Perception of acoustic scale and size in musical instrument sounds

There is size information in natural sounds. For example, as humans grow in height, their vocal tracts increase in length, producing a predictable decrease in the formant frequencies of speech sounds. Recent studies have shown that listeners can make fine discriminations about which of two speakers has the longer vocal tract, supporting the view that the auditory system discriminates changes on the acoustic-scale dimension. Listeners can also recognize vowels scaled well beyond the range of vocal tracts normally experienced, indicating that perception is robust to changes in acoustic scale. This paper reports two perceptual experiments designed to extend research on acoustic scale and size perception to the domain of musical sounds: The first study shows that listeners can discriminate the scale of musical instrument sounds reliably, although not quite as well as for voices. The second experiment shows that listeners can recognize the family of an instrument sound which has been modified in pitch and scale beyond the range of normal experience. We conclude that processing of acoustic scale in music perception is very similar to processing of acoustic scale in speech perception.     

利用维纳滤波改善声透镜光声成像系统的分辨率

为了克服衍射效应对光声成像系统分辨率的限制,需要采用逆卷积方法进行图像反演.从理论上分析了声透镜成像原理,模拟仿真了声透镜的点扩展函数对声透镜成像系统分辨率的影响和维纳滤波解卷积方法复原光声成像的过程,并利用自搭建的声透镜光声成像系统进行了深入的实验研究,得到了物平面上相距4 mm和3 mm的两个黑胶带点的直接成像光声...     

High frequency shear horizontal plate acoustic wave devices

It has been shown recently that shear horizontal acoustic waves propagating in piezoelectric plates whose thickness h is much less than the acoustic wavelength λ possess a number of attractive properties for use in sensor and signal processing applications. In order to exploit the potential benefits of these waves, however, one needs to fabricate devices on very thin plates. We have developed a suitable fabrication method which can be used to realize devices on such thin plates. In this method, the device is first fabricated on a plate of normal thickness (approximately 500 μm) and the substrate is then lapped from the back side to reduce the thickness. The technique has been utilized to realize devices on plates of thickness less than 70 μm. A shear horizontal plate acoustic wave (SH-PAW) delay line of fundamental resonant frequency greater than 25 MHz and insertion loss less than 7 dB has been realized on a 60 μm thick Y – cut, X – propagation lithium niobate substrate. The device also shows strong response near the third harmonic frequency of 75 MHz.     

传声器阵列对高频弱声源的声成像识别方法

研究了传声器阵列对高频弱声源的识别定位方法。该方法根据高频声源的指向性和阵列探测特性等特点,提出了利用信噪比加权方法提高有效阵元对声成像的贡献,根据信噪比的大小对每个阵元添加不同的权值,可以显著提高传声器阵列对高频弱声源的声像清晰度。仿真分析了阵元加权和不加权两种方法对阵列声成像结果的影响,以某型号笔记本电脑电路板噪声为对象进行的实验表明,在阵列测量中充分利用有效阵元信号可以实现对声压级低达10~20dB的微弱噪声源的精确测量。      

近场浅海舰船目标定位精度实验研究

根据聚焦波束形成声图处理方法在实际海上测量的特点,提出用系统时延差校准、基阵倾角修正、深度测量、分频段目标定位等多种方法克服测量系统及环境的各种不利因素,实现舰船目标高精度定位。采用声图计算结果与GPS记录值对比、声图计算结果与GPS记录值的正横距对比两种方法进行了聚焦波束形成声图法精度的实验验证,经验证聚焦波束形成声图处理方法在浅海测量区有较高的定位精度。其最大正横距差值可以达到2.9 m,均值0.93 m,从而实现舰船目标高分辨精确定位。      

增强型双通道实时联想存储系统的研究

首次将多通道并行处理的概念引入联想存储系统中，提出一个带有ＣＣＤ摄像机、图像卡、微机及液晶光阈等控制与输入设备，并以液晶电光开关作为取阈反馈装置的双通道联想系统。系统存储方式采用计算机磁盘充当外部图像库存储大量参考图像，而在系统内一点只存储一幅图像。     

