Densities, excess molar volumes, and viscosities of the binary and ternary mixtures of {diethylcarbonate (1) + p-chloroacetophenone (2) + 1-hexanol (3)} at 303.15 K for the liquid region and at ambient pressure

Densities ρ, dynamic viscosities η, of the ternary mixture (diethylcarbonate + p-chloroacetophenone + 1-hexanol) and the involved binary mixtures (diethylcarbonate + p-chloroacetophenone), (diethylcarbonate + 1-hexanol), and (p-chloroacetophenone + 1-hexanol) have been measured over the whole composition range at 303.15 K for the liquid region and at ambient pressure. The data obtained are used to calculate excess molar volumes V_m^E, excess partial molar volumes V¯_m,i^E, limiting excess partial molar volumes V¯_m,i^E,∞, and viscosity deviations Δη, of the binary and ternary mixtures. The data of excess molar volumes of the binary systems were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation while for the ternary system the Cibulka equation was used. The McAllister's four body, and Kalidas and Laddha interaction models are used to correlate the kinematic viscosities of binary and ternary mixtures, respectively, to determine the fitting parameters and the standard deviations. The experimental data of the constitute binaries and ternary are analyzed to discuss the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures.     

Thermodynamic investigations of ternary o-toluidine + tetrahydropyran + N,N-dimethylformamide mixture and its binaries at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K

The densities ρ, speed of sound u, data of o-toluidine (i) + tetrahydropyran (j) + N,N-dimethylformamide (k) and its {tetrahydropyran (j) + N,N-dimethylformamide (k); o-toluidine (i) + N,N-dimethylformamide (k)} binaries have been measured as a function of composition at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K. The excess molar enthalpies, H^E data of same set of binary mixtures have also been measured over entire composition at 308.15 K. The densities and speeds of sound data of binary and ternary mixtures have been utilized to determine their excess molar volumes, V^E and excess isentropic compressibilities, κ_S^E. The observed thermodynamic properties of binary and ternary mixtures have been analyzed in terms of Graph theory. It has been observed that Graph theory correctly predicts the sign as well as magnitude of thermodynamic properties.     

Excess molar volumes of ternary mixtures {n-butylacetae + 1-butanol + 1, 2-butanediol} and {n-butylacetate + 1-butanol + 1, 3-butanediol} at T = 303.15 K

Excess molar volumes of the ternary systems formed by {n-butylacetate + 1-butanol + 1,2-butanediol } and {n-butylacetate + 1-butanol + 1,3-butanediol} were measured at 303.15 K for the whole composition range. The excess molar volumes, V_m^E, for binary mixtures of {n-butylacetate + 1-butanol, + 1,2-butanediol and + 1,3-butanediol} are positive and for the binary mixtures of {1-butanol + 1,2-butanediol and + 1,3-butanediol} are negative. Several empirical expressions are used to predict and correlate the ternary excess molar volumes from experimental results on the constituted binaries and analyzed to gain insight about liquid mixture interactions.     

Volumetric properties and viscosities of the 2-pyrrolidone + 1,2-propanediol + water ternary system and its binary constituents at T = 313.15 K

Densities and viscosities of ternary mixtures of 2-pyrrolidone + 1,2-propanediol + water and corresponding binary mixtures of 1,2-propanediol + water, 2-pyrrolidone + water and 2-pyrrolidone + 1,2-propanediol have been measured over the whole composition range at 313.15 K. From the obtained data, the excess molar volumes (V^E), the deviations in viscosity (Δη) and the excess Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG^?E) have been calculated. The V^E, Δη and ΔG^?E results were correlated and fitted by the Redlich–Kister equation for binary mixtures and by the Cibulka equation for ternary mixtures, as a function of mole fraction. Several predictive empirical relations were applied to predict the excess molar volumes of ternary mixtures from the binary mixing data.     

Atomic N00N state generation in distant cavities by virtual excitations

A general scheme of generating N00N states of virtually-excited 2N atoms is proposed. The two cavities are fibre-connected with N atoms in each cavity. Although we focus on the case of N=2, the system can be extended to a few atoms with N>2. It is found that all 2N atoms can be entangled in the form of N00N states if the atoms in the first cavity are initially in the excited states and atoms in the second cavity are all in the ground states. The feasibility of the scheme is carefully discussed, it shows that the N00N state with a few atoms can be generated with good fidelity and the scheme is feasible in experiment.     

