生物柴油/柴油颗粒的拉曼光谱分析

为了进一步降低柴油机燃用生物柴油的颗粒排放,利用激光拉曼光谱技术,研究了柴油机应用废气再循环(EGR)前后,燃烧柴油(B0)、生物柴油(B100)及其调和油(B50)的颗粒微观结构,采用五带拟合法对一阶拉曼光谱进行拟合,并计算了颗粒石墨微晶尺寸和石墨晶格C—C键长。结果表明：随着生物柴油掺混比的增加,颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;I_D1/I_G逐渐减小,颗粒中有序石墨结构含量增加,石墨化程度提高。引入EGR会使得颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;I_D1/I_G升高,颗粒有序石墨结构含量减少,石墨化程度降低,B0,B50和B100颗粒的I_D1/I_G在应用EGR前后分别降低了约8.5%,10.6%和11.8%。六种颗粒的缺陷类型主要属于石墨烯层边缘缺陷,掺混生物柴油和引入EGR均会使得颗粒碳层边缘缺陷浓度增加,颗粒中挥发性有机物的官能团含量增加,增强了颗粒氧化活性。掺混生物柴油使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸增加,EGR使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸减小,生物柴油和EGR对柴油机颗粒石墨晶格C—C键长影响不大,C—C键长约为0.142 nm。     

PAN基碳纤维在石墨化过程中的拉曼光谱

采用激光拉曼光谱研究了PAN基碳纤维在石墨化(2 000～3 000 ℃)过程中的结构变化;比较了石墨化前后纤维表面和断面拉曼光谱特征。结果表明：高温石墨化后,碳纤维的一级拉曼光谱有3个峰(D,G和D′),表征碳纤维结构有序程度的拉曼参数主要有D和G峰的半高宽(FWHM)、G峰的拉曼位移和D与G峰的积分强度比R(I_D/I_G)。随着热处理温度的提高,D和G峰的半高宽、G峰的拉曼位移和R值均逐渐减小,即使经过3 000 ℃高温处理后,D峰仍然存在,R值为0.19,说明纤维中仍存在无序结构。另外,R值与纤维中石墨微晶的基面宽度L_a成反比,石墨化后纤维取向性的增加使得表面和断面的拉曼光谱有明显的差异。因此,可利用激光拉曼光谱来定量表征碳纤维的石墨化程度和取向。     

EGR率对生物柴油颗粒纳米结构的影响（英文）

为研究同时运用废气再循环(EGR)技术和燃用生物柴油对柴油机排气颗粒纳米结构的影响,分别采集0%,15%,30%EGR率下186F柴油机燃用生物柴油时的排气颗粒,并用激光拉曼光谱仪测得颗粒光谱,使用五带法对一阶拉曼光谱进行拟合,分析拟合曲线参数,计算颗粒微晶尺寸和碳碳键长度。结果表明:EGR率为30%时,生物柴油颗粒光谱的半高宽(FWHM)最大,代表化学异相性最强并且颗粒中的物质种类最多,随着EGR率降低,半高宽逐渐减小;当EGR率从0%升高到30%,ID/IG逐渐增大,代表石墨化程度降低,颗粒中的石墨结构减少;同时,ID1/ID2从0%EGR率的8左右降低到15%和30%EGR率的4左右,代表EGR率升高,颗粒内部缺陷由空位缺陷向石墨烯边缘缺陷发展;随着EGR率升高,微晶尺寸逐渐减小,碳碳键长度基本不变。     

EGR率对生物柴油颗粒纳米结构的影响

为研究同时运用废气再循环(EGR)技术和燃用生物柴油对柴油机排气颗粒纳米结构的影响,分别采集0%,15%,30% EGR率下186F柴油机燃用生物柴油时的排气颗粒,并用激光拉曼光谱仪测得颗粒光谱,使用五带法对一阶拉曼光谱进行拟合,分析拟合曲线参数,计算颗粒微晶尺寸和碳碳键长度。结果表明：EGR率为30%时,生物柴油颗粒光谱的半高宽(FWHM)最大,代表化学异相性最强并且颗粒中的物质种类最多,随着EGR率降低,半高宽逐渐减小;当EGR率从0%升高到30%,I_D/I_G逐渐增大,代表石墨化程度降低,颗粒中的石墨结构减少;同时,I_D1/I_D2从0% EGR率的8左右降低到15%和30% EGR率的4左右,代表EGR率升高,颗粒内部缺陷由空位缺陷向石墨烯边缘缺陷发展;随着EGR率升高,微晶尺寸逐渐减小,碳碳键长度基本不变。     

