超声弯曲疲劳试验方法及其应用

在三点弯曲超声疲劳试验方法的基础上开发了对称弯曲超声疲劳试验系 统. 介绍了对称弯曲超声疲劳试样的设计及其加工误差的影响,并利用对称弯曲超声疲劳系 统(20\,KHz)测定了50$^{\#}$车轴钢的$S$-$N$曲线. 结果表明,50$^{\#}$车轴 钢的$S$-$N$曲线是一条连续下降型曲线. 与对称拉压加载下50$^{\# }$车轴钢的$S$-$N$曲线对比结果表明,在高周阶段,加载方式对疲劳性能有明显 影响,而在超高周阶段,加载方式无明显影响.     

中碳结构钢微动疲劳性能的研究

考察了ＪＺ钢微动疲劳性能以及微动频率和接触压力等因素对微动疲劳寿命的影响,采用宏观力学试验与微观分析结合的方法探讨了ＪＺ钢微动疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展机制．     

40Cr钢疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的测量

用系统分析的方法，通过三点弯曲疲劳试验，分别跟踪监测了40Cr钢及它的两种表面处理试样疲劳损伤过程，得出了40Cr钢经过两种表面处理对其疲劳裂纹萌生寿命有显著影响的结果，提出了对疲劳裂纹萌生寿命测量的一种新方法。     

超长寿命热—超声疲劳行为

工作频率在15－30kHz的超声疲劳技术是一种可以获取十亿周级以上超长寿命疲劳数据的可行而有效的方法。试件在高频超声载荷作用下会不可避免地产生摩擦生热。本文在研究球墨铸铁材料的超高周疲劳性能的同时，利用一种非接触红外线自动测温系统对整个实验过程中的试件进行了温度测试，实验表明超长寿命试件的温度变化可由两段组成：①10^7周前的温度徙升及随后的短暂下降；②10^7周后的相对温度平衡稳定。研究还进一步探讨了超长寿命疲劳的温度和频率效应。     

回火温度对40Cr钢疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的影响

用系统分析的方法，通过三点弯曲疲劳试验，以数值描述的方式，在线跟踪了40Cr钢及其在三种回火温度下疲劳裂纹萌生过程的疲劳损伤，实验结果表明：随着回火处理温度的提高，40Cr钢的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命都有不同程度的提高．但裂纹萌生寿命在低于450℃的温度范围里，随着回火温度的提高，裂纹萌生寿命有明显的提高，在450℃至580℃范围内，随回火温度的上升，裂纹萌生寿命则没有明显的增加．     

30CrNi4MoA新钢材结构疲劳特性和寿命研究

本文对我国最新研制成功的高强度、高韧性钢30CrNi4MoA 和40CrNiMoA 钢,进行了对比疲劳试验和分析比较,然后进行了疲劳寿命估算.试验和分析结果表明:新研制的30CrNi4MoA 钢比传统的40CrNiMoA 钢疲劳性能优越,而且比国外同类型的30NCD16钢疲劳性能好.     

LZ50车轴钢疲劳短裂纹萌生的数值模拟

针对LZ50车轴钢的疲劳短裂纹应用数值方法对疲劳短裂纹在LZ50车轴钢中的萌生进行了数值模拟.利用二维Voronoi图随机地生成了该材料的微观结构.根据对疲劳试样所施加的载荷,结合有限元法得到了该微观结构中应力和应变的分布规律.最后利用材料的疲劳S-N曲线和裂纹萌生的概率方法给出了在不同循环周次下LZ50钢中疲劳短裂纹的萌生过程.该数值模拟的结果可用于进一步分析LZ50车轴钢中疲劳短裂纹的扩展和群体演化行为.文中还指出在单向拉压的工况下,短裂纹的萌生方向主要受到与载荷方向相一致的应变影响,最大剪应变方向萌生方向的夹角为45°.     

航空发动机钛合金材料的高周和超高周疲劳性能研究1）

通过对航空发动机空心风扇叶片用Ti-6Al-4V 随炉试样的高周和超高周疲劳试验研究,揭示了Ti-6Al-4V 材料在10⁷ 循环周次以上同样会发生疲劳破坏. 采用三参数幂函数寿命曲线拟合了高周和超高周的疲劳性能数据,发现可以较好地将两种试验下的数据衔接起来,结果显示在此试验条件下基于超声的超高周疲劳试验的频率效应可以忽略. 通过断口分析表明,超高周试样在试样表面没有缺陷的情况下,裂纹大多数是从材料内部或次表面萌生,而高周疲劳试样的裂纹是从材料表面开始萌生.     