Thermodynamic and structural properties of binary mixtures of some glycols with 2-butoxyethanol at T = (293.15, 298.15 and 303.15) K

Densities and relative permittivities at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K in the binary mixtures of 2-butoxyethanol with ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol have been measured as a function of composition. From the experimental data excess molar volumes and deviations in relative permittivity have been calculated over the entire composition range. Both excess molar volumes and relative permittivity deviations have been correlated using Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation by the method of least-squares for the estimation of the binary coefficients and the standard errors. The experimental and calculated quantities were used to analyze the mixing behaviour of the components.     

Volumetric and viscosity behaviors of the chromic anhydride + sodium dichromate + sodium chromate + water from (298.15 to 333.15) K

The densities and viscosities of chromic anhydride + sodium dichromate + sodium chromate + water quaternary mixtures and sodium dichromate + sodium chromate + water ternary mixtures have been measured at the temperatures(298.15, 303.15, 313.15, 323.15 and 333.15)K. The experimental data were correlated with the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher equation. The apparent molar volumes, limiting partial molar volumes and viscosity B-coefficient of chromic anhydride were calculated from the experimental measurements. The solute–solute interactions, solute-mixed solvent interactions and the structural-making effect of chromic anhydride have been discussed using Hepler criterion and Jones–Dole equation.     

Excess molar volumes of binary mixtures of aliphatic alcohols (C1-C5) with Nitromethane over the temperature range 293.15 to 308.15 K: Application of the ERAS model and cubic EOS

Densities were measured for the binary mixtures of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol with nitromethane at temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K and for 1-pentanol with nitromethane at temperatures (303.15 and 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Excess molar volumes as a function of mole fraction were derived, and the computed results were fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation. Excess molar volumes of mixtures studied were consistently described by the ERAS model. Also The Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera (PRSV) equation of state was applied, in combination with simple mixing rules.     

Acoustical and excess properties of {1-hexanol + n-hexane, or n-octane, or n-decane} at (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K

Densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) for the binary mixtures of 1-hexanol with n-hexane, n-octane and n-decane have been measured over the entire composition range at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K. The dynamic viscosities (η) for these systems have been measured at 298.15 K. From experimental data, excess molar volumes (V_m^E), molar isentropic compressibility (K_s,m), excess molar isentropic compressibility (K_s,m^E), deviation in speed of sound (u^D) from their ideal values (u^id) in an ideal mixture, and excess free volumes (V_f^E) have been calculated. The excess functions have also been correlated with the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. The viscosity data have been analysed in terms of some semi-empirical equations. The theoretical values of speed of sound (u) and isentropic compressibility (κ_S) have also been estimated using the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory with the van der Waals (vdW) potential energy model and the results have been compared with experimental values. The effect of chain-length of n-alkanes as well as the temperature on the excess properties has also been studied.     

Thermophysical properties of binary mixtures (dimethyl carbonate + ketones) at T = (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K

The densities ρ, viscosities η, and refractive indices n_D of binary mixtures of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with acetophenone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and 3-pentanone have been measured over the entire range of composition at the temperatures 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. The density values were used to calculate excess molar volumes V^E, and other excess functions of interest such as deviations in viscosity Δη, excess Gibb's free energies of activation of viscous flow ΔG^E and deviations in molar refraction ΔR. The measured viscosities were compared with those predicted using the Grunberg-Nissan, Eyring-Margules, Soliman-Marshall, and McAllister four body models. Furthermore the refractive indices data have been correlated using Lorentz-Lorentz, Weiner, Newton, Gladstone-Dale, Eykman, and Eyring-John equations and a satisfactory agreement was found for all the binary systems studied in the present work.     

