HIRFL-CSRm内靶实验终端CsI(Tl)电磁量能器性能模拟

基于GEANT4模拟了HIRFL CSRm内靶实验终端的CsI(Tl)电磁量能器系统,给出了CsI电磁量能器的最佳设计参数及可能达到的性能.结果表明,设计的CsI(Tl)电磁量能器系统能够满足所研究的物理要求. Based on the GEANT4, the performance of the electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC) of the internal-target detector at HIRFL-CSRm is simulated. The simulation results show that 1.5%—3% of the energy resolution σ_E/E and 2° of the polar angular resolution σ_θ can be obtained. The invariant mass of the π~0 decay can be reconstructed well. The performance can meet the requirement of studying the proposed physics at HIRFL-CSRm.     

Studying the energy dependence of intrinsic conversion efficiency of single crystal scintillators under X-ray excitation

Single crystal scintilators are used in various radiation detectors applications. The efficiency of the crystal can be determined by the Detector Optical Gain (DOG) defined as the ratio of the emitted optical photon flux over the incident radiation photons flux. A parameter affecting DOG is the intrinsic conversion efficiency (n _C ) giving the percentage of the X-ray photon power converted to optical photon power. n _C is considered a constant value for X-ray energies in the order of keV although a non-proportional behavior has been reported. In this work an analytical model, has been utilized to single crystals scintillators GSO:Ce, LSO:Ce and LYSO:Ce to examine whether the intrinsic conversion efficiency shows non proportional behavior under X-ray excitation. DOG was theoretically calculated as a function of the incident X-ray spectrum, the X-ray absorption efficiency, the energy of the produced optical photons and the light transmission efficiency. The theoretical DOG values were compared with experimental data obtained by irradiating the crystals with X-rays at tube voltages from 50 to 140 kV and by measuring the light energy flux emitted from the irradiated screen. An initial value for n _C (calculated from literature data) was assumed for the X-ray tube voltage of 50 kV. For higher X-ray tube voltages the optical photon propagation phenomena was assumed constant and any deviations between experimental and theoretical data were associated with changes in the intrinsic conversion efficiency. The experimental errors were below 7% for each experimental setup. The behavior of n _C values for LSO:Ce and LYSO:Ce were found very similar, i.e., ranging with values from 0.089 at 50 kV to 0.015 at 140 kV, while for GSO:Ce, n _C demonstrated a peak at 80 kV.     

光谱法和分子对接技术研究氟罗沙星与溶菌酶的相互作用

在模拟人体生理条件下,应用光谱法和分子对接技术对氟罗沙星(FIE)与溶菌酶(LYSO)的相互作用进行了研究。结果表明,FIE与LYSO的猝灭方式是静态猝灭,且在298和310 K温度下的猝灭常数K_a分别为4.10×104和0.74×104 L·mol-1。根据热力学参数的计算结果可知,FIE与LYSO的结合作用力主要是氢键和范德华力,结合距离(r=3.16 nm, ＜8 nm)表明从LYSO到FIE发生了非辐射能量转移。希尔系数的计算结果表明,在不同温度下的n_H＜1,LYSO和FIE的相互作用属于负协同作用。圆二色谱结果表明,LYSO和FIE的结合使LYSO的α-螺旋的含量由21.1% 减少到 8.8%。紫外光谱、三维荧光光谱、同步荧光光谱结果表明,LYSO和FIE的相互作用改变了LYSO的构象和微环境。分子对接进一步显示FIE通过氢键、极性键、疏水作用力等与LYSO活性部位的ASP-52,TRP-62,TRP-63等氨基酸残基相互作用。溶菌酶的活性实验表明,由于以上实验结果说明FIE引起了LYSO的构象改变,LYSO的活性随着FIE浓度的增大而降低,抑制了LYSO的活性。该研究结果为阐明FIE在机体内与LYSO的结合机理提供了可靠的实验数据和结果,为FIE对溶菌酶的的毒性评价和毒理学研究提供了理论依据。     

Algorithmic bias on observed hadronic jet properties

The biases introduced by the widely used geometric (‘cone’) jet—finding algorithms are investigated using a simple Monte—Carlo program in which the only free parameters are the multiplicity of calorimeter clusters and their average energy. The jet profiles, jet multiplicities and jet widths produced from the simulation are compared to those using real data. A jet finding algorithm which searches for a correlated jet signal is also examined.     

