fingerprint scanner, which has an asymmetrical aspheric lens on the output plane. It is numerically shown under elliptic valley similar fingerprint model that the optical image qualities of such a scanner are better than the scanner with symmetrical aspheric lens. When the fingerprint range is 15 mm, the results show that the minimum image contrast is 0.49 for an optical prism with asymmetrical aspheric lens, much better than a symmetrical aspheric lens with 0.20. The relative illumination variation is from 0.62 to 1.00 for optical prism with asymmetrical aspheric lens, and for the symmetrical aspheric lens it is 0.35 to 1.00. We conclude that an optical prism with asymmetrical aspheric lens is better than an optical prism with symmetrical aspheric lens.     

大孔径变焦投影镜头设计

为了实现某一大孔径定焦投影镜头作为初始结构, 经过优化设计后成为大孔径变焦投影镜头, 根据设计目标的DMD对角线尺寸, 利用AUTOCAD对选择的定焦距系统的初始结构尺寸进行测绘, 初步选择各镜材料, 规划成5组元变焦系统, 利用各种操作数对镜头的基本参数和外形尺寸进行限制, 并合理利用2个非球面, 在光学设计软件Zemax与CODE V中往返优化, 得到一款在可见光波段内, 短焦距为14.61 mm、视场角为60°、F数为1.5, 长焦距为29.31 mm、视场角为30°、F数为1.6的变焦投影镜头。设计结果表明:各视场的传递函数(MTF)值在截至频率60 lp/mm处不低于0.46, 各焦距处的弥散角不超出1.6', 镜头具有良好的像质。该镜头系统由11块透镜和1块平行平板组成, 其中透镜2使用了非球面镜, 该镜头片数较少, 透镜折射率不高, 材料容易选择。     

800万像素手机镜头的设计

 随着手机市场对高像素手机镜头的需求增大,利用Zemax光学设计软件设计一款大相对孔径800万像素的广角镜头。该镜头由1片非球面玻璃镜片,3片非球面塑料镜片,1片滤光镜片和1片保护玻璃构成。镜头光圈值F为2.45,视场角2ω为68°,焦距为4.25 mm,后工作距离为0.5 mm。采用APTINA公司的MT9E013型号800万像素传感器,最大分辨率为3 264×2 448,最小像素为1.4 μm。设计结果显示：各视场的均方根差（RMS）半径小于1.4 μm,在奈奎斯特频率1/2处大多数视场的MTF值均大于0.5,畸变小于2 %,TV畸变小于0.3 %。     

Effect of secondary lens concentrators on the output parameters of solar modules with cascade photovoltaic converters

The feasibility of increasing the concentration ratio and expanding the misorientation curve using secondary lens elements is considered for solar modules with triple-junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge photovoltaic converters and radiation-concentrating Fresnel lenses. Composite glass-silicone Fresnel lenses measuring 40 × 40 and 60 × 60 mm (plan view) with focal lengths of 70 and 110 mm, respectively, are used as primary concentrators. The focal length of secondary plane-convex glass lenses is varied from 5 to 25 mm. With the shortest-focal-length secondary lenses used, measurements of the parameters of the photovoltaic converter in a system with radiation concentrators that were made with a pulsed solar tester show the increase in the concentration ratio and the expansion of the misorientation curve by a factor of 2.5–3.0. The parameters of test modules with lens panels measured under solar illumination are found to be in good agreement with laboratory data.     

基于自由曲面反射镜的低投射比超短焦投影物镜的光学设计

为了设计低投射比的超短焦投影物镜,本文采用自由曲面和折反式的光路结构设计了一种具有低投射比的超短焦投影物镜系统。该物镜由一个旋转对称的折射透镜组和一个自由曲面反射镜组成。采用11.938 mm的数字微镜器件(DMD)作为空间光调制器产生图像源。采用法线加权迭代优化的方法计算自由曲面。最后,分析了系统的性能。仿真结果表明:超短焦投影物镜可在580 mm的投影距离处实现3048 mm尺寸的大屏幕投影,系统的投射比低至0.19,系统的最大畸变小于0.72%。能够满足低投射比超短焦投影物镜的设计要求。该投影系统具有低投射比、低畸变、投影效果好等优点,可为超短焦投影系统的进一步发展提供有益参考。