Design, simulation and structural optimization of a longitudinal acoustic resonator for trace gas detection using laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS)

The design of the acoustic resonator is critical for the optimization of the sensitivity of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS) in trace gas detection applications. In this paper, an LC circuit model is used for the simulation of a 1D acoustic resonator. This acoustic resonator is designed for CO photoacoustic spectroscopy. The effects of the structural parameters, quality factor and resonant frequency on the performance of the device are theoretically analyzed. The role of the buffer volume as an acoustic filter is investigated and optimized dimensions of the buffer volume, to achieve minimum noise transmission coefficient, are calculated. The effects of the ambient temperature, variety of pressure and gas flow velocity on the resonant frequency of photoacoustic resonator and PA signal are simulated. The temperature dependence of the microphone sensitivity is also introduced.     

Phase modulation of acoustic vortex beam with metasurfaces

We present a new acoustic metasurface structure to generate the stable acoustic vortex beams with controllable topological charge in the broadening of operating frequency. The proposed acoustic metasurface can dynamically achieve a full span of 360° phase modulation by three simple solutions. Acoustic plane beam and acoustic vortex beam can convert each other based on multi-metasurfaces combination. Potential applications of such phase modulation schemes can be anticipated.     

Acoustic metasurface for refracted wave manipulation

Here we present a design of a transmitted acoustic metasurface based on a single row of Helmholtz resonators with varying geometric parameters. The proposed metasurface can not only steer an acoustic beam as expected from the generalized Snell's law of refraction, but also exhibits various interesting properties and potential applications such as insulation of two quasi-intersecting transmitted sound waves, ultrasonic Bessel beam generator, frequency broadening effect of anomalous refraction and focusing.     

薄板声谐振子扰动的声学特征检测研究

为进行快速ＮＤＴ，研究了薄板声谐振子扰动和声学特征变化的关系，用有限元方法分析在睡无缺陷薄板的振动频率和振型。利用数字信号处理技术，实验研究了样品中缺陷对声学特征的影响。实现和理论分析结果一致性很好。研究结果有助于正确利用样品声学特征进行无损检测。     

Transfer matrix methods for sound attenuation in resonators with perforated intruding inlets

A resonator with perforated intruding inlet (PII) is a superior silencer element, since the use of perforated inlet extensions can dramatically improve the acoustic performance. In this work, both a one-dimensional (1D) and a two-dimensional (2D) transfer matrix methods are developed to predict the transmission loss of the resonator without considering the mean flow. Based on the two groups of comparisons with tests, it is found out that the applicability of 1D method is limited by the resonator geometry even when the frequency is below the cut-off value of plane wave. Whereas the 2D approach is much more accurate while predicting the transmission losses within entire frequency range. Subsequently, five groups of resonators are chosen to determine the effects of structure parameters to transmission loss based on the 2D approach. The resonant frequency decreases and more resonant peaks appear when the length of inlet extension increases. A higher perforation rate leads to a shift of resonant peak towards higher frequencies. Besides, better acoustic performance could be obtained with the perforation being properly designed. Reducing the inlet/outlet radius can obviously improve the transmission loss without changing the frequency of resonant peak. The theories and conclusions in this study can be used for the design and optimization of resonators in various engineering applications.     

Suppression of Helmholtz resonance using inside acoustic liner

When a Helmholtz resonator is exposed to grazing flow, an unstable shear layer at the opening can cause the occurrence of acoustic resonance under appropriate conditions. In this paper, in order to suppress the flow-induced resonance, the effects of inside acoustic liners placed on the side wall or the bottom of a Helmholtz resonator are investigated. Based on the one-dimensional sound propagation theory, the time domain impedance model of a Helmholtz resonator with inside acoustic liner is derived, and then combined with a discrete vortex model the resonant behavior of the resonator under grazing flow is simulated. Besides, an experiment is conducted to validate the present model, showing significant reduction of the peak sound pressure level achieved by the use of the side-wall liners. And the simulation results match reasonably well with the experimental data. The present results reveal that the inside acoustic liner can not only absorb the resonant sound pressure, but also suppress the fluctuation motion of the shear layer over the opening of the resonator. In all, the impact of the acoustic liners is to dampen the instability of the flow-acoustic coupled system. This demonstrates that it is a convenient and effective method for suppressing Helmholtz resonance by using inside acoustic liner.     

