微小燃烧器燃烧特性研究

微燃烧器中燃料的可靠点火与稳定燃烧是实现微动力系统正常工作的前提。本文进行了两种微小燃烧器的设计与燃烧实验。结果表明,通过在微小燃烧器内添加钢丝网,使两种小型燃烧器均获得了较宽的可燃范围。通过对微小燃烧器流场的数值分析,发现在微小尺度燃烧中,流场的均匀性对燃烧温度有重要的作用;在微小空间内添加钢丝网能够改善流场,拓展可燃范围。另外,钢丝网在高温下也能起到值班火焰的作用,对火焰稳定起到积极作用。     

不同管径的Y形微燃烧器内氢气-空气非预混燃烧的火焰传播特性

实验研究了内径分别为1 mm、2 mm和3 mm,水平通道长度为200 mm的Y形微燃烧器内氢气/空气扩散燃烧的火焰传播特性。首先,d=2 mm的燃烧器内的火焰传播模式最为丰富。其次,当燃烧器管径较大时,火焰更容易因扰动而发出噪音。在d=2和3 mm的燃烧器内能观察到两个阶段的噪音,而当d=1 mm时只有一个阶段的噪音。d=2 mm的燃烧器内平均火焰传播速度最小。而且,随着管径的增大,边界火焰更长。值得注意的是,在d=1 mm的燃烧器内,实验观察到了移动的"火焰街"。最后,基于系统的实验观察绘制了八种火焰传播模式的分布图。总之,本文不仅揭示了火焰传播特性与运行参数和尺度效应之间的关系,而且能为Y形微燃烧器的设计和运行提供指导。     

一种提高分布式光纤测温系统空间分辨率的线性修正算法

由于分布式光纤喇曼测温系统带宽不足,导致系统的空间分辨率低;当光纤的感温区域长度接近空间分辨率的时候,系统温度响应幅值不够,导致测温不准.为解决此问题,本文提出了一种线性修正算法;在分析温度与喇曼比值关系及系统的频率响应特性的基础上,建立了该算法的数学模型,搭建了基于单模光纤的10 km分布式测温系统,并利用该算法进行了相关测温实验.实验结果与理论分析一致,该算法能有效修正3~6 m光纤的温度响应幅值,使系统测温准确度达1℃,测量时间为40 s.本算法在不增加效系统成本的同时,克服了系统带宽不足,优化了空间分辨率、温度分辨率及测量时间.     

一种提高分布式光纤测温系统空间分辨率的线性修正算法

由于分布式光纤喇曼测温系统带宽不足,导致系统的空间分辨率低;当光纤的感温区域长度接近空间分辨率的时候,系统温度响应幅值不够,导致测温不准.为解决此问题,本文提出了一种线性修正算法;在分析温度与喇曼比值关系及系统的频率响应特性的基础上,建立了该算法的数学模型,搭建了基于单模光纤的10km分布式测温系统,并利用该算法进行了相关测温实验.实验结果与理论分析一致,该算法能有效修正3～6m光纤的温度响应幅值,使系统测温准确度达1℃,测量时间为40s.本算法在不增加效系统成本的同时,克服了系统带宽不足,优化了空间分辨率、温度分辨率及测量时间.     

一种简单的方法制备SERS基底用于染料分子的富集、降解与检测

用一种简单的方法制备银纳米粒子, 研究了此纳米粒子作为SERS基底、吸附剂和光催化剂的多功能性。在光照条件下研究其对染料分子的光催化性能, 用紫外光谱和表面增强拉曼光谱对整个光催化过程进行动态跟踪检测, 实验结果表明染料分子光照条件下确实被催化降解了。本实验不仅合成了多功能的基底材料, 还赋予了表面增强拉曼光谱新的应用价值, 为光催化实验提供了新的动态跟踪检测方法。     

H2/n-C4H10/Air预混气在Swiss-Roll燃烧器中的催化燃烧特性

在微尺度催化燃烧中,由于燃料和氧气对于催化剂表面活性位的竞争,导致了可燃下限为富燃的情况。为了提高燃料利用率,拓宽可燃范围,本文在正丁烷/空气的混合气中加入一定量的氢气,在Swiss-roll燃烧器内研究了氢气/正丁烷/空气预混气的燃烧特性。结果表明,氢气能够有效拓宽正丁烷的可燃范围,可燃下限能够低于1,以贫燃的条件实现高燃料利用率。对于稳定燃烧温度的实验结果表明,燃烧器最高温度出现在富燃料一侧。     

Rijke-ZT型脉动燃烧器的频率特性研究

对基于Higgins-Rijke热声现象的Rijke-ZT型无阀自激脉动燃烧器计及工质温度分布的频率特性进行了实验研究,推导了计算频率的公式。研究表明,这种类型的脉动燃烧器的频率不仅与燃烧器的形状和尺寸有关,而且与燃烧器内热气体温度分布有关。     

