固体壁面附近激光空泡的动力学特性研究

关键词：     

用于瞬态力学量测试的光学传感器设计及应用

基于光纤耦合反射式光束偏转法,提出了一种可用于瞬态力学量测试的光学传感器,并详细给出了该测试机理.采用该传感器,在靶材对心处实时检测到由于空泡在固体靶材附近溃灭时射流冲击力引起的靶材瞬态微小变形.通过对该传感器定标可以进一步得到作用冲击力大小.这种传感器的应用将有助于了解激光诱导产生空泡射流运动特性及其对靶材的损伤机制.     

Effect of surface tension on a liquid-jet produced by the collapse of a laser-induced bubble against a rigid boundary

The effect of surface tension on the behavior of a liquid-jet is investigated experimentally by means of a fiber-coupled optical beam deflection (OBD) technique. It is found that a target under water is impacted in turn by a laser-plasma ablation force and by a high-speed liquid-jet impulse induced by bubble collapse in the vicinity of a rigid boundary. The liquid-jet impact is found to be the main damage mechanism in cavitation erosion. Furthermore, the liquid-jet increases monotonously with surface tension, so cavitation erosion rises sharply with increasing surface tension. Surface tension also reduces bubble collapse duration. From the experimental results and the modified Rayleigh theory, the maximum bubble radius is obtained and it is found to reduce with increasing surface tension.     

Experimental investigation of the impact on nearby solid boundary during laser-generated bubble collapse

Cavitation damage has been considered as being responsible for many effects in hydraulic machinery and biological medicine. In order to better understand the cavity interaction with nearby solid surfaces, the impact loading induced by the high-speed liquid-jet and subsequent jet flow during the final stage of the bubble collapse in a static fluid is investigated by focusing a Q-switched pulsed laser into water. By means of a new method based on a fibre-coupling optical beam deflection technique, a detailed experimental study has been made to clarify the relationship of the impact pressure against a solid boundary as a function of the dimensionless γ that is generally used to describe the bubble dynamics with its definition γ= s/R_{max}(R_{max} being the maximum bubble radius and s denoting the distance of the cavity inception from the boundary). The experimental results are shown that for γ in the range of about 0.67 to 0.95 with a pulsed laser energy 230mJ, the transient pressure applied on the solid surface is maximum; while for γ>1 or γ<0.67, it is gradually decreased. By combination of our experimental results with the other work that detected the acoustic emission during the bubble collapse at different γ, it is concluded that in this range of 0.67－0.95, the destructive effect due to a liquid-jet and the following jet flow impact actually outweighs the well-known effect of shock wave emission and plays a vital role during the cavitation bubble collapse.     

10－6—10－4m2/s黏度液体中靶受力学作用的测试与分析

通过自行研制的光纤传感器对不同黏度液体中材料靶后的力学作用进行研究，获得了液体黏度变化对等离子体烧蚀力、射流冲击力及空泡生存周期的影响. 实验结果表明：液体黏度相同时，靶材所受冲击力幅值随作用激光能量的增加单调上升；液体黏度增加时，靶材所受的冲击力减小，靶材的空化空蚀程度亦减小；受液体黏度增大的影响，空泡膨胀或收缩过程减缓，相应的生存周期也增大. 此外，对空泡溃灭周期公式进行修正, 结果表明修正后的理论估算值与实验值的一致性较好.     

水中薄片激光打孔反常现象的分析

 在其它条件相同的情况下，水中激光在金属薄片上的打孔效率远高于空气中的打孔效率。采用自行研制的基于光偏转原理的力学传感器，分别测量了激光在空气和水中烧蚀薄片时薄片表面所受的力。实验结果表明，激光在空气中烧蚀薄片时，靶材仅受到烧蚀力的作用，而在水中打靶时，靶受到烧蚀力和两次射流冲力等综合作用，且水中的三次冲力在幅值和持续时间均远大于空气中靶材所受的冲力，并用扫描电子显微镜观察了孔的形貌，进而分析了水下激光打孔效率远高于空气中打孔效率的机制。     

