受控多体复摆的定性分析

本文讨论多体复摆的运动规律,作为具有单个支点的人体运动模型。系统中各邻接刚体之间作受控的相对运动。利用通路矢量和增广体概念导出系统的动力学普遍方程。对于平面运动的特殊情形,可在相平面内进行定性分析。以人体的站立稳定性和自激摆动为例。     

带约束平面多刚体系统动力学方程的隐式算法

在多体系统动力学正则方程的基础上建立了平面多体系统正则方程的隐式数值算法。利用平面运动的特性，对正则方程进行了简化，导出了该方程的Ｊａｃｏｂｉ矩阵的一般表达式，给出了Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔａ多体系统动力学方程隐式数值计算方法。算例表明，该方法是一种计算速度和精度均理想的数值方法。     

刚柔耦合约束多体系统的动力分析

本文提出了描述柔性多体系统的牵连坐标系统。该系统由惯性参考系,牵连坐标系,物体坐标系及单元坐标系组成,实现了对刚体平动,刚体转动及弹性运动的连续分解,最大限度地消除了由于刚体大角度转动导致的非线性特性。以有限元法为基础,应用拉格朗日方程建立了在该坐标下的刚柔耦合约束多体系统的动力学控制方程。该方程具有耦合程度小、易于推导、编程及求解等优点,为大规模约束多体系统的动力分析提供了新的途径。本文还讨论了平面铰链约束的约束形式及约束方程,最后给出了一个典型多体系统的数值算例。     

航天机械臂逆动力学的完全笛卡尔坐标方法

运用多体系统完全笛卡尔坐标方法研究安装在航天器上的刚性机械臂平面运动逆动力学问题，建立自由漂浮状态下系统的一阶微分方程组，通过算例求出各坐标及转角变化规律．     

人体肌骨的多柔体系统动力学研究进展

人体肌肉骨骼系统简称肌骨系统, 包括骨骼、骨骼肌与关节连接, 其力学模型是典型的多柔体系统. 从多体动力学角度研究肌骨系统, 主要关注其在运动过程中的肌肉内力、关节力矩及产生的动力学影响, 属于动力学与生物力学的交叉融合. 肌骨系统的多体动力学模型已被广泛地应用于临床医学、竞技体育、军事训练、人机工程等诸多领域, 其仿真结果可为提高人体运动能力、降低关节载荷与能耗、避免运动损伤、加快康复进程等提供重要计算参考数据. 与此同时, 上述研究亦对肌骨动力学研究提出了许多新挑战. 本文综述了人体肌骨多柔体系统动力学相关研究进展, 包括骨骼肌功能解剖与生物力学建模、神经与肌肉控制理论、肌骨系统动力学问题与求解方法, 以及近年来肌骨多体动力学在步态分析、飞行员抗荷动作、口颌手术规划等领域的典型应用. 与工程领域的机械多体系统相比, 人体肌骨多体系统具有肌肉内力主动性与肌肉控制冗余性两大特征. 现有骨骼肌模型难以同时考虑肌肉的解剖结构、三维几何与肌力产生的生物化学机制. 已有大多数肌骨模型采用静态优化假设消除肌肉冗余性, 忽略了肌肉与肌腱内力平衡及兴奋收缩耦联机制. 此外, 目前仍缺乏实现肌骨模型个性化的无创在体测试手段. 未来, 人体肌骨多体动力学研究将会向更精确、智能、个性化的方向发展, 成为动力学与生物力学交叉的热点研究领域.      

多体系统动力学中关节效应模型的研究进展

在一般的多体系统动力学研究中认为运动关节是理想运动副. 然而,实际中的运动关节不仅含有间隙与摩擦,还有间隙引起的关节元素之间的接触碰撞、局部变形和磨损. 多体系统动力学中的关节效应不仅引起了系统的振动和噪声,减小了系统的可靠性和寿命,而且损失了系统的精度和稳定性. 为此,对近十几年多体系统动力学中关节效应的研究进行了详细分析,总结了关节效应中间隙运动学模型、接触力模型与磨损模型在多体系统动力学中的建模过程. 其中,着重分析了多体系统动力学中关节磨损效应的研究进展,并对常用的Reye'shypothesis 和Archard 磨损模型进行了比较,详细地分析了Archard 磨损模型的演变形式以及主要磨损参数(接触应力,接触面积和滑移距离),特别分析了关键磨损参数接触应力的建模方法,解释了基于Winkler 弹性基础理论在求解接触应力时遇到的困难. 另外,介绍了4 种间隙运动副(转动副、移动副、圆柱副和球面副) 的运动学模型. 分析了考虑关节磨损多体系统动力学模型的一般建模方法,并以平面五杆机构为例说明了其建模过程.最后,简要地展望了多体系统动力学中关节效应模型的发展趋势以及应用前景.      

Painlevé疑难的理论分析和实验验证

含摩擦的多体系统可能存在Painlevé疑难奇异性——多体系统的后续运动可能存在无解(非协调状态)或者多解(不确定状态).实际系统总要运动下去,而对应于非协调奇异性状态的多体系统将经历怎样的运动值得探讨.从计算、实验和理论证明3个角度研究Painlevé疑难问题,验证和证明了多体系统处于非协调状态时其后续运动的切向冲击特征,并揭示了切向冲击运动的共同规律.     