缺陷单层和双层石墨烯的拉曼光谱及其激发光能量色散关系

拉曼光谱作为一种无破坏性、快速且敏锐的测试技术已经成 为表征石墨烯样品和研究其缺陷的最重要的实验手段之一. 本论文用离子注入在单层和双层石墨烯中产生缺陷, 并利用拉曼光谱研究了存在缺陷时单层和双层石墨烯的一阶和二阶拉曼模, 单层石墨烯的D模为双峰结构, 而双层石墨烯的D模具有四峰结构. 同时, 利用四条激光线系统地研究了本征和缺陷单层和双层石墨烯的拉曼峰频率的激发光能量依赖关系, 并基于石墨材料的双共振拉曼散射机理指认了离子注入后样品各拉曼峰的物理根源. 关键词： 石墨烯 缺陷 拉曼光谱 能量色散关系     

激光拉曼光谱对LiFePO4/C正极材料包覆碳结构的研究

利用激光拉曼光谱对LiFePO4/C锂离子正极材料碳外壳的石墨化程度进行了研究,对不同碳源合成的样品进行激光拉曼光谱比较,并结合X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、选区电子衍射、电阻率测试等多种检测手段,对材料的性质结构和形貌进行了研究.结果发现,相比对应sp3杂化峰和sp2杂化峰的峰面积比,对应非等向性sp2杂化峰和对应规则sp2杂化峰的ID/IG分布更加均匀,其显示的石墨化程度与材料导电性在一定程度上有相似规律,但同一材料的拉曼光谱信号因受碳包覆均匀性的影响出现较大差别,且相对于单独用柠檬酸或蔗糖做碳源的样品,利用两者混合物做碳源的样品的ID/IC值和sp3杂化峰和sp2杂化峰的峰面积比值均较高.在扫描电镜和透射电镜图中,可以观察到二次和一次颗粒包覆不均匀的现象,这有可能是导致同个样品中不同点数据不均匀的原因.但是较大的离散性还是影响了拉曼光谱在此类检测中的客观准确性.     

不同堆砌层数煤系石墨的拉曼光谱表征及其表面石墨化均匀程度

采用多激发波长（325,405,514,633和785 nm）以及显微拉曼面扫描技术对不同芳香层片平均堆砌层数的煤系石墨及其表面石墨化均匀程度进行表征。结果表明：对无序石墨,石墨微晶的尺寸较小并任意取向,随着平均堆砌度及堆砌层数增加,石墨微晶边缘的拉曼光谱特征显现。在无序结构向有序转化的同时,石墨微晶缺陷逐渐消亡,拉曼光谱一级模中D3、D4峰逐渐不显著或消失,但是其倍频峰均微弱出现,尤其2D1峰强度逐渐增大。将I_D1/I_D2参数的含义进一步引申为缺陷类型及平均定向性,且无烟煤的I_D1/I_D2极大,随着石墨微晶尺寸增大（d₀₀₂＜0.344 0 nm）,至三维有序结构的石墨时I_D1/I_D2最小。在不同激发波长下G峰半高宽总是随着无序度的减小而减小,D1峰和2D1峰等均显示较强的色散效应,各峰强度随激发光能量的增大而增大,在紫外激发下,D1和G峰峰位差显著小于可见光激发。随激发波长的增加,D1峰向着低波数方向移动,2D1峰色散约为D1峰的两倍。高煤级煤石墨化过程中,非定向的芳香碳经历一系列的物理、化学结构演变产生各种中间相态,如残留煤岩显微组分（变镜质组和变惰质组）和新生的石墨组分（热解炭等）共存,因此采用(I_G-I_D1)/(P_G-D1)≥0.3,I_D1/I_G＜0.4,A_D1/A_(D1+G)＜0.45等作为石墨和半石墨的界线,利用平面扫描区域成像来表征样品石墨化的表面均匀程度,取频数分布置信区间≤0.9来综合判定样品表面石墨化度为84.16%~86.40%,平均为85.49%,与利用X射线衍射(XRD)参数估计的石墨化度相当。     