载人潜水器“蛟龙”号的水声通信信号处理

蛟龙号的水声通信机实现了世界上首次7000 m深度的潜器与母船间的图像、语音、数据和文字的水声通信传输。研究了适用于载人潜水器的水声通信信号处理。(1)它有4种通信功能:1)相干水声通信,传输速率为5~15 kbps,用于传输图像;2)非相干水声通信,传输速率300 bps,传输文字、指令和数据;3)扩频水声通信,传输速率16 bps,传输指令;4)水声语音通信,采用单边带调制技术传输语音。(2)相干水声通信信号处理方法主要是自适应多普勒补偿的多通道自优化判决反馈自适应均衡器,它与Turbo码级联工作,同时采用定长编码的小波图像压缩方法。(3)声呐线阵吊放至水中一定深度,实现空间分集合并技术。(4)太平洋水域试验表明,水声通信机的作用距离几乎覆盖了所有地球海洋的深度,7s或14s传输一幅光图或声图。      

FEM calculation of an acoustic field in a sonochemical reactor

The spatial distribution of the acoustic amplitude in a sonochemical reactor has been numerically calculated using the finite element method (FEM). In the FEM program, the acoustic field in a sonochemical reactor is coupled with the vibration of the reactor's wall. The present calculations have revealed that the thin (thick) glass or stainless steel wall is nearly a free (rigid) boundary and that the glass wall is freer than the stainless steel wall. The influence of the attenuation coefficient of ultrasound on the acoustic field has also been studied in order to see the effect of bubbles on the acoustic field. As the attenuation coefficient increases, the vibration amplitude of the reactor's wall becomes smaller and the acoustic emission from the vibrating wall becomes weaker. The qualitative feature of the spatial pattern of sonochemiluminescence from an aqueous luminol solution has been reproduced by the calculation when the attenuation coefficient is in the range of 0.5-5m(-1). When the attenuation coefficient is less than about 0.05 m(-1), the standing wave pattern of an acoustic field in the liquid is very complex due to the acoustic emission from the vibrating wall. The present calculations have also revealed that some stripes of pressure antinodes have also been disconnected when the radius of the transducer is much smaller than the side length of the vibrating plate. The dependence of the acoustic field on the liquid height is also discussed.     

Identification of aero-acoustic scattering matrices from large eddy simulation. Application to a sudden area expansion of a duct

A methodology is presented which allows to determine the coefficients of transmission and reflection of plane acoustic waves at flow discontinuities in piping systems by combining large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent compressible flows with system identification. The method works as follows. At first, an LES with external, broadband excitation of acoustic waves is carried out. Time series of acoustic data are extracted from the computed flow field and analyzed with system identification techniques in order to determine the acoustic scattering coefficients for a range of frequencies. The combination of broadband excitation with highly parallelized LES makes the overall approach quite efficient, despite the difficulties associated with simulation of low-Mach number compressible flows. The method is very general, here it is applied to study the scattering behavior of acoustic waves at a sudden change in cross-section in a duct system. The complex aero-acoustic interactions between acoustic waves and free shear layers are captured in detail by high resolution compressible LES, such that the scattering coefficients can be determined accurately from first principles. In order to demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of the method, the results for the scattering behavior and the acoustic impedance are presented and physically interpreted in combination with several analytical models and experimental data.     

