有机催化不对称[4+2]环加成反应*

有机催化不对称合成反应是目前国内外研究最为活跃的领域之一。不对称[4+2]环加成（Diels-Alder）反应是合成光学活性环状化合物的有效手段,目前报道的催化不对称Diels-Alder反应的有机催化剂主要有手性咪唑啉酮、手性Br?nsted酸、手性伯胺、金鸡纳碱衍生物等。本文对各类有机催化剂在有机催化不对称Diels-Alder反应中的应用研究进展,以及不对称诱导反应的机理进行了评述。     

铜催化炔丙醇酯与β-羰基膦酸酯的不对称[3+2]环加成反应合成手性膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃

手性2,3-二氢呋喃衍生物是一类重要的杂环化合物,广泛存在于天然产物和生物活性分子中.它们也经常被用于手性四氢呋喃化合物的不对称合成.因此,人们发展了很多合成手性2,3-二氢呋喃化合物的方法,如有机小分子催化的多米诺迈克尔-烷基化反应、“中断的”Feist-Bénary反应或改进的 Feist-Bénary反应.此外,过渡金属催化的手性2,3-二氢呋喃的不对称合成在近些年引起了人们的极大关注. Ozawa等通过 Pd-催化2,3-二氢呋喃的动力拆分方法获得了手性2-芳基-2,3-二氢呋喃. Evans发展了一种 Sc-催化联烯硅和乙醛酸乙酯的[3+2]环加成反应合成手性2,3-二氢呋喃的方法.最近, Fu和 Tang等发展了 Cu催化烯酮和重氮化合物的[4+1]环加成反应合成手性2,3-二氢呋喃的方法.在 Nishibayashi和 van Maarseveen的开创性工作之后, Cu催化的不对称炔丙基转化反应取得了很大的进展.最近,我们发展了一类新的三齿手性 P,N,N-配体,在 Cu催化不对称炔丙基取代、脱羧炔丙基取代、[3+2]、[3+3]和[4+2]环加成反应中表现出优秀的对映和非对映选择性.其中,我们发现采用 Cu催化炔丙醇酯和β-酮酯的[3+2]环加成反应,能高对映选择性地获得手性2,3-二氢呋喃.我们设想,采用β-羰基膦酸酯代替β-酮酯,通过这种 Cu催化[3+2]环加成反应,将可以合成一类具有重要生物活性的手性膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃化合物.基于这种设想,本文使用手性 P,N,N-配体,通过 Cu催化炔丙醇酯与β-羰基膦酸酯的不对称[3+2]环加成反应,以很好的收率和最高92% ee的对映选择性获得了一系列光学活性的膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃化合物.我们以炔丙醇酯1a与β-羰基膦酸酯2a为标准底物,优化了反应条件,考察了配体、Cu盐、碱和反应温度等对反应收率和对映选择性的影响.我们确定了最佳的反应条件：以4b为配体,以 Cu(OTf)2为铜盐,以t-BuOK为碱,以 MeOH为溶剂,–20oC反应24 h.在此条件下,我们对β-羰基磷酸酯2的适用范围进行了考察.结果表明,各种苯基取代的β-羰膦磷酸酯均能得到很好的收率和对映选择性.苯环上取代基的空间效应对反应的对映选择性影响不大,但对反应收率影响较大,与相应3-取代或4-取代底物相比较,2-取代的底物获得的收率较低.苯环对位取代基的电子效应对反应的影响不大,给电子基或吸电子基的底物,均得到了较好的收率和对映选择性.杂环取代的底物同样适用于该反应,以90%的收率和89% ee的对映选择性获得了相应的[3+2]环加成产物.对于烷基底物,虽然反应的产率略低,但是得到了高达92% ee的产物.此外,我们对炔丙醇酯底物的适用范围也进行了考察.结果表明,该体系对于各种取代的炔丙醇酯底物均可以获得较高的收率和良好的对映选择性.总之,本文发展了一种铜催化炔丙醇酯与β-羰基膦酸酯的不对称[3+2]环加成反应的方法,成功合成了手性膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃化合物.通过使用一个结构刚性的酮亚胺三齿 P,N,N-配体,以很好的收率和最高92% ee的对映选择性获得了一系列光学活性的膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃化合物.     

