Optimal design of multi-purpose beam-columns

The paper deals with the optimal design of an elastic pinended member of given volume that is to serve as a beam for a part of its design life and as a column for the rest. The optimal design can be interpreted in two ways. Firstly, it is the design that has the maximum Euler buckling load in column action, subject to a prescribed maximum deflection as a beam. Secondly, it is the design that has the least deflection as a beam under a midspan concentrated load, subject to a minimum permissible Euler buckling load in column action. The effectiveness of the optimal design is judged by comparing it with a prismatic bar of the same volume.     

Optimal design of multi-purpose tie-beams

The paper presents a solution of the problem of minimizing the maximum deflection of a simply-supported beam under a transverse concentrated load. The volume (mass) of the beam is given, as is the maximum longitudinal elongation if the beam were to act as a tie. An optimal design for two requirements (beam and tie action) not only unifies the design procedure of mass-produced structural-mechanical elements, but also provides a practically acceptable design, in the sense that the resulting shape does not vanish at any point along its length, a drawback of many optimal designs for a single requirement. However, it is shown that, for cross sections of solid construction, as opposed to those of sandwich construction, the constraint on longitudinal elongation is weaker than on the (finite) maximum stress. The effectiveness of the optimal design is judged by comparing it with a prismatic member of the same volume.     

非保守力作用下杆的塑性动态稳定性

本文用Liapunov第二方法分析非保守力作用下直杆的塑性动态稳定性.杆处于粘性阻尼介质中,并受到切向均布的随动载荷作用.分析中在应力-应变关系中引入了应变率效应.导出了一个稳定性条件,并求出了临界失稳载荷,讨论了应变率效应对杆的稳定性的影响.     

Non-linear hypotheses of deformation of flat cross sections of elastic sandwich beam.

The main goal of the paper is a comparison of three non-linear hypotheses of deformation of flat cross sections of an elastic sandwich beam. Three-layered simply supported beam is under uniformly distributed load (pressure). Studied beam has two faces and a metal foam core. Mechanical properties of the isotropic metal foam core of the beam vary across the thickness of the beam. Fields of displacements (geometric models of non-linear hypotheses) are described. The results of solution of the deflection problem are presented at Figures. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

复合荷载下波纹圆板的非线性分析*

本文按照各向同性和正交各向异性圆板的大挠度理论,研究了具有光滑中心的波纹圆板在均布和中心集中荷载联合作用下的非线性弯曲问题.应用修正迭代法,我们得到了夹紧固定和滑动固定两种边界条件下十分精确的解析解.     

矩形板的侧屈

本文研究矩形板的侧向屈曲问题.文中分别讨论了有集中力,均布荷载及集中力偶作用之下矩形板发生侧向屈曲时的最小临界荷载.文中使用了能量法.     

Minimum weight design of elastic cables

This paper is concerned with the minimum weight design of an elastic cable of variable cross section with both ends positioned at the same level. The cable is under the action of a uniformly distributed load. With the deflection of the cable given and the stress in the cable restricted, our objective is to determine the optimum distribution of the cross section. Calculus of variations with equality and inequality constraints is employed to find the necessary conditions of optimality. Efficiency of the optimum design evaluated from the comparison of an optimum cable with an equivalent cable of uniform cross section is studied. The best sag-span ratio of the optimum cable is also determined.     

Optimization of structural design

Typical problems of optimal structural design are discussed to indicate mathematical techniques used in this field. An introductory example (Section 2) concerns the design of a beam for prescribed maximal deflection and shows how suitable discretization may lead to a problem of nonlinear programming, in this case, convex programming. The problem of optimal layout of a truss (Section 3) is discussed at some length. A new method of establishing optimality criteria (Section 4) is illustrated by the optimal design of a statically indeterminate beam of segmentwise constant or continuously varying cross section for given deflection under a single concentrated load. Other applications of this method (Section 5) are briefly discussed, and a simple example of multipurpose design (Section 6) concludes the paper.     