Toward an adjustable nonlinear low frequency acoustic absorber

A study of the targeted energy transfer (TET) phenomenon between an acoustic resonator and a thin viscoelastic membrane has recently been presented in the paper [R. Bellet et al., Experimental study of targeted energy transfer from an acoustic system to a nonlinear membrane absorber, Journal of Sound and Vibration 329 (2010) 2768-2791], providing a new path to passive sound control in the low frequency domain where no efficient dissipative device exists. This paper presents experimental results showing that a loudspeaker used as a suspended piston working outside its range of linearity can also be used as a nonlinear acoustic absorber. The main advantage of this technology of absorber is the perspective to adjust independently the device parameters (mass, nonlinear stiffness and damping) according to the operational conditions. To achieve this purpose, quasi-static and dynamic tests have been performed on three types of commercial devices (one with structural modi?cations), in order to de?ne the constructive characteristics that it should present. An experimental setup has been developed using a one-dimensional acoustic linear system coupled through a box (acting as a weak spring) to a loudspeaker used as a suspended piston acting as an essentially nonlinear oscillator. The tests carried out on the whole vibro-acoustic system have showed the occurrence of the acoustic TET from the acoustic media to the suspended piston and demonstrated the efficiency of this new kind of absorber at low frequencies over a wide frequency range. Moreover, the experimental analyses conducted with different NES masses have con?rmed that it is possible to optimize the noise absorption with respect to the excitation level of the acoustic resonator.     

M尺度函数及其在图像缩放处理中的应用

针对图像缩小和放大处理中经典方法存在的问题,提出了M尺度插值法,推广了小波理论中的双尺度关系.对构造M尺度函数的方法和M尺度函数的逼近性质进行了研究,以满足3尺度关系的样条函数为例给出了3尺度函数插值算法,该算法与经典的最临近插值法、双线性插值法和双三次插值法相比,不仅保持了较高的清晰度,而且图像边缘较平滑,提高了图像的质量,实践证明了该算法的有效性.本方法还可以推广到图像处理的其他应用中.     

DMA在高速红外图像实时处理系统中的应用

针对某红外成像定位系统对红外序列图像处理和诸如图像去噪、非均匀性校正、图像自适应分割、图像测量、数模解算等算法的实时性能要求，提出采用DSP DMA（存储器直接访问）方式处理系统中的转移和大量交换高效方案。以AD21062和EP1C6组成的数字图像处理系统为例，介绍DMA操作在高速红外实时图像处理系统中的应用，并给出具体的设计。实验表明，该设计方案可以使DSP从大量的数据搬移操作中解脱出来，专门的图像处理算法操作能够有效地提高数字图像处理系统的实时性，解决了系统的瓶颈问题。     

交叉验证多路径匹配追踪水声矢量阵稀疏方位估计

水下运动目标的高分辨DOA估计和目标的左右舷分辨问题一直是水声阵列信号处理中的一个核心问题。矢量阵相比于声压阵具有天然的左右舷分辨能力和更高的处理增益,近年来得到了广泛关注。Capon等一些传统高分辨处理方法存在不能解相干源、需要多快拍处理以及对阵列流行误差敏感等多种问题。针对水声阵列信号处理领域面临的以上问题,利用声呐工作场景中空间目标的稀疏性,本文提出了一种基于交叉验证技术的多路径匹配追踪（Multiplepath Matching Pursuit with Cross Validation,CV-MMP）声矢量阵稀疏DOA估计算法。该算法采用交叉验证技术可以在未知场景中目标个数的条件下实现稀疏DOA的估计,相比于常规的声矢量阵Capon算法而言,可以在小快拍数甚至单快拍数条件下实现多目标的稀疏DOA估计以及高分辨能力。仿真和海试试验数据处理验证了提出的算法的有效性。      

Real-time increase in depth of field of an uncooled thermal camera using several phase-mask technologies

Imaging systems that combine a phase mask in the pupil and digital postprocessing may have better performance than conventional ones. We have built such a system to enhance the depth of field of an uncooled thermal camera. The phase masks are binary, their structures are optimized thanks to an image quality criterion, and they have been realized with three different technologies that give equivalent results. The deconvolution postprocessing is performed in real time with a graphics processing unit. A significant increase of the depth of field of a factor 3 has been obtained.     