一种基于石墨化炭黑过滤吸附处理荧光抑制和改进系统聚类分析的轻质燃油种类拉曼光谱快速识别方法

提出了一种石墨化炭黑过滤吸附前处理抑制轻质燃油拉曼光谱荧光背景干扰的方法和一种改进的系统聚类分析算法,实现了39个样品的种类快速识别,即能自动将样品识别为0#车用柴油、0#普通柴油、97#车用汽油、93#车用汽油、90#车用汽油和3#喷气燃料等6种类型。过滤吸附处理方法是用定制的50 mg石墨化炭黑过滤吸附0.75 mL油样,然后对其进行拉曼光谱数据采集。试验结果证明：石墨化炭黑过滤吸附处理对无荧光背景干扰的3#喷气燃料和车用汽油样品拉曼光谱特征无明显影响,且能够有效抑制车用汽油和车用柴油样品的拉曼弱荧光背景干扰,以及车用汽油和普通柴油的强荧光背景干扰。改进的有监督系统聚类分析算法将普鲁克距离作为系统聚类分析中样本间相似度的评价方法;并将经典的系统聚类分析视为标准校正样品集的“建模”过程,通过计算未知样品与各类属中心向量之间的普鲁克距离,依据距离最小原则判断未知样品的类属。通过对39个具有不同拉曼荧光背景干扰特征油样的石墨化炭黑前处理和“留一法”交互验证分类识别,分析结果证明：石墨化炭黑过滤吸附前处理抑制拉曼光谱荧光背景的方法能够有效提取轻质燃油的拉曼光谱特征并应用于定性种类识别。     

PAN基碳纤维在表面处理中的拉曼光谱研究

采用激光拉曼光谱研究了PAN基碳纤维在表面处理中的微结构变化,分析了表面处理前后碳纤维的一级拉曼光谱特性。结果表明：拉曼光谱中主要的D峰和G峰的拉曼频移、半高宽以及各个不同拉曼频移位置对应肩峰的积分面积比是表征碳纤维物相结构变化的重要参数。经过不同的表面处理,PAN基碳纤维的一级拉曼光谱参数发生了一定程度变化,D峰和G峰的拉曼峰位向高波数偏移,表征石墨微晶尺寸的R值有所提高,这说明在表面处理后碳纤维的石墨微结构受到刻蚀,微晶尺寸有所减小,石墨微晶的边界活性增大;此外,表征碳纤维结构有序程度和缺陷多少的D峰和G峰的半高宽均有减小,表征无定型碳结构或某种有机官能团的A峰和D″峰的相对积分面积减小,这说明与乱层石墨结构相比,碳纤维中存在的无定型碳结构更容易被刻蚀,经过表面处理之后无定型碳的物相比例减小,这与碳纤维XRD图谱中表观结晶度提高的规律相一致。因此,利用激光拉曼光谱可研究碳纤维物相结构的变化规律。     

煤系针状焦微晶结构的XRD与Raman分峰拟合定量研究

采用XRD和Raman光谱分析技术,结合分峰拟合的数学方法,对不同生产厂家的三种煤系针状焦Coke-N,Coke-H,Coke-P进行了研究。由XRD分析结果计算出了三种针状焦的石墨化度、晶体结构类型以及晶粒尺寸(La和Lc),通过对XRD的分峰拟合处理,得出了三种针状焦中趋于规整结构的碳微晶含量(Ig)。通过对样品的XRD分析可知,Coke-N和Coke-P的石墨化程度及Lc相接近,并且明显大于Coke-H;La之间的关系为:Coke-NCoke-PCoke-H。通过Raman光谱结合分峰拟合的数学方法对样品进行了定量分析。研究结果表明,三种针状焦在拉曼位移1 000~2 000cm-1处有5个一阶谱拟合峰(G,D1,D2,D3,D4)。对样品的拉曼一阶谱拟合后所得出的每个拟合峰面积进行计算,可以用来定量分析三种针状焦中碳微晶结构的分布情况。由I_G/I_(All),I_(D1)/I_G,I_(D2)/I_G,I_(D3)/I_G,I_(D4)/I_G的计算可知,Coke-N和Coke-P的微晶结构比Coke-H的微晶结构更规整。在Coke-N中理想石墨碳微晶所占比例为0.33,而Coke-H和Coke-P分别为0.086和0.311。另外,Coke-H在三个样品中的无定形碳比例明显大于另外两个样品。Raman光谱分析结果与XRD的分析结果相吻合。由此可以看出,采用XRD和拉曼光谱分析技术可以从微观层面判定宏观质量不同的煤系针状焦差异的实质。     

Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Mapping of Graphene Sheets

Abstract: Single graphene sheets, a few graphene layers, and bulk graphite, obtained via both micromechanical cleavage of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and carbon vapor deposition methods, were deposited on a thin glass substrate without the use of any chemical treatment. Micro-Raman spectroscopy, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy mapping (TERM) were used for characterization of the graphene layers. In particular, TERM allows for the investigation of individual graphene sheets with high Raman signal enhancement factors and allows for imaging of local defects with nanometer resolution. Enhancement up to 560% of the graphene Raman band intensity was obtained using TERS. TERM (with resolution better than 100 nm) showed an increase in the number of structural defects (D band) on the edges of both graphene and graphite regions.     

Preparation and tribological properties of DLC/Ti filmby pulsed laser arc deposition

This paper reports that DLC (diamond like carbon)/Ti and DLC films were prepared by using pulsed laser arc deposition. R-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, nanoindenter, spectroscopic ellipsometer, surface profiler and micro-tribometer were employed to study the structure and tribological properties of DLC/Ti and DLC films. The results show that DLC/Ti film, with $I(D)/I(G)$ 0.28 and corresponding to 76{\%} sp$^{3}$ content calculated by Raman spectroscopy, uniform chemical composition along depth direction, 98 at{\%} content of carbon, hardness 8.2 GPa and Young's modulus 110.5 GPa, compressive stress 6.579 GPa, thickness 46~nm, coefficient of friction 0.08, and critical load 95mN, exhibits excellent mechanical and tribological properties.     

On the merits of Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis to asses carbon nanotube structural modifications

Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are used to assess structural changes generated on the surface of multi-walled (MWCNTs) and single-walled (SWCNTs) carbon nanotubes. Different levels of structural modifications are generated by the use of acidic oxidative treatments. It is found that Raman spectroscopy is a very powerful technique to assess structural modification of SWCNTs with initial low defect concentration. For MWCNTs grown by chemical vapor deposition, which already contain a high density of structural defects in their as-produced state, Raman spectroscopy is not a very sensitive tool to detect the generation of further defects or other structural modifications introduced through acidic treatments. For this later case, TGA is a sensitive technique to assess structural modifications on the nanotubes.     

Nanomechanics of single keratin fibres: A Raman study of the α‐helix →β‐sheet transition and the effect of water

The use of micro‐Raman spectroscopy, through chemical‐bond, nano‐scale probes, allows the changes in conformations (α‐helix →β‐sheet), chain orientation, breakage of disulfide bonds (20%) and the increase of intra‐ and inter‐chain distances during the application of stress to be distinguished. The combination of micro‐Raman spectroscopy and a Universal Fibre Tester allows a quantitative measurement of the extension of chemical bonds in the peptide chain during loading. The nano‐structural transformations of keratin during strain of human hair in a dry environment (40–60% relative humidity) and saturated with water have been studied. Water permits the sliding of the chains and decreases the bond energy of the hair. Spectral analyses and 2D correlation are two coherent and independent methods to follow the structural nano‐mechanical (Raman) and micro‐mechanical (strain/stress) analyses, and confirm the validity of the experimental results, tools and principles used, as well as the agreement with the structural model of keratin fibres described by Chapman and Hearle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrical properties of boron-doped MWNTs synthesized by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition

We have synthesized a large amount of boron-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition. The synthesis was carried out in a flask using a methanol solution of boric acid as a source material. The scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy were performed to evaluate the structural properties of the obtained MWNTs. In order to evaluate the electrical properties, temperature dependence of resistivity was measured in an individual MWNTs with four metal electrodes. The Raman shifts suggest carrier injection into the boron-doped MWNTs, but the resistivity of the MWNTs was high and increased strongly with decreasing temperature. Defects induced by the plasma may cause this enhanced resistivity.     