Axisymmetric buckling of laminated thick annular spherical cap

Axisymmetric buckling analysis is presented for moderately thick laminated shallow annular spherical cap under transverse load. Buckling under central ring load and uniformly distributed transverse load, applied statically or as a step function load is considered. The central circular opening is either free or plugged by a rigid central mass or reinforced by a rigid ring. Annular spherical caps have been analysed for clamped and simple supports with movable and immovable inplane edge conditions. The governing equations of the Marguerre-type, first order shear deformation shallow shell theory (FSDT), formulated in terms of transverse deflection w, the rotation ψ of the normal to the midsurface and the stress function Φ, are solved by the orthogonal point collocation method. Typical numerical results for static and dynamic buckling loads for FSDT are compared with the classical lamination theory and the dependence of the effect of the shear deformation on the thickness parameter for various boundary conditions is investigated.     

Mathematical solution for bending of short hybrid composite beams with variable fibers spacing

In this study, the static response is presented for a simply supported functionally graded hybrid beam subjected to a transverse uniform load. Material properties of the beam are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. By varying the fiber volume fraction within a symmetric laminated beam and combining two fiber types to create a hybrid functionally graded material (FGM) can offer desirable increases in axial and bending stiffness. The equations governing the hybrid FGM beams are determined using the principle of virtual work (PVW) arising from the higher order shear deformation theories. Numerical results on the transverse deflection, axial and shear stresses in a moderately thick hybrid FGM beam under uniform distributed load are discussed in depth. The effect of power-law exponent on the deflection and stresses are also commented.     

有限位移理论的功的互等定理及其应用

提出了有限位移理论三维线弹性力学的功的互等定理.基于这一定理,导出了大挠度弯曲矩形板的功的互等定理.同时,应用简化矩形板的定理,直接得到了大挠度板条的功的互等定理.作为应用,计算了在均载作用下两端固定大挠度板条的弯曲和在均载作用下4边固定大挠度矩形板的弯曲.计算表明,根据弯曲薄板大挠度功的互等定理,大挠度弯曲矩形板可应用小挠度的相应基本解得以简单解决.     

On the integral equation method for buckling loads

An initial value method for the integral equation of the column is presented for determining the buckling load of columns. The differential equation of the column is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation. An initial value problem is derived for this integral equation, which is reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations with prescribed initial conditions in order to find the Fredholm resolvent. The singularities of the resolvent occur at the eigenvalues. Integration of the equations proceeds until the integrals become excessively large, indicating that a critical load has been reached. To check this method, numerical results are given for two examples, for which the critical load is well known. One is the Euler load of a simply supported beam, and the other case is the buckling load of a cantilever beam under its own weight. The advantage of this initial value method is that it can be applied easily to solve other nonlinear problems for which the critical loads are unknown. This approach will be illustrated in future papers.     

A variational approach for large deflection of ends supported nanorod under a uniformly distributed load,using intrinsic coordinate finite elements

This paper presents a variational formulation that can be used for large deflection analysis of ends supported nanorod including the coupled effects of nonlocal elasticity and surface stress under a uniformly distributed load. The variational formulation involving the strain energy due to bending of nonlocal elasticity including the surface stress effect and virtual work done by a uniformly distributed load, is expressed in terms of the intrinsic coordinates. The Lagrange multiplier technique is applied to impose the boundary conditions which accomplished in the formulation. The validity of the variational approach is ensured by Euler's equation, which identical to the one derived by the force equilibrium consideration of an infinitesimal nanorod segment. The finite element method and Newton–Raphson iterative procedure based on the variational formulation are used to solve a system of nonlinear equations. Moreover, the very large deflection configurations of ends supported nanorod are highlighted in this study.     