一种用于DT聚变诊断的新型中子谱仪的设计

介绍了一种基于反冲质子法和磁分析技术的新型DT聚变中子谱仪, 能够以高信噪比对9—17MeV的中子能谱进行精确测量, 适用于稳态及脉冲条件下的等离子体温度（T_i）和燃料面密度（<ρR）的诊断, 对14 MeV的初级DT中子具有约4%的能量分辨率和约10-8的探测效率。谱仪的磁分析系统使用高性能钕铁硼二极永磁铁建造, 焦平面上使用CR-39固体径迹探测器测量反冲质子的位置分布。使用239Pu α源对磁分析系统进行了实验研究,并建立了配套的粒子输运模拟程序。 结合实验和程序模拟结果,使用蒙特卡罗软件模拟分析了谱仪整体性能。 谱仪结构紧凑、性能良好且适用于稳态及脉冲辐射场,可望在未来的聚变研究中得到有效应用。 Design of a novel spectrometer for measurements of neutrons in the energy range 9—17 MeV has been proposed. Based on proton recoil method and magnetic analyzing technigue, the spectrometer can be used to determine DT fuel areal density(<ρR) and ion temperature under steady state and pulsed radiation field. The detection efficiency is about 10-8 for measuring 14 MeV neutrons with an energy resolution of about 4%. A neodymium iron boron permanent dipole was used for the magnetic analyzing system and CR-39 track detectors were used in the focal plane. The system has been tested with 239Pu α suorce and a corresponding particle transport simulation program has been worked out. Performance of the spectrometer was investigated with Monte Carlo simulation, experiment data and the transport simulation. Due to its good performance, compact structure,and availability for both steady state and pulsed radiation field, the spectrometer can be effectively used for fusion research in the future.     

Barrel calorimeter of the CMD-3 detector

The structure of the barrel calorimeter of the CMD-3 detector is presented in this work. The procedure of energy calibration of the calorimeter and the method of photon energy restoration are described. The distinctive feature of this barrel calorimeter is its combined structure; it is composed of two coaxial subsystems: a liquid xenon calorimeter and a crystalline CsI calorimeter. The calorimeter spatial resolution of the photon conversion point is about 2 mm, which corresponds to an angular resolution of ～6 mrad. The energy resolution of the calorimeter is about 8% for photons with energy of 200 MeV and 4% for photons with energy of 1 GeV.     

Design studies on the 4π γ-ray calorimeter for the ETF experiment at HIRFL-CSR

A high detection efficiency calorimeter which is used to detect γ-rays with energies from 1 MeV up to 10 MeV as well as light charged particles has been proposed.Design of the geometry,results of the crystal tests and Monte Carlo simulations are presented in this paper.The simulation results confirm that the calorimeter can obtain high detection efficiency and good energy resolution with the current designed geometry.And the calorimeter is competent for the future External Target Facility(ETF)experiments.     

Study of jets and their properties in PbPb collisions using the ATLAS detector at LHC

We present studies of the performance of jet reconstruction algorithms with full GEANT simulation of the ATLAS detector. Simulated jets from PYTHIA are embedded into the heavy ion background from HIJING. The results on the jet energy and position resolutions of the ATLAS calorimeter system for different centralities of the PbPb collisions are shown. The energy resolution of single reconstructed jets is better than 20% at 100 GeV. We also present ATLAS capability for measurement of jet energy profiles, fragmentation functions and transverse jet structure.     

对钨酸铅晶体光收集效率及其均匀性的蒙特卡洛模拟

利用Litrani软件包^[1]对钨酸铅(PbWO₄或PWO)长晶体的光传导与光收集过程进行了模拟计算,着重讨论了晶体的吸收长度、表面处理等因素对光收集的影响,并对各向同性与各向异性的模拟作了比较.     