采用旋转涂膜法制备基底生长的定向碳纳米管阵列

 采用化学气相沉积技术，利用旋转涂膜法制备催化剂基底材料，通过对涂膜过程中的角速度、旋转时间以及基底还原过程中温度的控制改变催化剂颗粒的分布状态，获得了粒径均匀分布的催化剂基底，该基底上催化剂颗粒集中分布在47～62 nm区间，再利用该基底生长出定向碳纳米管阵列。运用扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉曼光谱仪对样品进行了表征。结果表明旋转涂膜法制备的基底平整性好于普通的滴膜法，且较其它基底制备方法具有简单易控、可使催化剂均匀分散等特点。利用该基底制备的碳纳米管阵列定向性良好。     

液相基底温度对沉积银原子及其团簇凝聚过程的影响

研究了沉积银原子及其团簇在液相基底(硅油)表面的凝聚过程随基底温度的变化关系.实验结果表明:当硅油基底温度升高时,沉积银原子及其团簇的凝聚过程仍基本符合二阶段生长模型; 样品具有明显的边缘效应,在样品中心区域,凝聚体的覆盖率比边缘的相应值小,样品中心区域的凝聚体覆盖率先随薄膜名义厚度的增加迅速增大,然后逐渐趋于饱和,覆盖率趋于饱和时的膜厚值随基底温度的升高而降低; 对于一定的薄膜名义厚度,硅油基底温度越高,中心区域的凝聚体覆盖率越小.银原子凝聚体的分枝平均长度随基底温度的演化过程也具有类似的规律.对沉积银 关键词： 薄膜 液相基底 分枝状凝聚体 生长模型     

高旋流数管状火焰纳米颗粒合成实验研究

针对火焰气相合成燃烧器产量低的局限性,在弱旋流滞止火焰的基础上发展了高旋流数管状滞止火焰燃烧器,并选用了TTIP作为前驱物开展纳米TiO_2合成实验研究.通过在燃烧器中添加射流管装置,与弱旋流滞止火焰相比,在保持纳米颗粒的粒径及比表面积不变的情况下,燃烧器单位燃料产生颗粒量可提高10倍以上.在单一合成实验基础上,进一步开展了掺杂合成实验研究,通过独立控制轴向和切向进给,得到了掺杂均匀的二氧化钛载体钯基催化剂。     

Combustion characteristics in a small-scale reactor with catalyst segmentation and cavities

Hydrogen–air combustion characteristics of a small-scale reactor with different catalyst layouts and configurations are experimentally and numerically investigated. Four different platinum catalyst layouts are used to investigate the effect of catalyst segmentation on combustion performance. It is found that combustion phenomena are strongly related to the variations of inflow velocity, equivalence ratio, and length of catalyst segment. The existence of hetero- and homogeneous reactions in the combustor relies on sufficient catalytically induced exothermicity as well as sufficient hydrogen in the remaining mixture. Besides, the multi-segment catalyst with cavities appreciably extends the stable operating range of catalytic combustion in a small-scale combustor for a wide range of inflow velocities. Nevertheless, gas-phase reaction can be sustained and anchored by the existence of cavity in a small-scale system. The reactor with proposed mechanisms can be applied to various small-scale power, heat generation, and propulsion systems.     

三股互击式喷注器及燃烧室流场的数值模拟

结合旋涡耗散模型及Arrhenius化学反应速率系数来描述燃烧室内的化学反应, 对三股互击式喷注器及燃烧室的冷流场及有反应流场进行了三维的数值模拟研究. 引入螺旋度及混合长度参量分析了三股互击式喷注器的混合机理和混合效果, 获取了燃烧室的关键特征参数, 如总温、总温的空间分布、气流在燃烧室内的驻留时间等. 对燃料组合分别采用F-O-F, O-F-O的喷注器及燃烧室的流场特性进行了比较分析. 对于一定的燃料配比和燃烧室特征长度, 燃料组合采用O-F-O时, 在燃烧室出口的F₂解离度比F-O-F要高出13.5%. 实验证实激光器出光功率提升了17%.     

燃气轮机燃烧室化学反应器网络模型研究

本文针对CFD燃烧室设计方法在计算时间以及计算的准确度上的不足,发展了一种计算量较小的、能够快速准确地预测燃气轮机燃烧室污染物排放的化学反应器网络模型方法(CRN).该方法首先根据CFD的计算结果对燃烧室进行分区,不同的区域采用不同的化学反应器模型进行模拟,反应器之间的连接关系以及入口参数都根据CFD的结果确定.本文采用这种方法对某个燃烧富氢合成气的重型燃气轮机燃烧室的NO_x排放随燃料加湿量的变化进行了预测,并与现场测量的结果进行了比较.计算结果与现场试验数据吻合得很好,证明这是一种很好的预测燃烧室NO_x排放的方法,与CFD方法相比预测精度有了很大提高,而且在计算时间上小了几个数量级.     