Raman spectral investigations on the binary system (acetic acid N,N‐dimethyl formamide)

Raman spectra of acetic acid (AA), N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF) and their binary mixtures with varying mole fraction of the AA were recorded in the region 300–1750 cm⁻¹ to investigate the formation of self‐associated dimer and hydrogen‐bonded complexes in a mixed system. The observed spectral features of the CO stretching mode suggest the formation of self‐association with a smaller aggregation size, and also indicate the presence of repulsive interactions between AA and DMF. The existence of two kinds of AA molecules (free and complex) is elucidated from the splitting of the OC O deformation mode. The intermolecular hydrogen‐bond formation and the possibility of attractive interaction between AA and DMF are also examined from the observed spectral features in the CCO symmetric stretching mode of AA, and CN symmetric stretching mode of DMF. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Density, viscosity, and excess properties of the binary mixture of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether + water at T = (293.15, 303.15, 313.15, 323.15, 333.15) K under atmospheric pressure

Densities and viscosities have been measured as a function of composition for the binary liquid mixture of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether CH₃O(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂OH + water at T = (293.15, 303.15, 313.15, 323.15, 333.15) K under atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a capillary pycnometer. Viscosities were measured with Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. From the experimental data, the excess molar volumes V^E, and viscosity deviations δη, and the excess energies of activation for viscous flow ΔG^*E were calculated. These data have been correlated by the Redlich–Kister type equations to obtain their coefficients and standard deviations. The results suggest that molecular interaction between diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and water is strong.     

Densities and volumetric properties of 2-chloroethanol with N,N-dimethylformamide and water at different temperatures

Densities of binary mixtures of 2-chloroethanol with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and water have been measured over the full range of compositions at various temperatures. From these results, excess molar volumes, V^E and excess partial molar volumes at infinite dilution, V¯_i^E,0 have been calculated. V^E for (DMF + 2-chloroethanol) mixture are positive over the whole mole fraction range and negative values are obtained for (water + 2-chloroethanol) mixture.     

Excess molar volumes,viscosity deviations,excess isentropic compressibilities and deviations in relative permittivities of (alkyl acetates (methyl,ethyl, butyl and isoamyl) + n-hexane, + benzene, + toluene, + (o-, m-, p-) xylenes, + (chloro-, bromo-, nitro-) benzene at temperatures from 298.15 to 313.15 K

The experimental densities (ρ), dynamic viscosities (η), speeds of sound (υ) and relative permittivities (ε_r) of thirty six binary mixtures of esters (methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and isoamyl acetate) + organic solvents (n-hexane, benzene, toluene, o-, m-, p- xylenes), + halogenated benzene (chloro-, bromobenzene), + nitrobenzene have been measured over the complete composition range at atmospheric pressure and temperatures (298.15 to 313.15 K). The excess molar volumes, V_m^E, excess isentropic compressibilities, κ_s^E, deviations in relative permittivities, δε_r have been calculated and fitted to Redlisch–Kister type equation. The dynamic and kinematic viscosities have been correlated through Grunberg–Nissan and MacAllister equations. The qualitative analysis of various functions revealed that i.) esters lose their dipolar association in presence of inert and unlike n-hexane, ii.) specific but weaker n…π type interactions predominate in binary mixtures of esters + aromatic organic solvents and iii.) weak electron donor–acceptor complexes predominate in the mixtures of esters with halogenated and nitrated benzene.     

Conductance studies of NaCl, KCl, NaBr, NaI, NaBPh4, Bu4NI and NaClO4 in water + 2-methoxyethanol mixtures at 298.15 K

The electrical conductances of the solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), sodium iodide (NaI), sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh₄), tetrabutylammonium iodide (Bu₄NI) and sodium perchlorate (NaClO₄) in water (1) + 2-methoxyethanol (2) mixtures containing 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mol fractions of 2-methoxyethanol have been reported at 298.15 K. The conductance data have been analyzed by the Fuoss–Justice equation. The individual limiting ionic conductivities of Na⁺, K⁺, Bu₄N⁺, BPh₄⁻, I⁻, Cl⁻, and Br⁻ ions have been determined using the Fuoss–Hirsch assumption. The dependencies of the limiting molar conductances, Λ_o, and Walden products, Λ_oη, versus mixed solvent composition have been discussed.     

Densities, excess molar volumes and partial molar volumes of the binary mixtures of acetic acid + alkanol (C1–C4) at 298.15 K

Densities (ρ) of the binary mixtures of acetic acid with methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol have been measured at temperature 298.15 K and ambient pressure (815 hPa) as a function of composition using an Anton Paar model DMA 4500 oscillating densimeter. The excess molar volume (V_m^E), partial molar volume (V¯_i) and excess partial molar volumes (V¯_i^E) of the binary mixtures were calculated from the density data. The excess molar volumes were correlated with the Redlich−Kister equation. The excess molar volumes are negative for methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol and butan-1-ol. They are positive for butan-2-ol and an inversion of sign in V_m^E is observed for butan-2-ol around 0.9 mol fraction of acetic acid.