Cr4Mo4V轴承钢滚动接触疲劳和磨损性能研究

通过球棒滚动接触疲劳(RCF)试验机,研究了Cr4Mo4V轴承钢在4050润滑油润滑和0.18滑滚比条件下的滚动接触疲劳和磨损性能.结果表明:Cr4Mo4V钢的应力-寿命(S-N)曲线数据分散性较大,疲劳寿命随着应力增加呈下降趋势.Cr4Mo4V钢滚动接触磨损主要为磨料磨损,黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,随着应力和时间增加磨损体积增加,滚道凹槽深度达到17μm.通过光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察试样棒剖面与滚道交界处疲劳裂纹,发现疲劳破坏类型主要有两种:起源于表面的剥落(SOF)和起源于白蚀区的剥落(WSF).通过滚道径向切割抛光酸蚀显示Cr4Mo4V钢滚动接触疲劳影响区,随着应力和循环接触次数的增加,在次表层依次发现黑蚀区(DER)、白蚀区(WEA)和蝴蝶组织(BW).表面碳化物的剥落坑,黏着磨损和疲劳磨损的凹坑导致了表面起裂、白蚀区和蝴蝶组织中的碳化物和夹杂导致微裂纹的产生,链状碳化物使裂纹往深处扩展.     

关于中低应力强度因子范围疲劳裂纹扩展速率的研究

本文对 PCrNi_3MoVA(ESR)进行了常规性能、低周疲劳性能及疲劳裂纹扩展速率的试验,并且基于疲劳裂纹尖端区域应力、应变分析,应用累积损伤理论,提出一个估算疲劳裂纹扩展速率的简便方法.     

Fatigue life assessment of a high strength steel 300 M in the gigacycle regime

The fatigue behavior of a high strength steel 300 M in the gigacycle regime was investigated. Fully reversed tension — compression fatigue tests at ambient temperature were performed using an ultrasonic fatigue system operating at 20 kHz. The staircase test method was employed to obtain accurate values of the mean fatigue strength corresponding to fixed numbers of cycles up to 10⁹. These results were compared to the curve which is estimated by the data tested in the mid-long life regime on conventional servo hydraulic test machine at 20 Hz. Results indicate that the fatigue strength determined from ultrasonic fatigue testing is lightly higher than conventional testing in the range of 10⁶–10⁷ cycles. It is obvious that nucleations of fractures tend to occur below the surface, if fractures happen after more than 10⁷ cycles. All the fractured specimens fails from internal SiO₂ inclusions or smaller carbides and carbide clusters.     

试样疲劳性能尺度效应的概率控制体积方法

试样尺度、缺口和加载方式通常对材料的疲劳性能具有重要影响. 因此,发展关联试样尺度、缺口和加载方式对疲劳强度影响的方法对于从材料疲劳性能到结构件疲劳性能的预测具有重要意义.首先,采用旋转弯曲加载和轴向加载方式对不同几何形状EA4T车轴钢试样进行了疲劳实验.实验结果表明, 由于试样尺度的增加,轴向加载下狗骨形试样的疲劳强度明显低于沙漏形试样; 相同寿命下,缺口显著降低试样的疲劳强度. 疲劳断口扫描电镜观测结果表明,疲劳裂纹均起源于试样表面.沙漏形试样和狗骨形试样疲劳断口大多只有一个裂纹源,而缺口试样疲劳断口均具有多裂纹源特征. 然后,采用概率控制体积方法研究了试样尺度、缺口和加载方式对疲劳强度的影响,并与临界距离和应变能密度方法进行了比较. 结果表明,概率控制体积方法能够更好地关联试样尺度、缺口和加载方式对EA4T车轴钢疲劳强度的影响.最后, 提出一种基于控制体积的结构件疲劳强度预测方法,并用于具有不连续高应力区域车轴钢试样的疲劳强度预测,预测结果与实验结果 吻合.      

