Low Temperature Syntheses of Highly-ordered Framework Materials: The Aluminium Phosphate Ammonium Taranakite

The formation of a highly crystalline ammonium analogue of the aluminium phosphate mineral taranakite at ambient temperature and above is described. The high crystallinity and ordering of the products obtained when ammonium is used as a templating agent suggests that it is intimately involved in the structure. At long crystallization times and at higher temperatures, transformation to the framework structure of AlPO₄-15 occurs. Results from powder x-ray diffraction, solid state NMR, electron microscopy, thermal and element analyses are presented and discussed. They demonstrate the high degree of crystallinity and ordering of the taranakite samples synthesized by this method. These results – in particular the very mild synthesis conditions – suggest the possibility that there may be sequestering of ammonium phosphate fertilizers in form of NH₄-taranakite from their interaction with clay materials in soils.     

Adsorption of nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and their binary mixtures on aluminophosphate molecular sieves

Experimental isotherms describing the adsorption of pure N₂, CH₄ and CO in AlPO₄-11, AlPO₄-17, and AlPO₄-18 were determined using the volumetric method at 40°C and at 23°C (AlPO₄-11 only) over a pressure range up to 123 kPa, and subsequently fitted with the Langmuir or Freundlich equations, as well as the Flory-Huggins Vacancy Solution Theory equation. The capacities for the adsorbates investigated were found to depend on the geometry of the sieve pore size, as well as the molecular dimensions and the polority of the adsorbate involved. At 40°C and over the investigated pressure range, AlPO₄-11 and AlPO₄-17 adsorbed pure CH₄ in the highest amounts, while AlPO₄-18 had a slightly higher capacity for pure CO. The model parameters obtained by fitting the experimental pure-component isotherms permitted the prediction of binary adsorption information for the CO−N₂, CH₄−CO, and CH₄−N₂ gas mixtures at 101.3 kPa total pressure, using the Extended Langmuir Model, the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory, and/or the Flory-Huggins Vacancy Solution Theory for mixtures. An explanation of the behaviour predicted by each model for each adsorption system is attempted.     

Removal of uranium (VI) from nuclear effluents onto aluminophosphate and silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves

Aluminophosphate and silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves with both five (AFI) and eleven (AEL) type structures are synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization at 473 K, using tripropylamine and dipropylamine as a structure-directing template. The as-prepared AFI and AEL sieves are characterized and then assessed as sorbents for uranium (VI) from radioactive effluents. The sorption process is used to reduce the volumes of effluents and convert them into a stable solid waste. The batch experimental studies are carried out to evaluate the AEL and AFI structure effect on the removal of uranium. The AlPO₄-5, SAPO-5, AlPO₄-11 and SAPO-11 are applied to radioactive effluents with different activities obtained from Nuclear Research Center of Draria, Algeria. Important decontamination factor values are obtained for AFI sorbents. Thermodynamic parameters, namely, the enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and free energy (ΔG) for each sorption process are calculated. The collected results indicated that sorbents are effective materials for the removal of uranium (VI) ions, the sorbent with AFI structure being a highly effective material for the removal of uranium (VI) ions from nuclear effluents.     

Rapid synthesis,kinetics and thermodynamics of binary Mn<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Ca<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>(H<Subscript>2</Subscript>PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript> · H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O

The non-isothermal kinetics of dehydration of AlPO₄·2H₂O was studied in dynamic air atmosphere by TG–DTG–DTA at different heating rates. The result implies an important theoretical support for preparing AlPO₄. The AlPO₄·2H₂O decomposes in two step reactions occurring in the range of 80–150 °C. The activation energy of the second dehydration reaction of AlPO₄·2H₂O as calculated by Kissinger method was found to be 69.68 kJ mol⁻¹, while the Avrami exponent value was 1.49. The results confirmed the elimination of water of crystallization, which related with the crystal growth mechanism. The thermodynamic functions (ΔH*, ΔG* and ΔS*) of the dehydration reaction are calculated by the activated complex theory. These values in the dehydration step showed that it is directly related to the introduction of heat and is non-spontaneous process.     