Raman spectroscopic characterization of novel carbon‐bonded filter compositions for steel melt filtration

In this work, Raman scattering results on novel carbon‐bonded filter compositions are presented. Such filters are already used for steel melt filtration; however, the potential of this carbon‐bonded Al₂O₃–C system regarding material characteristics and filtration efficiency has not been fully understood yet. In order to investigate thermally induced structural changes of the filter compositions, micro‐Raman spectroscopy was applied. Analyzing the position, intensity, and full width at half maximum of G and D peaks in the Raman spectra, it could be determined that the carbon appears in graphitic form and the graphitic cluster size was estimated. We found an increase of the lateral cluster size L_a with increasing coking temperature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氧化无烟煤的谱学研究

变质程度高、碳含量高的无烟煤是生产活性炭的主要煤种。无烟煤的结构特征在其材料方向开发利用中起着决定性作用,可以通过化学氧化的方法对煤的结构进行定向优化。以云南昭通地区天然高碳低灰无烟煤为原料,采用硝酸/硫酸酸浸氧化法制备了氧化无烟煤。使用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)对产物进行结构和谱学特征研究。结果表明, 无烟煤具有介于石墨和无定形碳之间的类石墨微晶结构;相较于烟煤和褐煤,无烟煤微晶堆叠高度(L_c)、微晶直径(L_a)较大,结构有序度介于低变质煤和石墨之间。无烟煤的氧化经过两个主要过程,微晶片层边缘被氧化卷曲破坏引起片层平均直径L_a减小。新的CO键在片层边缘生成,硫酸与硝酸进入片层边缘层间域。H₂SO₄和HNO₃作为插层剂进入无烟煤微晶碳中,层间距d₍₀₀₂₎由原煤的0.351 nm增长到了0.361 nm。原有的微晶片层被剥离开,微晶片层的堆叠层数,由6下降到4.5,Raman光谱中I_D1/I_G相较于原煤增大(1.9→2.0),G峰的半峰宽(FWHM)升高(63→68),D₂峰的强度提高(10.26→13.78)。大量新的—C—O—,CO和—NO₂键生成,富氧程度参数大幅提高(0.11→0.42)。经过混酸处理的氧化无烟煤,芳香度f_a提高,结构有序度降低,新增了大量反应活性点,在无烟煤基多孔炭材料开发等领域具有很大潜力。     

Raman Spectroscopy for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory: Quantification of Ethanol Concentration in Consumer Alcoholic Beverages and Qualitative Identification of Marine Diesels Using a Miniature Raman Spectrometer

Raman spectroscopy has steadily gained popularity as a powerful tool in both the analytical lab and the undergraduate classroom. The technique is attractive because it allows for rapid, nondestructive qualitative or quantitative analyses of many analytes with little or no sample preparation requirements. The introduction of less expensive, smaller, and more powerful diode laser excitation sources and the recent availability of rugged, red‐sensitive, charge‐coupled device–based miniature modular spectrometers has prompted the integration of Raman spectroscopy into the undergraduate curriculum. We have evaluated the analytical utility of a small, portable Raman instrument for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of two “real” samples. The experiments in this paper were designed to be used as a laboratory component for undergraduate education and include the quantification of ethanol in consumer alcoholic beverages and the qualitative identification of marine diesel fuels that had been spilled on surface waters. In the case of the liquor samples, the ethanol concentration in colorless, odorless alcoholic beverages could be determined very rapidly, but colored and heavily scented liquors proved more difficult and required pretreatment with activated carbon to remove fluorescence that masked the Raman signal. Similarly, a high‐intensity fluorescence background was observed to mask characteristic Raman bands of the diesel fuels. Some reduction in the intensity of the fluorescence was observed after carbon pretreatment of the fuels. The set of undergraduate experiments described in this paper treat the concepts of quantitative and qualitative analysis using portable instrumentation, instrumental calibration by the standard addition and external curve methods, and method development for the analysis of real consumer and environmental samples.