How diffraction limits ultrasonic screening in phononic plate composed of a periodic array of resonant slits

We explore experimentally the role played by diffraction in the phenomenon of acoustic shielding provided by a plate that is periodically perforated with subwavelength slits and immersed in water. We carried out ultrasonic transmission measurements for all directions of propagation in order to check the omnidirectionality of acoustic shielding. While a single slit acts as a Fabry–Perot resonator in the frequency range of interest, the coupling between adjacent slits provides an attenuation frequency band centered around the resonant frequency that is mostly independent of the angle of incidence. Beyond the incident angle of 45 degrees, however, we observe the appearance of scattered radiation that limits the attenuation of ultrasound. This spurious scattering is shown to arise from diffraction by the grating of slits.     

一维亥姆霍兹共振腔声子晶体中缺陷模式的实验研究

基于亥姆霍兹共振腔单元设计并制作了一种一维局域共振型声子晶体, 针对结构中存在点缺陷的情况, 进行了实验研究. 实验结果表明, 由于点缺陷的存在, 局域共振型声禁带中出现了缺陷模式, 并且在缺陷单元周围引起了能量的局域现象, 与理论结果符合较好. 缺陷单元从两个不同的方向趋近于完美单元时, 缺陷模式分别按照不同的规律变化, 但是越靠近禁带边缘, 所局域的能量就越多. 另外, 当缺陷单元共振频率小于完美单元共振频率时, 局域能量主要集中在声波导内; 反之, 局域能量则主要集中在共振腔内. 本研究对设计新型低频声滤波装置及高声强集中装置具有一定意义. 关键词： 亥姆霍兹共振腔 声子晶体 缺陷模式 能量局域化     

Acoustic resonance and atomization for gas-liquid systems in microreactors

It is shown that a liquid slug in gas–liquid segmented flow in microchannels can act as an acoustic resonator to disperse large amounts of small liquid droplets, commonly referred to as atomization, into the gas phase. We investigate the principles of acoustic resonance within a liquid slug through experimental analysis and numerical simulation. A mechanism of atomization in the confined channels and a hypothesis based on high-speed image analysis that links acoustic resonance within a liquid slug with the observed atomization is proposed. The observed phenomenon provides a novel source of confined micro sprays and could be an avenue, amongst others, to overcome mass transfer limitations for gas–liquid processes in flow.     

光声池径向共振模式耦合系数理论分析

光声光谱法是基于红外吸收光谱原理的一种高灵敏度的微量气体探测技术。它使用声共振腔来实现微弱声信号的共振放大。通过调节激光的调制频率,当它等于腔的某个共振频率时,在腔内形成声驻波,而腔本身的作用相当于一声放大器。共振腔的放大作用取决于当前被激活的共振模式、腔的品质因素、声传感器的状态以及电磁辐射与腔共振模式的耦合作用。值得关注的是,红外激光相对于声共振腔的入射方位不同则激励产生的光声信号幅值也不同。采用理论推导与数值计算相结合的方法,以圆柱形光声池为例,研究了径向共振模式下耦合系数受激光入射方位的影响。研究表明,激光入射角在0～π/2范围变化时耦合系数存在2个零点和2个极大值：入射角为0或tan-1(0.859 2×2R/L)时,耦合系数为零而径向共振失效;入射角为tan-1(0.556 8×2R/L)或tan-1(2R/L)时,耦合系数极大而径向共振最强。此处R为池径而L为池长。结果可用于指导光声池结构优化设计与安装调试,增强光声法检测微量气体的信号幅值,提高检测灵敏度。     

基于双层超表面的宽带、高效透射型轨道角动量发生器

提出一种宽带、高传输效率的双层超表面,其单元结构是在介质层两边对称刻蚀结构参数相同的十字型金属贴片且将两层超表面沿y方向错位半个周期长度形成.通过引入y方向的错位,双层超表面的透射带宽得到大幅度提升.同时,采用等效电路理论分析了该双层超表面的带宽展宽机理.在此基础上,进一步结合Pancharatnam-Berry相位原理,实现了宽带轨道角动量波束生成器.实验和仿真结果表明,在11-12.8 GHz的频率范围内,器件能够将左旋圆极化波转换为携带轨道角动量的右旋圆极化波.     