甲烷微尺度催化燃烧的数值模拟

本文联合使用计算流体力学软件FLUENT和可以计算表面反应的化学反应动力学软件DETCHEM对有逆流换热的微尺度燃烧器进行了数值计算。计算中忽略空间反应。燃料-空气混合物的当量比为0.4,反应器壁面采用等温边界条件。计算结果表明,采用催化燃烧可以实现微尺度下通常情况下无法实现的甲烷稳定燃烧。通过适当设置催化表面,可以实现燃料低温、高效转变。甲烷的总转变率受流动状态、反应温度和催化表面的大小等因素的影响。     

Stabilization mechanisms of longitudinal pulsations in rotating detonation combustors

This work investigates the stabilization mechanisms of two types of longitudinal pulsations in rotating detonation combustors. The first type is linked to operating modes with two counter-rotating waves in combustors with open outlets and appears as a minor peak in the pressure spectrum. The second type is observed as pulsed operation of the combustor when the outlet is restricted. Different combustor lengths are studied and the susceptibility to these longitudinal pulsations is investigated. Pressure measurements along the length of the combustor and around the perimeter are used to identify the operating mode and to describe the propagation and stabilization mechanisms of the two longitudinal modes. The results show that both modes are linked to the longitudinal acoustic resonance of the combustor. The length-to-perimeter ratio and the mass flux are identified as the driving parameters for the existence of these longitudinal modes. The first mode is shown to be an acoustic resonance supported by the intersections of counter-rotating waves. The second mode is controlled by the reflection of an explosion induced shock wave propagating through a high velocity bulk flow.     

Computational studies of the effects of oxidiser injector length on combustion instability

Computational analyses of the effects of oxidiser injector length on combustion instability in a choked high pressure combustor are described. The configuration is based on companion experiments using gaseous methane and decomposed hydrogen peroxide as reactants. The generic behaviour of one injector length is first investigated in detail to investigate the general character of the flow-fields. Comparisons between computation and experiment are then given for five lengths. The predictions for the intermediate lengths are in good agreement with the experiments in terms of most unstable frequency, its amplitude and the rate of decay of higher harmonics. The computations for the shortest injector predict the second mode is most unstable whereas the experiment indicates the fundamental was more unstable. At the longest length the computations show a character similar to the other lengths, while the experiments indicate the instability jumps to much higher frequencies that did not appear in the computations. A series of post-processing diagnostics is used to assess the mechanisms causing instability and to give possible explanations for the experimental behaviour.     

Molecular mobility in fixed-bed reactors investigated by multiscale NMR techniques

The complex problem of a fixed-bed reactor consisting of catalytically active particles provides an exceptional opportunity of combining a wide range of NMR methods which have become available over time as tools to probe porous media. This work demonstrates the feasibility of different NMR techniques for the investigation of the intra- and interparticle pore space over length scales from nanometers up to centimeters. Many industrially relevant cracking reactions leave a coke residue on the inner surface of the porous catalyst particles so that the active sites become inaccessible to the reactants. Moreover, the pore space shrinks due to the formation of coke, thereby hindering molecular transport. The presence of the coke residue and its influence on the mobility of adsorbed fluid molecules are probed by 129Xe spectroscopy, NMR cryoporometry, relaxation dispersion measurements, and investigations of the reduced diffusivity in the intraporous space. The voids surrounding the random arrangement of catalyst pellets represent another pore space of much larger dimensions, the properties of which can be more directly investigated by mapping the fluid density and the velocity distribution from velocity-encoded imaging. Propagator representations averaged over large sample volumes are discussed and compared to velocity images obtained in selected axial slices of the reactor.     

CFD analysis of the HyShot II scramjet combustor

The development of novel air-breathing engines such as supersonic combustion ramjets (scramjets) depends on the understanding of supersonic mixing, self-ignition and combustion. These aerothermochemical processes occur together in a scramjet engine and are notoriously difficult to understand. In the present study, we aim at analyzing the HyShot II scramjet combustor mounted in the High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel Göttingen (HEG) by using Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) models with detailed and reduced chemistry. To account for the complicated flow in the HEG facility a zonal approach is adopted in which RANS is used to simulate the flow in the HEG nozzle and test-section, providing the necessary inflow boundary conditions for more detailed RANS and LES of the reacting flow in the HyShot combustor. Comparison of predicted wall pressures and heat fluxes with experimental data show good agreement, and in particular does the LES agree well with the experimental data. The LES results are used to elucidate the flow, mixing, self-ignition and subsequent combustion processes in the combustor. The combustor flow can be separated into the mixing zone, in which turbulent mixing from the jet-in-cross flow injectors dominates, the self-ignition zone, in which self-ignition rapidly takes place, and the turbulent combustion zone, located towards the end of the combustor, in which most of the heat release and volumetric expansion takes place. Self-ignition occurs at some distance downstream of the injectors, resulting in a distinct pressure rise further downstream due to the volumetric expansion as observed in the experiments. The jet penetration is about 30% of the combustor height and the combustion efficiency is found to be around 83%.