Scintillation timing characteristics of (La,Gd)2Si2O7:Ce and Gd2SiO5:Ce single crystal scintillators: A comparative study

The scintillation timing characteristics of (La,Gd)₂Si₂O₇:Ce (GPSLa23.5%:Ce) single crystal were studied and compared with Gd₂SiO₅:Ce (GSO:Ce) single crystal. The photoelectron yield, scintillation decay times and coincidence time resolution were measured. At 511 keV γ-rays, the photoelectron yield of 10,770 ± 500 phe MeV⁻¹ and energy resolution of 5.4 ± 0.2% obtained for GPSLa23.5%:Ce are much better than those of 3350 ± 160 phe MeV⁻¹ and 7.8 ± 0.3% obtained for GSO:Ce. The scintillation decay time profile was measured by the time-correlated single photon counting technique using a fast-slow coincidence setup. In both materials the comparable rise times of several nanoseconds are present. The fast component decay time of 56 ns with relative intensity of 49% obtained for GPSLa23.5%:Ce is inferior to that of 32 ns(88%) obtained for GSO:Ce. Consequently, the coincidence time resolution of GPSLa23.5%:Ce is slightly worse than that of GSO:Ce. The normalized time resolution was also discussed in terms of a number of photoelectrons and decay time of the scintillation pulse.     

Binding of Quercetin to Lysozyme as Probed by Spectroscopic Analysis and Molecular Simulation

The binding of quercetin to lysozyme (LYSO) in aqueous solution was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and molecular simulation at pH 7.4. The fluorescence quenching of LYSO by addition of quercetin is due to static quenching, the binding constants, K _a , were 3.63 × 10⁴, 3.31 × 10⁴ and 2.85 × 10⁴ L·mol⁻¹ at 288, 298 and 308 K, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change, ∆H, and entropy change, ∆S, were noted to be −7.56 kJ·mol⁻¹ and 61.07 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹. The results indicated that hydrophobic interaction may play a major role in the binding process. The distance r between the donor (LYSO) and acceptor (quercetin) was determined as 3.34 nm by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy showed the polarity around the tryptophan residues increased and the hydrophobicity decreased. Furthermore, the study of molecular simulation indicated that quercetin could bind to the active site (a pocket made up of 24 amino-acid residues) of LYSO mainly via hydrophobic interactions and that there were hydrogen interactions between the residues (Gln 57, Ile 98) of LYSO and quercetin. The accessible surface area (ASA) calculation verified the important roles of tryptophan (Trp) residues during the binding process.     

硝基羟乙唑与溶菌酶反应机制的荧光光谱研究

分别在298,310,318 K温度下,利用荧光光谱法研究了pH=7.40生理条件下硝基羟乙唑(TRI)与溶菌酶(LYSO)的相互作用机理。结果表明,TRI与LYSO间通过静态猝灭方式相互作用。测定了LYSO与TRI反应的结合常数、结合位点数。利用反应过程的热力学参数,确定了LYSO-TRI体系的作用力类型;由Hill系数得出了LYSO或TRI的协同性;根据非辐射能量转移理论,确定了TRI到LYSO的结合距离,同时采用同步光谱法考察了TRI对LYSO构象的影响。     

Preliminary simulation studies on a cylindrical PEM scanner using GATE

In this paper, we investigate the performance of a cylindrical positron emission mammography (PEM) by simulation, in order to estimate its feasibility before implementation. A well-developed simulation package, Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE), is used to simulate the scanner geometry and physical processes. The simulated PEM scanner is composed of 64 blocks axially arranged in 4 rings with an axial field-of-view (AFOV) of 12.8 cm and 16.6 cm in diameter. For each block, there is a 16×16 array of 2 mm×2 mm×15 mm lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals. In the simulated measurements, the spatial resolution is at the center of the FOV of 1.73±0.07 mm (radial) and 1.81±0.08 mm (tangential), but of 4.83±0.09 mm (radial) and 4.37±0.07 mm (tangential) while 5 cm off the center. The central point source sensitivity (ACS) is 4.04% (1.50 Mcps/mCi) at an energy window of 350-650 keV. Moreover, the capillary and cylindrical sources are simulated coupled to breast phantoms for the scatter fraction (SF) and Noise Equivalent Count Rate (NECR) test. For a breast phantom with a 350-650 keV energy window, SF may reach the highest 32.95%, while NECR is degraded down to the lowest 255.71 kcps/mCi. Finally, we model a breast phantom embedded with two spheres of different activities. The reconstructed image gives good results despite a bit of difference in image contrast. Further, the image quality will be improved by scatter and random correction. All these test results indicate the feasibility of this PEM system for breast cancer detection.     