Minimum-weight design of elastic sandwich beams with deflection constraints

In this paper, minimum-weight design of an elastic sandwich beam with a prescribed deflection constraint at a given point is investigated. The analysis is based on geometrical considerations using then-dimensional space of discretized specific bending stiffness. Since the present method of analysis is different from the method based on the calculus of variations, the conditions of piecewise continuity and differentiability on specific bending stiffness can be relaxed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality are derived for both statically determinate and statically indeterminate beams. Beams subject to a single loading and beams subject to multiple loadings are analyzed. The degree to which the optimality condition renders the solution unique is discussed. To illustrate the method of solution, two examples are presented for minimum-weight designs under dual loading of a simply supported beam and a beam built in at both ends. The present analysis is also extended to the following problems: (a) optimal design of a beam built in at both ends with piecewise specific stiffness and a prescribed deflection constraint and (b) minimum-cost design of a sandwich beam with prescribed deflection constraints.The results presented in this paper were obtained in the course of research supported partly by the US Army Research Office, Durham, North Carolina, Research Grant No. DA-ARO-31-G1008, and partly by the Office of Naval Research, Contract No. N00014-67-A-0109-0003, Task No. NR 064-496. The authors wish to express their thanks to Professor H. Halkin for pointing out the applicability of optimal control theory to the present problem and to Professor W. Prager for his valuable suggestions.     

矩形板不对称侧向屈曲中若干问题

本文用能量法研究了矩形板不对称侧向屈曲的几个问题,文中讨论了具有不对称支承的矩形板分别在有集中力,均布荷载及集中力偶作用之下发生不对称侧向屈曲时的最小的临界荷载.     

基于非局部应变梯度理论功能梯度纳米板的弯曲和屈曲研究

以纳米机器人等智能器件中的功能梯度纳米板结构为研究对象,基于非局部应变梯度理论,研究了其弯曲和屈曲问题.推导了一般情况下的功能梯度纳米板运动方程,弯曲和屈曲作为其特例可简化而成.分析了非局部尺度参数、材料特征尺度参数、梯度指数、纳米板尺寸等对弯曲挠度和临界屈曲载荷的影响.结果表明:不同高阶连续介质力学理论下的最大挠度都...     

悬臂板侧屈中的几个问题

本文用能量法研究悬臂矩形板侧向屈曲中的几个问题.文中分别讨论了有集中力,均布荷载,三角形分布荷载及集中力偶作用之下悬臂矩形板发生侧向屈曲时的最小临界荷载.     

圆薄板大挠度问题的摄动参数

本文研究了在用正规摄动法求解均布载荷下的圆薄板大挠度问题时,与载荷,挠度,转角,内力等有关的各种摄动参数,并对一般摄动参数情形用变分原理求得了解答本文从实验的角度阐明了各参数的适用范围,结果表明,相应的解答与用中心挠度为参数的解有较好的一致性;对均布载荷的情形,中心挠度仍可看做是较为合适的摄动参数;本文推荐的摄动参数及用变分原理确定摄动解的方法,具有普遍的适用性,可以用来处理载荷联合作用等更为复杂的情形.     

Novel closed – form solutions in buckling of inhomogeneous columns under distributed variable loading

In this study we consider buckling of columns with variable stiffness, under axially distributed loading varying polynomially. The objective is to obtain closed – form solutions for the buckling load. The problem is posed in inverse setting: determine the column’s stiffness, so that it has the given, polynomial, buckling mode. Four sets of boundary conditions are investigated. Some perplexing results are obtained, namely, that irrespective of boundary conditions, the critical load of the column is the same; this occurs in conjunction with the fact that the obtained distribution for stiffness is different for each set of boundary conditions.     

Static analysis of functionally graded beams using higher order shear deformation theory

Displacement field based on higher order shear deformation theory is implemented to study the static behavior of functionally graded metal–ceramic (FGM) beams under ambient temperature. FGM beams with variation of volume fraction of metal or ceramic based on power law exponent are considered. Using the principle of stationary potential energy, the finite element form of static equilibrium equation for FGM beam is presented. Two stiffness matrices are thus derived so that one among them will reflect the influence of rotation of the normal and the other shear rotation. Numerical results on the transverse deflection, axial and shear stresses in a moderately thick FGM beam under uniform distributed load for clamped–clamped and simply supported boundary conditions are discussed in depth. The effect of power law exponent for various combination of metal–ceramic FGM beam on the deflection and stresses are also commented. The studies reveal that, depending on whether the loading is on the ceramic rich face or metal rich face of the beam, the static deflection and the static stresses in the beam do not remain the same.