Experimental investigation of the collapse of laser-generated cavitation bubbles near a solid boundary

The oscillation of a laser-generated single cavitation bubble near a solid boundary is investigated by a fiber-optic diagnostic technique based on optical beam deflection (OBD). The maximum bubble radii and collapse time for each oscillation cycle are determined from a sequence of bubble oscillations. Furthermore, by combining the revised Rayleigh theory, the prolongation factor κ at different dimensionless parameter γ (γ=L/R_max, where R_max is the maximum bubble radius and L is the distance of a cavity inception point from a boundary) is obtained. In addition, the prolongation factor of the collapse time versus laser energy is also derived, which are valuable in the fields of hydraulic cavitation, laser lithotripsy and laser ophthalmology.     

激光烧蚀水下金属产生冲击波和空泡效应的研究

采用自行研制的高灵敏度光束偏转测试系统,对脉冲激光烧蚀水下金属产生的等离子体冲击波和空泡效应进行了实验研究。实验得到了激光等离子体冲击波的传播规律、冲击波与激光空泡的分离过程、空泡的脉动特性以及空泡溃灭冲击波的形成机制。结果表明,空泡最大和最小泡径、振荡周期均随着脉动次数的增加呈减小趋势,且减小幅度较大。最小收缩泡径由泡能和腔内含气量共同决定。在同一次脉动过程中,空泡膨胀所需的时间明显大于收缩所需的时间。     

Minimization of cavitation effects in pulsed laser ablation illustrated on laser angioplasty

Cavitation effects in pulsed laser ablation can cause severe deformation of tissue near the ablation site. In angioplasty, they result in a harmful dilatation and invagination of the vessel walls. We suggest to reduce cavitation effects by dividing the laser pulse energy into a pre-pulse with low and an ablation pulse with high energy. The pre-pulse creates a small cavitation bubble which can be filled by the ablation products of the main pulse. For suitable energy ratios between the pulses, this bubble will not be enlarged by the ablation products, and the maximal bubble size remains much smaller than after a single ablation pulse. The concept was analyzed by numerical calculations based on the Gilmore model of cavitation dynamics and by high-speed photography of the effects of single and double pulses performed with a silicone tube as vessel model. The use of double pulses prevents the deformation of the vessel walls. The concept works with an energy ratio of up to about 1:30 between the pulses. For the calculated optimal ratio of 1:14.6, the bubble volume is reduced by a factor of 17.7. The ablation pulse is best applied when the pre-pulse bubble is maximally expanded, but the timing is not very critical.     

Nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of silicon in liquids

Laser fluence and laser shot number are important parameters for pulse laser based micromachining of silicon in liquids. This paper presents laser-induced ablation of silicon in liquids of the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the water at different applied laser fluence levels and laser shot numbers. The experimental results are conducted using 15 ns pulsed laser irradiation at 532 nm. The silicon surface morphology of the irradiated spots has an appearance as one can see in porous formation. The surface morphology exhibits a large number of cavities which indicates as bubble nucleation sites. The observed surface morphology shows that the explosive melt expulsion could be a dominant process for the laser ablation of silicon in liquids using nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation at 532 nm. Silicon surface’s ablated diameter growth was measured at different applied laser fluences and shot numbers in both liquid interfaces. A theoretical analysis suggested investigating silicon surface etching in liquid by intense multiple nanosecond laser pulses. It has been assumed that the nanosecond pulsed laser-induced silicon surface modification is due to the process of explosive melt expulsion under the action of the confined plasma-induced pressure or shock wave trapped between the silicon target and the overlying liquid. This analysis allows us to determine the effective lateral interaction zone of ablated solid target related to nanosecond pulsed laser illumination. The theoretical analysis is found in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements of silicon ablated diameter growth in the DMSO and the water interfaces. Multiple-shot laser ablation threshold of silicon is determined. Pulsed energy accumulation model is used to obtain the single-shot ablation threshold of silicon. The smaller ablation threshold value is found in the DMSO, and the incubation effect is also found to be absent.     