The ideal resolution of a liquid xenon calorimeter

The energy and angular resolution of a liquid xenon calorimeter for gamma rays in the GeV region is studied by a Monte-Carlo simulation. For a size of (70 cm)³, the energy resolution becomes as good as 0.2 % (r.m.s) at 10 GeV. The angular resolution is order of 1° (median angle) at several GeV without using the pair converter separated from the main body of the calorimeter. An effective SΩ of 1 m²sr is attainable. These factors meet the conditions required for observation of line gamma rays emerging from the annihilation of a sort of hypothetical dark matter.     

Gadolinium pyrosilicate single crystals for gamma ray and thermal neutron monitoring

Bulk Gd₂Si₂O₇:Ce (GPS:Ce) single crystals obtained by Czochralski method demonstrate a high light output at γ-irradiation (3.8 times higher in comparison with Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂ (BGO)), energy resolution 13% (137Cs, 662 KeV), fast decay time (41.7 ns), and good thermal stability of light output (up to 425 K). This combination of characteristics makes this scintillator very attractive for medical imaging and high-temperature applications. Light output at thermal neutron monitoring is evaluated as twice higher in comparison with Gd₂SiO₅:Ce (GSO). The observed rather high afterglow level (0.2% after 20 ms) and moderate energy resolution (13%) certifies a room for improvement of these parameters by further optimization of crystal quality.     

Measurement of stored energy of KBr after 4·6°K reactor irradiation

Four KBr single crystals were irradiated at 4·6°K in the core of the Munich Nuclear Reactor for periods of 100 sec, 10 min or 1 hr, respectively. After irradiation the stored energy of the samples was measured in a differential-heat-flow calorimeter at heating rates of 0·29°K/min and 1·1°K/min. At 0·29°K/min peaks of stored energy release were resolved near 11 and 20°K and at 25, 38 and 45°K. An attempt was made to evaluate the corresponding activation energies using two different methods (see Table 1 in the text). The 25°K annealing stage is due to a first order recombination reaction. The anneling states near 20, at 38 and at 45°K do not correspond to first order reactions. Our results are compared with annealing studies on low temperature X-irradiated KBr crystals. A similar experiment was performed on KCl single crystals and is reported, together with a more detailed comparison and discussion of both experiments, in a later paper[14].     

Study of characteristics of an electromagnetic calorimeter based on PbWO<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystals

Characteristics of a prototype of the electromagnetic calorimeter based on PbWO₄ scintillation crystals were studied. Measurements were performed using the electron beam of the DESY synchrotron in the range of 1–6 GeV. The energy resolution of the prototype was σ/E = 2.4%/E ⊕ 3.9% / √E ⊕ 1.2%.     

Time resolved spectroscopy of anthracene and tetracene doped fluorene crystals

Time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy measurements were used to investigate energy transfer in anthracene and tetracene doped fluorene crystals. The results for energy transfer from the host to anthracene molecules are consistent with both the recently proposed generalized random walk model for energy transfer and the combined exciton diffusion—long range resonance theory. The results for impurity sensitized energy transfer between anthracene and tetracene molecules in fluorene are in agreement with the predictions of long range resonance interaction. Comparisons are made with results of similar investigations of other systems.     

Electromagnetic calorimetry and e/γ performance in CMS

The European Physical Journal C - The electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at LHC will consist of about 76000 Lead Tungstate crystals. Its main purpose is the very precise energy...     

Jet reconstruction and jet properties at HERA

We discuss jet reconstruction methods with respect to their suitability forep collisions at HERA and study the expected properties of such jets. The results are based on complete event simulation using current models of jet evolution and hadronization in combination with experimentally tested jet algorithms. The effects of calorimeter resolution are illustrated by explicit simulation of the energy profile and fluctuations in a simplified, but realistic detector.