手性1,2-二氢吡啶化合物的合成研究进展

手性1,2-二氢吡啶化合物是重要的手性砌块, 可通过还原或环加成反应来方便构建药物分子中十分重要的手性含氮杂环化合物如哌啶等, 因此其高效合成对于新药研发具有重要的研究意义. 利用手性源和手性辅基诱导的策略需要使用化学计量的手性试剂, 发展不对称催化的方法来合成结构多样性的手性1,2-二氢吡啶化合物无疑十分重要. 自2004年报道首例对活化吡啶的不对称C2位亲核加成反应以来, 该策略被成功用于发展合成C2位芳基、烷基、炔基等取代的手性1,2-二氢吡啶化合物的不对称催化新方法. 最近, 一种新的基于亚胺不对称转化的串联反应策略也被设计开发用于多样性合成这类手性含氮杂环化合物. 本综述概述了相关研究进展, 并介绍了相关研究难点和未来的发展空间.     

钯催化三亚甲基甲烷的不对称[3+4]环加成反应:高区域选择性、高非对映选择性和高对映选择性构筑苯并呋喃[3,2-b]吖庚因

环加成反应是构建多官能团化环状化合物最直接、有效的方法之一.其中,三亚甲基甲烷(Trimethylenemethane,TMM)活性中间体被视为一类高效的三碳合成子.目前TMM已被广泛用于多种环加成反应,为一些重要的环状化合物以及天然化合物提供了高效、可靠的合成方法.早在1979年,Trost和Chan等[1]首次报道了Pd-TMM的[3+2]环加成反应.此后,钯催化TMM的多种催化不对称[3+2],[3+3]和[3+6]环加成反应相继得以实现[2,3],并为手性五元环、六元环及九元环类化合物提供了高效的合成策略.然而,对于钯催化TMM的不对称[3+4]环加成化反应——合成七元环状化合物的研究,目前尚无相关报道.其可能的主要原因是七元环状化合物的合成存在不利的熵效应和环化张力.     

铱催化环加成反应的研究进展

过渡金属催化环加成反应是合成单环及多环化合物的重要方法,也是有机化学的研究热点之一.综述了近年来铱催化环加成反应的研究进展,主要包括了[2+2+1],[2+2+2],[4+2],1,3-偶极环加成反应等,及少量关于[3+2+2],[3+2],[5+1]环加成反应的报道,并讨论了部分铱催化环加成反应机理.     

氮杂环卡宾催化烯酮与氰基查尔酮的[4+2]不对称环加成反应

报道了氮杂环卡宾催化烯酮与氰基查尔酮的[4+2]不对称环加成反应. 通过L-焦谷氨酸衍生的大位阻卡宾催化烯酮与氰基查尔酮反应,以良好的产率、良好的顺反选择性和优良的对映选择性得到相应的手性多取代二氢吡喃酮类化合物.     

环状烯酮与环状1-氮杂二烯的非对映及对映选择性[4+2]环加成反应

有机胺能催化环状烯酮化合物在多个位点发生不对称合成反应. 最近,我们发展了手性伯胺催化β-取代2-环戊烯酮与从糖精衍生的1-氮杂二烯的α’,γ-区域选择性的[5+3]形式环加成反应. 这里我们将报道采用β-取代2-环己烯酮或β-未取代2-环戊烯酮时,在手性伯胺催化下却与相同1-氮杂二烯发生完全不同的α’,β-区域选择性的不对称[4+2]环加成反应,生成高度官能团化的手性[2.2.2]或[2.2.1]桥环骨架结构. 重要的是利用不同类型的手性伯胺催化剂能够实现非对映选择性的反转,分别制备高立体选择性的endo-或exo-环加成产物.     