Research on the direct amination of benzene to aniline by NiAlPO4–5 catalyst

A series of NiAlPO₄–5 molecular sieves have been hydrothermally synthesized and shown high and stable activity in the direct amination of benzene to aniline with hydroxylamine hydrochloride as aminating agent. The as‐synthesized and calcined samples were investigated with XRD, SEM, TG, BET, NH₃‐TPD and FT‐IR to explore the crystalline, coordination and location of the incorporated transition metal ions. The results indicated that nickel ions were incorporated into the framework of AlPO₄–5 and the as‐synthesized catalysts were highly crystalline, and possessed good thermal stability. Among them, Ni(0.3)AlPO₄–5 showed the highest catalytic activity for the direct amination of benzene with the highest aniline yield of 73.2% and 100.0% selectivity to aniline. After the catalyst was reused for 5 times, the activity remained little change.     

Isomerization of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene over aluminum and chromium orthophosphates

The skeletal isomerization of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene over AlPO₄ (Al/P=1), CrPO₄ (Cr/P=1), and CrPO₄−AlPO₄ (CrAlP, 5–10 wt.% AlPO₄) catalysts is a first order reaction. Catalytic performance is affected by the precipitation agent. CrPO₄ catalysts obtained in propylene oxide-aqueous ammonia showed the highest activity. Moreover, the incorporation of AlPO₄ to CrPO₄ developed CrAlP catalysts that exhibited increased activity, irrespective of the precipitation method, as compared with both AlPO₄ and CrPO₄ catalysts. Besides, CrAlP catalysts prepared in propylene oxide-aqueous ammonia were the more active ones.     

A coupled electron diffraction and rigid unit mode (RUM) study of the crystal chemistry of some zeotypic AlPO4 compounds

Electron diffraction and lattice dynamical calculations are used to investigate the unit cells, space group symmetries and inherent displacive flexibility of the room-temperature average structures of AlPO₄-8, AlPO₄-16 and AlPO₄-tridymite. The zero-frequency rigid unit modes (RUMs) of the idealized high-symmetry polymorphs thereof are also investigated along with their relationship to the lower-temperature polymorphism of these zeotypic aluminophosphates. The clear presence of satellite reflections in addition to the Bragg reflections (G) of the underlying Cmc2₁ parent structure in the case of AlPO₄-8 shows that the true unit cell of the room-temperature polymorph has a doubled c-axis due to a condensed RUM mode. Structured diffuse scattering is also observed which can be related to the thermal excitation of RUM modes. In the case of AlPO₄-tridymite, a complex F1 triclinic polymorph is observed and related to soft RUM modes while, in the case of AlPO₄-16, a soft q=0 RUM mode is shown to be responsible for an observed phase transition in the case of the all SiO₂ analogue of AlPO₄-16. A large number of additional zero-frequency RUM modes also exist in the case of AlPO₄-16.     

Synthesis and crystal morphology control of AlPO4-5 molecular sieves by microwave irradiation

AlPO₄-5 molecular sieves have been synthesized by the hydrothermal and solvothermal reactions using triethylamine as a template, aluminum isopropoxide and orthophosphate as the aluminum and phosphorus resource under microwave irradiation. The influences of various experimental parameters, such as reaction time, reaction temperature and reaction power, have been systematically investigated. The morphology control of AlPO₄-5 molecular sieves was achieved by changing the dosage of solvent and HF to control the solvent polarity and control the nucleation respectively. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and so on. The results show that the aspect ratio of the AlPO₄-5 molecular sieves increases with the increase of the solvent polarity and with the increasing concentration of HF, the morphology of AlPO₄-5 molecular sieves changes from hexagonal plate to hexagonal rod.     

SnAPO-5和SnSAPO-5的合成与性能

Sn原子的异质同晶取代AlPO_(4-5)和SAPO_(-5)分子筛的骨架原子从而制得了SnAPO_(-5)和SnSAPO_(-5)样品.这二个样品的DTA谱基本相似.从TPR谱所得结果表明,Sn已进入骨架且不易被还原成零价的Sn.AlPO_(4-5)的IR谱上无羟基峰出现,其表明没有B酸位存在,而SnAPO_(-5)出现了3666cm~(-1)和3620cm~(-1)二个羟基峰,表明有B酸位存在.SnSAPO_(-5)和SAPO_(-5)都有B酸位存在,且酸性相差不大.AlPO_(4-5)和SnAPO_(-5)上的甲醇转化反应仅生成二甲醚,而SAPO_(-5)和SnSAPO_(-5)上则生成碳氢化合物.     