New model of propagation rates of long crack due to structure fatigue

By comparison of the characteristics of existing models for long fatigue crack propagation rates, a new model, called the generalized passivation-lancet model for long fatigue crack propagation rates （GPLFCPR）, and a general formula for characterizing the process of crack growth rates are proposed based on the passivation-lancet theory. The GPLFCPR model overcomes disadvantages of the existing models and can describe the rules of the entire fatigue crack growth process from the cracking threshold to the critical fracturing point effectively with explicit physical meaning. It also reflects the influence of material characteristics, such as strength parameters, fracture parameters and heat treatment. Experimental results obtained by testing LZ50 steel, AlZnMgCu0.5, 0.5Cr0.5Mo0.25V steel, etc., show good consistency with the new model. The GPLFCPR model is valuable in theoretical research and practical applications.     

GCr15钢超声微动疲劳性能研究

由微动产生的裂纹萌生对钢组件的疲劳强度具有重要影响。本文选择GCr15轴承钢,在20kHz超声疲劳试验机提供的循环载荷作用下,测试其超长寿命微动疲劳性能。试验结果显示,在109循环周次下微动疲劳强度影响因子达到0.37。通过电子扫描电镜观察试件磨损面和微动疲劳断口,并分析了高频超长寿命微动疲劳断裂机理。高周疲劳裂纹通常会在磨损面的粘着区与滑移区交界处萌生,超高周疲劳裂纹在粘着区内萌生。微动磨损面的面积以及磨损面的粘着区都随着试件疲劳寿命的增加而增加。     

Effect of low cycle fatigue pre-damage on very high cycle fatigue

Carbon-manganese steel is often applied in components of pipes in nuclear plant. Ultrasonic fatigue tests following low cycle fatigue (LCF) cycles damaged are used to study the strength of very high cycle fatigure (VHCF). The comparison of test results of simple VHCF and cumulative fatigue (LCF plus VHCF) shows that LCF load influences the following VHCF strength. Continuum damage mechanics model is extended to VHCF region. The effect of LCF load on VHCF is studied by an improved cumulative damage model.     

New method for measuring random thresholds of long fatigue crack propagation

A so-called "local probabilistic Paris relation method" was presented for measuring the random thresholds of long fatigue crack propagation. A check was made to the conventional method, in which the thresholds were measured statistically and directly by the test data. It was revealed that this method was not reasonable because the test data have seldom a unified level of crack growth rates. Differently,in the presented method the Paris-Erdogan equation was applied to model the local test data around the thresholds. Local probabilistic relations with both the survival probability and the confidence were established on a lognormal distribution of the stress density factors. And then, the probabilistic thresholds were derived from the probabilistic factors with a given critical level of growth rate. An analysis on the test data of LZ50 axle steel for the Chinese railway vehicles verifies that the present method is feasible and available.     

NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING RANDOM THRESHOLDS F LONG FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION

A so-called "local probabilistic Paris relation method" was presented for measuring the random thresholds of long fatigue crack propagation. A check was made to the conventional method, in which the thresholds were measured statistically and directly by the test data. It was revealed that this method was not reasonable because the test data have seldom a unified level of crack growth rates. Differently,in the presented method the Paris-Erdogan equation was applied to model the local test data around the thresholds. Local probabilistic relations with both the survival probability and the confidence were established on a lognormal distribution of the stress density factors.And then, the probabilistic thresholds were derived from the probabilistic factors with a given critical level of growth rate. An analysis on the test data of LZ50 axle steel for the Chinese railway vehicles verifies that the present method is feasible and available.     

Current understanding of ultra-high cycle fatigue

The fatigue life of numerous aerospace, locomotive, automotive and biomedical structures may go beyond 10⁸ cycles. Determination of long life fatigue behavior becomes extremely important for better understanding and design of the components and structures. Initially, before the invention of ultrasonic fatigue testing, most of the engineering materials were supposed to exhibit fatigue life up to 10⁷ cycles or less. This paper reviews current understanding of some fundamental aspects on the development of accelerated fatigue testing method and its application in ultra-high cycle fatigue, crack initiation and growth mechanisms of internal fracture, S-N diagram, fatigue limit and life prediction, etc.