铜催化炔丙醇酯与β-羰基膦酸酯的不对称[3+2]环加成反应合成手性膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃（英文）

手性2,3-二氢呋喃衍生物是一类重要的杂环化合物,广泛存在于天然产物和生物活性分子中.它们也经常被用于手性四氢呋喃化合物的不对称合成.因此,人们发展了很多合成手性2,3-二氢呋喃化合物的方法,如有机小分子催化的多米诺迈克尔-烷基化反应、"中断的"Feist-Bénary反应或改进的Feist-Bénary反应.此外,过渡金属催化的手性2,3-二氢呋喃的不对称合成在近些年引起了人们的极大关注.Ozawa等通过Pd-催化2,3-二氢呋喃的动力拆分方法获得了手性2-芳基-2,3-二氢呋喃.Evans发展了一种Sc-催化联烯硅和乙醛酸乙酯的[3+2]环加成反应合成手性2,3-二氢呋喃的方法.最近,Fu和Tang等发展了Cu催化烯酮和重氮化合物的[4+1]环加成反应合成手性2,3-二氢呋喃的方法.在Nishibayashi和vanMaarseveen的开创性工作之后,Cu催化的不对称炔丙基转化反应取得了很大的进展.最近,我们发展了一类新的三齿手性P,N,N-配体,在Cu催化不对称炔丙基取代、脱羧炔丙基取代、[3+2]、[3+3]和[4+2]环加成反应中表现出优秀的对映和非对映选择性.其中,我们发现采用Cu催化炔丙醇酯和β-酮酯的[3+2]环加成反应,能高对映选择性地获得手性2,3-二氢呋喃.我们设想,采用β-羰基膦酸酯代替β-酮酯,通过这种Cu催化[3+2]环加成反应,将可以合成一类具有重要生物活性的手性膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃化合物.基于这种设想,本文使用手性P,N,N-配体,通过Cu催化炔丙醇酯与β-羰基膦酸酯的不对称[3+2]环加成反应,以很好的收率和最高92%ee的对映选择性获得了一系列光学活性的膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃化合物.我们以炔丙醇酯1a与β-羰基膦酸酯2a为标准底物,优化了反应条件,考察了配体、Cu盐、碱和反应温度等对反应收率和对映选择性的影响.我们确定了最佳的反应条件:以4b为配体,以Cu(OTf)_2为铜盐,以t-BuOK为碱,以MeOH为溶剂,–20oC反应24h.在此条件下,我们对β-羰基磷酸酯2的适用范围进行了考察.结果表明,各种苯基取代的β-羰膦磷酸酯均能得到很好的收率和对映选择性.苯环上取代基的空间效应对反应的对映选择性影响不大,但对反应收率影响较大,与相应3-取代或4-取代底物相比较,2-取代的底物获得的收率较低.苯环对位取代基的电子效应对反应的影响不大,给电子基或吸电子基的底物,均得到了较好的收率和对映选择性.杂环取代的底物同样适用于该反应,以90%的收率和89%ee的对映选择性获得了相应的[3+2]环加成产物.对于烷基底物,虽然反应的产率略低,但是得到了高达92%ee的产物.此外,我们对炔丙醇酯底物的适用范围也进行了考察.结果表明,该体系对于各种取代的炔丙醇酯底物均可以获得较高的收率和良好的对映选择性.总之,本文发展了一种铜催化炔丙醇酯与β-羰基膦酸酯的不对称[3+2]环加成反应的方法,成功合成了手性膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃化合物.通过使用一个结构刚性的酮亚胺三齿P,N,N-配体,以很好的收率和最高92%ee的对映选择性获得了一系列光学活性的膦酰化2,3-二氢呋喃化合物.     