五模声学超表面理论分析与定向反射声学仿真*

以广义斯奈尔定律为理论依据,对五模声学超表面定向反射的基本原理进行了解析推导和理论分析,获得了五模超表面的理想连续物性参数分布,并给出了五模超表面尺寸设计准则;然后将超表面离散,获得离散单胞的密度和体积模量,并以此为目标进行五模微结构设计,采用均匀化理论计算微结构的等效物性参数;最后,进行了水下声场的声波定向反射调控仿真实验,研究了入射波频率对超表面定向反射性能的影响,仿真结果展现了五模超表面宽频有效的声波调控能力以及调控的可靠性和准确性。本文的研究工作为五模声学超表面的设计和物理实现提供理论指导。     

Compressibility-near-zero acoustic metamaterial

This letter theoretically analyzes and experimentally demonstrates a novel class of compressibility-near-zero (CNZ) acoustic metamaterials, achieved by using resonant-type metamaterials, namely the Helmholtz resonator. We first present a closed analytical formula for the effective compressibility of the proposed unit cell and then show that two frequencies exist which may support CNZ propagation. We demonstrate how the choice of the actual operating CNZ frequency depends on the properties of the host and finally experimentally verify CNZ propagation of acoustic waves.     

Air-coupled MUMPs capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers with resonant cavities

This work reports performance improvements of air-coupled capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) using resonant cavities. In order to perform this work, we have designed and manufactured a CMUT employing multi-user microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) processes (MUMPs). The transducer was designed using Helmholtz resonator principles. This was characterised by the dimensions of the cavity and several acoustic ports, which had the form of holes in the CMUT plate. The MUMPs process has the advantage of being low cost which allows the manufacture of economic prototypes. In this paper we show the effects of the resonant cavities and acoustic ports in CMUTs using laser Doppler vibrometry and acoustical measurements. We also use Finite Element (FE) simulations in order to support experimental measurements. The results show that it is possible to enhance the output pressure and bandwidth in air by tuning the resonance frequency of the plate (f_p) with that of the Helmholtz resonator (f_H). The experimental measurements show the plate resonance along with an additional resonance in the output pressure spectrum. This appears due to the effect of the new resonant cavities in the transducer. FE simulations show an increase of 11 dB in the output pressure with respect to that of a theoretical vacuum-sealed cavity MUMPs CMUT by properly tuning the transducer. The bandwidth has been also analyzed by calculating the mechanical Q factor of the tuned CMUT. This has been estimated as 4.5 compared with 7.75 for the vacuum-sealed cavity MUMPs CMUT.     

圆柱形光声池结构及环境因素对声学本征频率的影响

以典型的圆柱形光声池为研究对象,建立光声池声学仿真有限元模型,并在此基础上,研究了光声池中谐振腔、缓冲腔、进出气孔结构参数以及温度、湿度因素对其声学本征频率的影响规律.研究结果表明:圆柱形光声池的进、出口孔对其声学本征频率影响极不敏感,设计计算中可以忽略不计,谐振腔的长度影响最为敏感,其次为谐振腔的直径.此外缓冲腔的长度与直径对其亦有一定影响,因而在准确计算时需要加以考虑.温度与湿度对光声池声学本征频率的影响均呈现正线性增长规律,温度的影响随着谐振腔长度的增大而减小,湿度的影响随着温度的升高而增大,仅计算光声池的声学本征频率时,湿度的影响在室温环境下且湿度变动较小的条件下可以忽略.     

Angle tolerant transmissive color filters exploiting metasurface incorporating hydrogenated amorphous silicon nanopillars

Angle tolerant transmissive subtractive color filters incorporating a metasurface exploiting hydrogenated amorphous silicon nanopillars(NPs) on a glass substrate were proposed and demonstrated. The achieved transmission efficiency ranged from 75% to 95% at off-resonance wavelengths. For an NP resonator, electric and magnetic-field distributions in conjunction with absorption cross-sections were investigated to confirm a resonant transmission dip, which is primarily governed by the absorption resulting from simultaneous excitation of magnetic and electric dipoles via Mie scattering. The proposed devices exhibit higher angular tolerance and lower crosstalk for the absorption spectra and, therefore, are applicable with photodetectors, image sensors, and imaging/display devices.     