有倾角的竖直壁面附近气泡与自由面相互作用研究

本文采用边界元方法, 研究了具有倾角的竖直壁面附近气泡与自由面的相互耦合作用. 首先基于不可压缩势流理论, 建立了边界元气泡动力学模型, 并针对无限壁面附近的气泡和自由面作用问题, 采用镜像法模拟了倾斜壁面的作用. 然后, 基于本文所建立的数值模型, 分别计算了不同倾角的壁面对气泡和自由面水冢形态的影响, 发现倾斜角度会导致自由面的边界条件不连续, 从而对其运动产生明显的非线性影响. 最后, 分别分析了无浮力和有浮力情况下倾斜角度对其影响规律. 关键词： 水下爆炸 气泡动力学 倾斜壁面 自由面     

液体中激光等离子体声波特性研究

采用压电陶瓷水听器对液体中激光等离子体声波进行了实验研究.利用小波变换对不同激光能量、不同作用金属物质、不同激光波长下检测的声波信号进行了频谱特性分析.结果表明:液体中激光等离子体声波的频率分布范围为0~150 kHz,激光能量、金属物质与激光波长的改变对声波频率范围并没有太大的影响|小波分解后,低频a6级信号的能量占总能量的绝大部分,所占比例随着金属离化能的增加而减少|信号的主要频率成分为0~10 kHz,集中在a6级,峰值频率为5 kHz.     

激光辐照柱体铝靶的三维光滑粒子流体动力学仿真

在现有光滑粒子流体动力学方法基础上,提出了结合差分方法处理激光辐照边界条件的方法,并利用此方法自编程序模拟计算了功率密度为5.0109 W/cm2的强连续激光辐照铝靶时的热-力学效应,准确给出了与激光作用的边界粒子的分布和飞散情况,同时给出了不同时刻靶体的温度场,得到了温度分布规律,并对结果进行了分析。     

飞秒激光在空气和水中对硅片烧蚀加工的实验研究

采用1 kHz,800 nm,50 fs—24 ps的钛宝石激光脉冲对单晶硅样品在空气和水溶液环境中的烧蚀加工特性进行了研究.实验观察到了超短脉冲激光在空气氛围中烧蚀形成的双层环状结构,分析揭示了加工区域中心和边缘的烧蚀物理机制分别为热熔化和库仑爆炸,并测量了双层环状结构半径随入射激光能量、脉冲数及持续时间等的变化关系,结果表明获取较大深-宽比的加工效果需选择小能量脉冲激光的多次作用.在水溶液环境中,实验发现飞秒激光在样品表面诱导产生了亚微米量级的多孔状结构,而皮秒激光则更容易实现对硅表面的非热性去除.这是由于激光诱导的光机械应力和空泡效应随脉冲宽度变大而增强所致,在实验上确立了区分这两种不同加工状态的临界脉冲宽度. 关键词： 飞秒激光 硅片 激光加工     

固壁面附近激光产生空泡脉动过程的实验研究

采用自行研制的光纤传感器研究了激光等离子体空泡在固壁面附近的脉动特性。实验获得了激光空泡三次膨胀到最大位置对应的波形图;并据此判定了激光空泡在脉动过程中对应的最大泡半径和溃灭周期;在此基础上结合空泡溃灭理论,计算了激光泡溃灭周期的延长因子κ。结果表明:随着脉动次数的增加,最大泡半径依次减小;随着作用激光能量的增大,最大泡半径,空泡溃灭周期的延长因子κ均增大;而无量纲参量的增大将导致延长因子的减小。所得到的延长因子同样可用于无限域流场。     

Electron Acceleration and Bunch Generation by Intense Femtosecond Laser Pulse in Preplasma of a Target

We present analytical studies of electron acceleration in the low-density preplasma of a thin solid target by an intense femtosecond laser pulse. Electrons in the preplasma are trapped and accelerated by the ponderomotive force as well as the wake field. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that when the laser pulse is stopped by the target, electrons trapped in the laser pules can be extracted and move forward inertially. The energeticelectron bunch in the bubble is unaffected by the reflected pulse and passes through the target with small energy spread and emittance. There is an optimal preplasma density for the generation of the monoenergetic electron bunch if a laser pulse is given. The maximum electron energy is inverse proportion to the preplasma density.     