三组分环加成反应

Stanford大学教授P .A .Wender的实验室发现了一种金属催化环加成反应。他们发现在有些金属催化的 [6 +2 ]环加成反应中 ,有一个副产物是由 [6 +2 - 1]过程生成的七元环化合物。Wender立即想到 ,[5 +2 ]反应可能会通过 [5 +2 +1]过程生成八元环。他们在一个铑催化的反应中证实了这个设想。当用很容易合成的乙烯基环丙烷和市场上就能买到的炔的衍生物在CO气氛下反应时 ,得到了八元环的产物。如图所示 ,由最初加合物的跨环闭合生成的双环辛烷酮的产率相当好三组分环加成反应@宋琦…     

配体参与的有机金属化合物对亚胺的不对称加成反应

手性胺类化合物是一类重要的有机化合物,在生物化学及药物合成中有广泛应用.有机金属化合物对亚胺的不对称加成反应是合成手性胺类化合物的重要方法之一.本文对近年来外加配体参与的有机金属化合物对亚胺的不对称加成反应,特别是催化合成手性胺类化合物的研究进展作一概述.     

The fascinating construction of pyridine ring systems by transition metal-catalysed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions

Cycloaddition reactions compose one of the most important classes of reactions when it comes to the simultaneous formation of several bonds in one reaction step. The de novo construction of carbocyclic aromatic systems from acetylenes was also found as an excellent possibility for the assembly of heteroaromatic systems. The transition metal-catalysed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction constitutes a fascinating tool for the synthesis of pyridines from nitriles and the most recent developments demonstrate the ability to control the substitution pattern as well as the possibility of introducing chirality by the use of achiral substrates and a chiral catalyst under mild conditions. In this tutorial review we are focusing on the de novo construction of pyridine ring systems by the transition metal-catalysed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. After surveying the mechanistic features and intermediates of the reaction depending on the different metal complexes used, we depict the preparation of achiral pyridine derivatives. The last section describes the advances in the synthesis of chiral pyridines and biaryls using the cyclotrimerization method. The various possibilities of introducing chirality by catalytic means are presented and illustrated by instructive examples. This review will be of interest for people active in: Organic Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry, Transition Metal Chemistry, Stereoselective Synthesis, Heterocyclic Chemistry.     

咪唑并吡啶类化合物的合成及其应用*

咪唑并吡啶类化合物具有与吲哚、氮杂吲哚等类似的特殊结构和良好的生物活性,在医药和农药工业有着广泛的应用,成为有机化学家和药物化学家的研究热点。咪唑并吡啶类化合物主要有咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶、咪唑并[4,5-c]吡啶、咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶和咪唑并[1,5-a]吡啶等4个类型。本文阐述了近年来咪唑并吡啶类化合物的合成研究进展和应用情况,主要介绍了咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶和咪唑并[4,5-c]吡啶这两类化合物的合成方法和在医药及农药领域的应用。     

Chiral N-phosphino sulfinamide ligands in rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions

The combination of cationic rhodium(I) complexes with N-phosphino tert-butylsulfinamides (PNSO) ligands is efficient for catalytic intra- and intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions. PNSO ligands are a new class of chiral bidentate ligands, which have the characteristic of combining the easily accessible sulfur chirality with the coordinating capacity of phosphorous. Cycloaddition of open-chained and macrocyclic E-enediynes with these chiral complexes have proved to be highly efficient in terms of yields, giving moderate enantiomeric excesses of the corresponding cyclohexadiene derivatives. In addition Rh(I)/PNSO complexes catalyzed the intermolecular cycloaddition of diynes with monoalkynes in mild reaction conditions and short reaction times.     

Enantioselective Synthesis of Distorted π-Extended Chiral Triptycenes Consisting of Three Distinct Aromatic Rings by Rhodium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition

The enantioselective synthesis of distorted π-extended chiral triptycenes, consisting of three distinct aromatic rings, has been achieved with high ee value of 87 % by the cationic rhodium(I)/segphos complex-catalyzed enantioselective [2+2+2] cycloaddition of 2,2′-di(prop-1-yn-1-yl)-5,5′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl with 6-methoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene followed by the diastereoselective Diels–Alder reaction and aromatization. Demethoxy derivatives were also synthesized by the C−O bond cleavage. In this synthesis, the use of the electron-deficient diyne and the electron-rich alkene is crucial to suppress the undesired strain-relieving carbocation rearrangement and stabilize the distorted triptycene structure.     