The results obtained in this work were interpreted in terms of intermolecular interaction between like and unlike molecules, difference in size and shape of unlike molecules and the steric hindrance caused by increased methylation.     

New experimental measurements and theoretical analysis of the collision-induced absorption in N2-H2 pairs

We present new experimental data on the collision-induced fundamental absorption in N₂-H₂ mixtures at room temperature and at low enough pressures so that the binary contribution is dominant. Previous measurements have been made at pressures where the ternary and possibly higher absorption coefficients are significant, and this makes it difficult to obtain accurate values for the binary absorption enhancement coefficient. To obtain the enhancement spectrum from the measurements of the mixture, it is necessary to subtract out both the spectra of pure H₂ and N₂, along with some CO₂ impurities thus increasing the experimental uncertainty. Nevertheless, we obtain a value for the integrated intensity of 1.15×10⁻⁴ cm⁻² amagat⁻² that is in good agreement with the previous value of 1.38×10⁻⁴. We also discuss how one can scale this result to high temperatures for application to brown dwarf or methane dwarf atmospheres.     

Excess molar volumes and isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures containing n-alkanes at 298.15 K

Excess molar volumes (V ^E) and deviation in isentropic compressibilities (Δβ _s) have been investigated from the density ρ and speed of sound u measurements of six binary liquid mixtures containing n-alkanes over the entire range of composition at 298.15 K. Excess molar volume exhibits inversion in sign in one binary mixture, i.e., n-heptane + n-hexane. Remaining five binary mixtures, n-heptane + toluene, cyclohexane + n-heptane, cyclohexane + n-hexane, toluene + n-hexane and n-decane + n-hexane show negative excess molar volumes over the whole composition range. However, the large negative values of excess molar volume becomes domainant in toluene + n-hexane mixture. Deviation in isentropic compressibility is negative over the whole range of composition in the case of all the six binary mixtures. Existence of specific intermolecular interactions in the mixtures has been analyzed in terms of excess molar volume and deviation in isentropic compressibility.     

Defect chemical and statistical thermodynamic studies on oxygen nonstoichiometric Nd2 − xSrxNiO4 + δ

In order to elucidate how oxygen content changes in Nd_2 − xSr_xNiO_4 + δ (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4), defect chemical and statistical thermodynamic analyses were carried out. The relationship among δ, P(O₂), and T were analyzed by a defect equilibrium model. Since Nd_2 − xSr_xNiO_4 + δ shows metal like band conduction at high temperatures, chemical potential of hole is expressed by the integration of the Fermi-Dirac distribution function and the density of state. The nonstoichiometric variation of oxygen content in Nd_2 − xSr_xNiO_4 + δ can be explained by the defect equilibrium model with a regular solution approximation. Partial molar entropy and partial molar enthalpy of oxygen are calculated from the nonstoichiometric data and Gibbs–Helmholtz equation. The relationship among defect structure, defect equilibrium, and thermodynamic quantities is elucidated by the statistical thermodynamic model. Thermodynamic quantities are calculated by the statistical thermodynamic model with the results of defect chemical analysis and compared with those obtained from experimental results. Thermodynamic quantities calculated by the statistical thermodynamic model can explain rough tendency of those obtained from the δ–T–P(O₂) relationship.     

Densities, speeds of sound and viscosities of binary liquid mixtures of octan-2-ol with benzene and halobenzenes at 298.15 and 303.15 K

Densities ρ, speeds of sound u, viscosities η and refractive indices n_D of binary mixtures of octan-2-ol with benzene, chlorobenzene and bromobenzene have been measured over the entire range of composition at 298.15 and 303.15 K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, excess molar volumes V^E, isentropic compressibilities κ_S, excess isentropic compressibilities κ_S^E, and deviations of speeds of sound u^D, have been calculated at 298.15 and 303.15 K. These excess functions have been fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The viscosity data have been correlated using Kendall-Monroe, Grunberg-Nissan, Tamura-Kurata, Hind-Mclaughlin Ubbelohde and Katti-Chaudhary viscosity models, and McAllister's three-body interaction model at different temperatures.