Hochfeld-27Al-NMR-Untersuchungen zur Aluminiumkoordination in kristallinen Aluminiumphosphaten

High-field ²⁷Al-NMR Investigations on the Aluminium Coordination in Crystalline Aluminium Phosphates The ²⁷Al NMR spectra of crystalline aluminium phosphates obtained at high-magnetic fields under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions allow a direct determination of the aluminium coordination. So for five new Al phosphates it is shown that, as it is almost exclusively the case for Al phosphates of known structures, the Al is octahedrally coordinated, too. Chemical shifts between ?13 and ?21 ppm for isolated AlO₆ octahedra, and 39 ppm for isolated AlO₄ tetrahedra (in crystalline AlPO₄), were determined. In comparison to the results on aluminates and aluminum oxides these values are generally upfield-shifted about 30 ppm. The stronger magnetic shielding is attributed to the influence of the phosphorus atoms present in the second coordination sphere of the aluminum.     

Adsorption characteristics and surface free energy of AlPO4-5

The micropores and surface characteristics of aluminophosphate-type zeolite, AlPO₄-5, were analyzed by examining the adsorption behavior of water and other adsorbates. Water adsorption on AlPO₄-5 occurred on both structural defects and nonpolar surfaces. Adsorption on structural defects, accompanied by high heats of adsorption, is attributed to adsorption to surface hydroxyls. Water adsorption increased steeply at a certain relative pressure depending on the adsorption temperature, and this was considered attributable to capillary condensation. The contact angle of water on AlPO₄-5 micropore surfaces can be determined quantitatively by applying the Kelvin equation. The surface free energy of AlPO₄-5 calculated on the basis of the contact angle was revealed to be about 120 mJ/m², in agreement with accepted values of the dispersion component of the surface free energy of metal oxides. Adsorption heat values of adsorbates with different polarities indicate that the AlPO₄-5 surface is essentially nonpolar and interacts only with dispersion interaction. In the case of n-hexane the contact angle was assumed to be zero, showing high affinity with the result of enhanced adsorption due to pore filling. Received: 21 May 1998 Accepted: 28 July 1998     

Ortho-selectivity in aluminophosphate molecular sieves: A molecular simulation study

Monte Carlo adsorption simulations of xylenes have been performed in aluminophosphate molecular sieve structures. A new force field fitted for o-xylene in AlPO₄-5 was used. It is shown that force fields have good transferability among the aluminophosphate sieves series and the new force field adequately describes the experimentally observed adsorption isotherms for xylene/AlPO₄-5. A previous investigation of adsorption isotherms and structural analysis has been extended to AlPO₄-8 and VPI-5 sieves. In AlPO₄-8, like in AlPO₄-5, the variations in the channels diameters and the corresponding interaction energy of the molecule-crystal lattice drive all molecular positioning. In VPI-5, the modulation between wide and narrow regions becomes negligible due to the larger pore diameter, so no ortho-selectivity was observed. The simulations confirm the ortho-selectivity mechanism proposed to aluminophosphates.     

Direct crystallization of silicate–phosphate glasses of NaCaPO4–SiO2 system

The subject of the study was silicate–phosphate glasses of NaCaPO₄–SiO₂ system which are precursors of glass–crystalline materials. Glass–crystalline materials of NaCaPO₄–SiO₂ system obtained via crystallization of glasses belong to a group of the so-called bioactive materials. In order to obtain glass–crystalline materials with pre-established parameters, it is necessary to conduct crystallization of glasses at specific conditions. In order to design direct crystallization process properly, it is necessary to know the structure and microstructure of the glassy precursor. Microscopic investigation showed that liquation takes place in all the studied glasses. Based on DSC examinations, it has been found out that crystallization of the glasses of NaCaPO₄–SiO₂ system is a multistep process. The presence of several clearly separated exothermic peaks in DSC curves of investigated glasses makes it possible to crystallize only the separated phase with the matrix remaining amorphous or vice versa. Conducted detailed X-ray and spectroscopic studies of the materials obtained by heating in a gradient furnace (in the temperature specified on the basis of DSC) showed that separated phase and matrix crystallizes separately. Therefore, bioactive glass–crystalline materials can be obtained due to the existence of the phase separation phenomenon and pre-established sizes of the crystalline phase.     

Synthesis of aluminum phosphate molecular sieves using cobalticinium hydroxide

The metal complex bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III) hydroxide, Cp₂CoOH, was found to be a template for the synthesis of AlPO₄-5 and AlPO₄-16 molecular sieves. The metal complexes are included in the molecular sieves and are not removed by solvent extraction or ion-exchange methods. The molecular sieves were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) detection and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as elemental analysis.     