Nickel-catalyzed dehydrogenative [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,3-dienes with nitriles

Pyridines, which comprise one of the most important classes of the six-membered heterocyclic compounds, are widely distributed in nature, and the transition-metal-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of two alkynes and a nitrile is one of the most powerful methods for preparing versatile, highly substituted pyridine derivatives. However, the lack of chemo- and regioselectivity is still a crucial issue associated with fully intermolecular [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition. The present study developed the Ni(0)-catalyzed intermolecular dehydrogenative [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,3-butadienes with nitriles to give a variety of pyridines regioselectively.     

Metal‐Free Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyridines by Formal [2+2+2] Cycloaddition under Mild Conditions

The synthesis of pyridines through direct intermolecular cycloaddition of alkynes and nitriles is a contemporary challenge in organic synthesis. A Brønsted acid mediated formal [2+2+2] cycloaddition of heteroalkynes and nitriles was developed that proceeds under mild conditions. This constitutes a modular approach to highly substituted pyridine cores.     

A strategy for the synthesis of 2-aryl-3-dimethylaminopyrazolo-[3,4-c]pyridines that utilizes [4+1] cycloaddition reactions of 5-arylazo-2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines

In order to explore the viability and generality of a recently uncovered [4+1] cycloaddition based strategy for the preparation of pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine derivatives, members of a series of 5-arylazo-2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines were prepared by reactions of 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals with 3-oxo-3-phenylpropionitrile. The results show that 3-oxo-3-phenylpropionitrile reacts with hydrazone substrates, which do not contain electron-withdrawing substituents on the N-aryl ring of the arylhydrazone moieties, to efficiently produce 6-aryl-2-phenyl-5-arylazonicotinonitriles. In contrast, 2-amino-6-aryl-5-arylazo-3-benzoylpyridines are generated in reactions of 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals, which contain electron-withdrawing substituents on the N-aryl moiety. In the forecasted manner, the 6-aryl-2-phenyl-5-arylazonicotinonitriles undergo smooth reactions with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF-DMA) that led to formation of a new class of 2-aryl-3-dimethylaminopyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridines. The mechanism for this process involves a [4+1] cycloaddition reaction that takes place through initial nucleophilic addition of dimethylamino)methoxycarbene, generated from DMF-DMA, to the azadiene moiety of the arylazopyridines followed by cyclization of the formed zwitterionic intermediate.     

Design,Synthesis and Late-Stage Modification of Indane-Based Peptides via [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization

Here, we prepared several dipeptides containing 2-aminoindane-2-carboxylic acid (Aic) and carried out further synthetic transformations. Synthesis and purification of modified peptides by using [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization is a challenging task. We are able to modify the unusual amino acids and peptide derivatives by late-stage incorporation of benzylhalo functionality. To incorporate benzylhalo moiety we used [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization in the presence of Mo(CO)₆. These halo derivatives are potential substrates for further modification by Sonogashira reaction, Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, sultine formation, and the Diels–Alder reaction sequence.     

Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetra-ortho-Substituted Axially Chiral Biaryls through Rhodium-Catalyzed Double [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition

[reaction: see text] We have established an enantioselective synthesis of both C2 symmetric and unsymmetric tetra-ortho-substituted axially chiral biaryls through rhodium-catalyzed double [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition (up to >99% ee). This method serves as an attractive new route to enantioenriched tetra-ortho-substituted axially chiral biaryls in view of the one-step access to substrate diynes and tetraynes starting from readily available alkynes.     

Metal Free Access to Polysubstituted Pyrimidines via Nitrile Activation and [2+2+2] Cycloaddition

Tf₂O mediated intermolecular / intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition between alkynes and nitriles has been developed for efficient construction of polysubstituted pyrimidines and bicyclopyrimidines. In presence of Tf₂O, aza-allene species were generated in situ through nitrile activation and subsequently participated in the [2+2+2] cycloaddition, which was fully supported by deuteration experiments. The reaction had good substrate extensibility with moderate to excellent yield including trimethylsilylalkynes. The method was utilized as a synthetic tool in the preparation of a luminescent metal complex.