Comparison of Laser Chemical Processing and LaserMicroJet for structuring and cutting silicon substrates

This paper deals with the development of a new cutting method for thin silicon solar wafers with liquid-jet-guided lasers (LaserMicroJet®, LMJ, and Laser Chemical Processing, LCP). Several laser systems with different wavelengths were tested to find the optimum laser system and processing parameters in terms of efficient material removal and deep laser cutting. Water and potassium hydroxide were used as carrier liquids to enhance laser ablation. The ablation efficiency was defined as a target parameter and experimentally determined by performing single laser grooves. It is demonstrated that the ablation process of LMJ is mainly affected by silicon melting and then removing by the liquid-jet momentum for single laser grooves. Best result for deep laser grooves is achieved if evaporation dominates the ablation process. Better surface quality referred to laser-induced crystalline damage is presented for a cut wafer with LMJ in comparison to a standard multiwire slurry saw. This shows a great potential of wafering with liquid-jet-guided lasers although no optimal liquid media was used.     

Impact of solid particles on cavitation behaviors and laser-induced degradation in aqueous suspension

A method for degrading organic pollutants in suspension by applying laser-induced cavitation is presented. Cavitation bubbles are produced remotely by laser beams, achieving a purpose of non-contact degradation. In this work, laser-induced bubble dynamics in SiO₂ sand suspension were studied by high-speed imaging. Pulsating characteristics of cavitaiton bubbles in the infinite domain and near a solid boundary were investigated among various laser energies and sand concentrations. Furthermore, the extent of degradation after processing in suspension and the mechanism were analyzed. Results indicate that solid particles in the liquid medium reduce the extent of degradation. However, the extent of degradation may rebound at a proper sand concentration. In addition, compared to several small bubbles in a bubble string (in the infinite domain), a single larger bubble (near a solid boundary) has a much higher degradation ability.     

Dynamic features of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near a solid boundary

This paper deals with detailed features of bubble dynamics near a solid boundary. The cavitation bubble was created by using a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser pulse and observed using a high-speed camera (up to 100,000 frames per second). A hydrophone system was employed to monitor the acoustic signals generated by the transient pressure impulses and estimate the bubble oscillation periods. Experimental observations were carried out for bubbles with various maximum expanded radius R_max (between 1.0 mm and 1.6 mm) and stand-off distances, ds (defined as the distance between the solid boundary and the bubble center at inception) of 0.4 ? γ ? 3.0, and γ = ds/R_max. The existence of a solid boundary created asymmetry in the flow field and forced the bubble to collapse non-spherically, which finally brought forth the jet impact phenomenon. The dimensionless first and second oscillation periods were dependent on γ. A series of expansion and collapse of the bubble with cascading loss of energy were observed after the bubble had been generated. This study revealed that most bubbles lost about two-thirds of the total energy from the first maximum expansion to the second maximum expansion.     

Numerical model and experimental demonstration of high precision ablation of pulse CO_2 laser

To reveal the physical mechanism of laser ablation and establish the prediction model for figuring the surface of fused silica, a multi-physical transient numerical model coupled with heat transfer and fluid flow was developed under pulsed CO_2 laser irradiation. The model employed various heat transfer and hydrodynamic boundary and thermomechanical properties for assisting the understanding of the contributions of Marangoni convention,gravitational force, vaporization recoil pressure, and capillary force in the process of laser ablation and better prediction of laser processing. Simulation results indicated that the vaporization recoil pressure dominated the formation of the final ablation profile. The ablation depth increased exponentially with pulse duration and linearly with laser energy after homogenous evaporation. The model was validated by experimental data of pulse CO_2 laser ablation of fused silica. To further investigate laser beam figuring, local ablation by varying the overlap rate and laser energy was conducted, achieving down to 4 nm homogenous ablation depth.