Effect of support and cobalt precursors on the activity of Co/AlPO4 catalysts in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Cobalt supported on amorphous aluminum phosphate (Co/AlPO₄) catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method using three different cobalt precursors such as cobalt nitrate, acetate and chloride to elucidate the activity of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The use of AlPO₄ as a support for cobalt-based catalysts exhibits better catalytic performance during FTS reaction than the corresponding Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst. TPR results also suggest that the reducibility of the catalysts varies with the nature of cobalt precursors employed during the impregnation on AlPO₄ support. The Co/AlPO₄ catalyst prepared from cobalt nitrate shows higher CO conversion and C₈+ selectivity than the others due to the facile formation of homogeneous cobalt particles with proper electronic characters and high reducibility. Interestingly, all Co/AlPO₄ showed a growth of filamentous carbon initiated from the large mobile cobalt particles during the reaction. The differences in catalytic properties of Co/AlPO₄ are mainly attributed to the cobalt particle size, reducibility with different electronic states of metallic cobalt, pore diameter of AlPO₄ and formation of filamentous carbon.     

Synthesis and Surface Acidity of Alpo4–5 and Sapo–5 Molecular Sieves

Aluminophosphate molecular sieves, AlPO₄ ? 5 and SAPO?5, were synthesized and characterized by XRD, SEM, ²⁹Si and ¹³C NMR, and TGA. Ammonia TPD indicates the moderately acidic nature of SAPO?5 and the non-acidic nature of AlPO₄?5. The activity of the cumene cracking reaction at 350°C for SAPO?5 is similar to that of LaY, while AlPO₄?5 and amorphous AlPO₄ show no activity.     

Synthesis and adsorption properties of zeolite-like aluminophosphates

Zeolite-like aluminophosphates AlPO₄-5, AlPO₄-18, and AlPO₄-20, were prepared in conditions which differ from those described in the literature. The adsorption isotherms of H₂O, CH₃OH, n-C₄H₉OH, and i-C₄H₄₉OH at 18°C and Ar at –196°C were investigated. The observed molecular-sieve effect is in agreement with the concepts on the structure of these aluminophosphates. An unusual shape of the water adsorption isotherms was observed. Similarities were observed in the isobaric absorption of water molecules by crystal hydrates and the zeolite-like aluminophosphates.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2409–2414, November, 1989.     

Morphology control of polypropylene by crystallization under carbon dioxide

We investigated the crystalline morphology of isotactic polypropylene obtained by melt crystallization under carbon dioxide (CO₂) at various pressures. Spherulites consisting of regularly arranged fibrils without subsidiary lamellae were obtained by crystallization under CO₂ below 2 MPa, whereas large spherulites consisting of irregularly arranged fibrils with subsidiary lamellae were obtained under ambient pressure. Distorted domain crystals with uniform optical anisotropy consisting of α‐form were found to be obtained under CO₂ above 2 MPa, and needle crystals consisting of γ‐form were obtained above 12 MPa. Transmission electron micrographs showed that straight and thick lamellae are regularly arranged in both the distorted domain crystals and the needle crystals. The uniformly thick lamellae were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry thermograms; that is, the melting temperature is higher and the melting peak is sharper than those obtained under ambient pressure. Such characteristic crystalline morphologies obtained under CO₂ may be attributed to local ordering in the melt state. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2738–2746, 2004     

Synthesis and characterization of two aluminophosphates templated by N-methyl-1,3-diaminopropane

Two crystalline aluminophosphates have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions using N-methyl-1,3-diaminopropane (MeDAP) as structure-directing molecule. The first one, denoted MDAP-1 is observed as an intermediate phase during the crystallization of the final product MDAP-2. The structure of MDAP-1, a 2D-layered compound with the empirical formula (C₄H₁₄N₂)_1.5[Al₃P₄O₁₆] was refined using powder X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c (No. 14) with a=14.080(10) Å, b=8.4763(1) Å, c=18.9954(1) Å, β=100.95(5)° and Z=4. Inorganic sheets contain a novel 4×6 net, constructed from capped 6-membered rings. The sheets are held together by partially disordered, doubly protonated MeDAP molecules. Single crystal analysis showed that MDAP-2 is isostructural with AlPO₄-21 and crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n (No. 14) with a=8.488(6) Å, b=17.72(2) Å, c=9.024(6) Å, β=106.96(5)° and Z=4. MDAP-2 differs from AlPO₄-21 by the presence of an octahedrally coordinated aluminum in the framework.