Manipulation of acoustic wavefront by transmissive metasurface based on pentamode metamaterials

An underwater acoustic metasurface with sub-wavelength thickness is designed for acoustic wavefront manipulation.In this paper, a pentamode lattice and a frequency-independent generalized acoustic Snell's law are introduced to overcome the limitations of narrow bandwidth and low transmittance. The bulk modulus and effective density of each unit cell can be tuned simultaneously, which are modulated to guarantee the achievement of refractive index profile and high transmission. Here, we actualize anomalous refraction, generation of non-diffracting Bessel beam, sub-wavelength flat focusing,and surface wave conversion by constructing inhomogeneous acoustic metasurface. This design approach has potential applications in medical ultrasound imaging and underwater acoustic communications.     

Helmholtz水声换能器弹性壁液腔谐振频率研究

针对传统Helmholtz水声换能器设计中刚性壁假设的局限性,将Helmholtz腔体的弹性计入到液腔谐振频率计算中,实现低频弹性Helmholtz水声换能器液腔谐振频率精确设计.基于细长圆柱壳腔体的低频集中参数模型,导出了腔体弹性引入的附加声阻抗表达式,得到了弹性壁条件下Helmholtz水声换能器等效电路图,给出了考虑了末端修正的弹性壁Helmholtz共振腔液腔谐振频率计算公式.利用ANSYS软件建立了算例模型,仿真分析了不同材质、半径、长度时的Helmholtz共振腔液腔谐振频率.结果对比表明弹性理论值与仿真值符合得很好,相比起传统的刚性壁理论计算结果,本文的弹性壁理论得出的液腔谐振频率值有所降低,与真实情况更加接近.本文的结论可以为精确设计低频弹性Helmholtz水声换能器提供理论支持.     

左手介质对谐振腔谐振频率的影响

在谐振腔设计过程中, 谐振腔的品质因数以及谐振频率都是需要考虑的关键因素. 传统的方法是通过减小谐振腔的尺寸或者利用高次模来提高谐振腔的谐振频率, 但是由于两种方法都有其局限性, 导致设计结果并不理想. 通过理论计算与模拟仿真相结合的方法, 对影响谐振腔谐振频率的因素进行分析, 得出了填充介质的材料属性与谐振腔谐振频率的关系. 理论计算显示: 当用“左手介质”作为谐振腔的填充物质时, 可以在不改变谐振腔尺寸的基础上提高谐振频率. 高频结构仿真器(high frequency structure simulator)的仿真数据也证明了以上结果, 从而得出谐振腔的谐振频率可以不受谐振腔尺寸的限制. 相较于传统理论而言, 研究结论有进一步的发展, 为探索和设计新颖的谐振腔提供了理论依据.     

Wideband radar cross section reduction based on absorptive coding metasurface with compound stealth mechanism

A scheme of combing wave absorption and phase cancellation mechanisms for widening radar cross section(RCS)reduction band is proposed. An absorptive coding metasurface implementing this scheme is derived from traditional circuit analog absorber(CAA) composed of resistive ring elements which characterize dual resonances behavior. It is constructed by replacing some of the CAA elements by another kind of resistive ring elements which is singly resonant in between the original two resonant bands and has reflection phase opposite to that of the original elements at resonance. Hence the developed metasurface achieves an improved low-RCS band over which the lower and higher sub-bands are mainly contributed by wave absorption mainly while the middle sub-band is formed by joint effect of wave absorption and antiphase cancellation mechanisms. The polarization-independent wideband RCS reduction property of the metasurface is validated by full-wave simulation results of a preliminary and an advanced design examples which employ the same element configuration but different element layout schemes as partitioned distribution and random coding. The advanced design also exhibits broadband bistatic low-RCS property and keeps a stable specular RCS reduction performance with regard to incident elevation angle up to 35°. The advanced design is fabricated and the experimental results of the sample agrees qualitatively well with their simulated counterparts. The measured figure of merit(i.e., low-RCS bandwidth ratio versus electrical thickness) of the sample is 40.572, which is superior to or comparable with those for most of other existing metasurface with compound RCS reduction mechanism. The proposed compound metasurface technique also features simple structure, light weight, low cost and easy fabrication compared with other techniques. This makes it promising in applications such as radar stealth and electromagnetic compatibility.