近场反卷积聚焦波束形成声图测量

为了提高声图测量中对多个声源的分辨能力和定位精度,给出了一种近场二维反卷积聚焦波束形成声图测量方法。推导了水下声图测量的广义卷积模型,根据声图测量中点传播函数移变但可预测的特点,通过预存点传播函数字典的方式,将波束形成过程中的卷积问题转化成叠加积分问题,并应用二维Richardson-Lucy迭代算法实现了二维移变模型情况下的近场二维反卷积求解,从而实现高分辨声图测量。通过仿真和海试对比了反卷积、常规声图测量和MVDR声图测量的性能,结果表明反卷积算法在500次迭代情况下聚焦峰尺度小于另外两种算法的1/2,旁瓣级下降超过6 dB.      

基于PC机的一种多功能声显微镜及可视化技术的研究

近来研制成功了一种基于ＰＣ机、我们称为“ＴＨＳＡＭＭ”型的多功能声显微镜。在ＰＣ机内插入采样率１ＧＳＰＳ的超高速Ａ／Ｄ卡和信号产生和接收卡,利用软件完成信号检测、处理、显示功能。仪器工作频率为１－１００ＭＨｚ;在检测样品时,同时多层显示Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ扫描结果。根据声学理论、Ｍａｒｃｈｉｎｇ Ｃｕｂｅ等值面抽取方法和ＯｐｅｎＧＬ技术完成了三维数据的可视化处理,显示样品的内部三维结构。该系统已成功应用于多     

Reduction of speckle noise in digital holography by using digital image processing

A fundamental problem in optical and digital holography is the presence of speckle noise in the reconstruction process. Many approaches have been carried out in order to overcome such a problem ranging from modifying the spatial coherence of the illumination (optical techniques) to image processing techniques (digital techniques). This work shows the merged use of digital image processing techniques in order to reduce the speckle noise in digital reconstruction of optically recorded Fresnel's holograms. The proposed filtering techniques are illustrated with experimental results.     

Evaluation of generalized cross-correlation methods for direction of arrival estimation using two microphones in real environments

The localization of sound sources, and particularly speech, has a numerous number of applications to the industry. This has motivated a continuous effort in developing robust direction-of-arrival detection algorithms, in order to overcome the limitations imposed by real scenarios, such as multiple reflections and undesirable noise sources. Time difference of arrival-based methods, and particularly, generalized cross-correlation approaches have been widely investigated in acoustic signal processing, but there is considerable lack in the technical literature about their evaluation in real environments when only two microphones are used. In this work, four generalized cross-correlation methods for localization of speech sources with two microphones have been analyzed in different real scenarios with a stationary noise source. Furthermore, these scenarios have been acoustically characterized, in order to relate the behavior of these cross-correlation methods with the acoustic properties of noisy scenarios. The scope of this study is not only to assess the accuracy and reliability of a set of well-known localization algorithms, but also to determine how the different acoustic properties of the room under analysis have a determinant influence in the final results, by incorporating in the analysis additional factors to the reverberation time and signal-to-noise ratio. Results of this study have outlined the influence of the acoustic properties analysed in the performance of these methods.     

Electrical coupling effects in an ultrasonic transducer array

Ultrasonic imaging devices often use transducer arrays for sampling the incoming acoustic field and converting it into electrical signals. After some convenient processing (amplification, dephasing, summing, etc), the electrical signals are used to modulate the brightness of a cathode ray tube (crt) monitor on which the ultrasonic image becomes visible. The quality of the imaging apparatus depends critically on the transducer array design and implementation.

Each individual transducer would, ideally, produce an electrical signal related exclusively to the ultrasonic field arriving at its surface; the reciprocal would also be true for transmission. In all practical cases, however, numerous effects lead to some coupling between nearby transducers, especially for very narrow transducers. The subsequent perturbations may be described as a narrowing of the radiation (or reception) pattern of the individual transducers, with respect to the theoretical predictions. To understand the mechanism for these couplings and to minimize them, their possible origins have been systematically studied. One of the most important sources of coupling is electrical leakage, which is reported here. Since no simple analytical calculation can be performed, diagrams have been established that enable evaluation of the electrical coupling against the dimensional characteristics of the array. Some means for reducing this coupling are suggested and comparative experimental results are given.