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMETNAL VERIFICATION FOR PAINLEV碋 PARADOX

含摩擦的多体系统可能存在Painlevé 疑难奇异性-- 多体系统的后续运动可能存在无解(非协调状态)或者多解(不确定状态). 实际系统总要运动下去, 而对应于非协调奇异性状态的多体系统将经历怎样的运动值得探讨. 从计算、实验和理论证明3 个角度研究Painlevé 疑难问题, 验证和证明了多体系统处于非协调状态时其后续运动的切向冲击特征, 并揭示了切向冲击运动的共同规律.     

完全笛卡尔坐标描述的多体系统动力学

用完全笛卡尔坐标描述多体系统的运动学和动力学在提高计算效率方面有突出优点．导出用完全笛卡尔坐标表示的刚体及多体系统的动量和动量矩的解析式，给出与之对应的广义惯量矩阵概念，建立无力矩状态下用完全笛卡尔坐标描述的多体系统动力学的一阶微分方程组，用于多体航天器的姿态运动分析     

跳跃运动的定性理论

本文利用四刚体人体模型讨论垂直跳跃运动．以下肢转角为广义坐标，地面支承力对足底作用位置的变化规律为控制函数，将动力学方程化作自治的一阶非线性方程．利用由下肢转动角速度和角加速度组成的相平面内的相轨迹曲线与参数平面内的控制函数曲线定性地讨论起跳运动的一般规律，分析离地后的腾空高度与各种因素之间的关系，从而对跳跃运动的实验现象作出理论解释．     

Forces and torques exerted on bodies sliding in a fluid

The motion of a system of bodies along a plane in a viscous fluid in the presence of flow shear is considered. It is demonstrated that a main torque, linearly proportional to the velocities of the bodies, is exerted by the fluid on the system of the bodies and the plane. Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 89–96, January–February, 1997.     

Quasi-Euler-Poinsot motion of a rigid body

The phase-plane method of nonlinear oscillation is used to discuss the influence of the small dissipation upon the Euler-Poinsot motion of a rigid body about a fixed point. The equations of phase coordinates are applied instead of Eulerian equations, and the global characteristics of the motion of rigid body are analysed according to the distribution and the type of the singular points. A Chaplygin's sphere on a rough plane, a rigid body in viscous medium and one with a cavity filled with viscous fluid are discussed as examples. It is shown that the motions of rigid bodies dissipated by various physical factors have a common qualitative character. The rigid body tends to make a permanent rotation about the principal axis of the largest moment of inertia. The transitive process can change from oscillatory to aperiodic with the decrease in dissipation.     

Finite element modeling of contact conditions in multibody system dynamics

In this paper a new method is developed for the dynamic analysis of contact conditions in flexible multibody systems undergoing a rolling type of motion. The relative motion between the two contacting bodies is treated as a constraint condition describing their kinematic and geometric relations. Equations of motion of the system are presented in a matrix form making use of Kane's equations and finite element method. The method developed has been implemented in a general purpose program called DARS and applied to the simulation and analysis of a rotating wheel on a track. Both the bodies are assumed flexible and discretized using a three dimensional 8-noded isoparametric elements. The time variant constraint conditions are imposed on the nodal points located at the peripheral surfaces of the bodies under consideration. The simulation is carried out under two different boundary conditions describing the support of the track. The subsequent constraint forces associated with the generalized coordinates of the system are computed and plotted. The effects of friction are also discussed.     

空间电动绳系推进的动力学建模与分析

为分析空间电动绳系的运动特性，从一般力学角度出发，结合电动力学知识，建立了近地轨道空间电动绳系推进飞行的动力学模型，得出了多种初始条件下的数值计算结果，并据此对电动绳系航天器的轨道机动过程进行了详尽的讨论，阐明了系统在轨道高度变化的同时，其轨道面也会发生变化，而且导电系绳还会旋转与弯曲变形等规律. 此外，还对电动绳系推进系统的效率和地球自转的影响进行了估计.     

On the damping of nonlinear vibrations in some second-order dynamical systems

This paper continues the study of damping of nonlinear vibrations in second-order dynamical systems for the case considered in [1]. The estimates obtained for energy scattering are applied to a system of two bodies connected by a weightless elastic cable. The system rotates in a plane, and the viscous friction forces in the cable are taken into account. The external drag forces are neglected. Such a problem arises, for example, if the motion of a system of elastically connected spacecraft far from attracting centers is considered [2, 3].     

挠性联结双体卫星的混沌运动

本文讨论一挠性联结双刚体航天器模型，通过计算其动力学方程异宿轨道稳定流形与不稳定流形的相交角方法，给出其稳定流形与不稳定流形横截相交的判据，并通过Ｐｏｉｎｃａｒｅ截面的计算，证明其产生混沌运动的可能性。     

Development of a planar multibody model of the human knee joint

The aim of this work is to develop a dynamic model for the biological human knee joint. The model is formulated in the framework of multibody systems methodologies, as a system of two bodies, the femur and the tibia. For the purpose of describing the formulation, the relative motion of the tibia with respect to the femur is considered. Due to their higher stiffness compared to that of the articular cartilages, the femur and tibia are considered as rigid bodies. The femur and tibia cartilages are considered to be deformable structures with specific material characteristics. The rotation and gliding motions of the tibia relative to the femur cannot be modeled with any conventional kinematic joint, but rather in terms of the action of the knee ligaments and potential contact between the bones. Based on medical imaging techniques, the femur and tibia profiles in the sagittal plane are extracted and used to define the interface geometric conditions for contact. When a contact is detected, a continuous nonlinear contact force law is applied which calculates the contact forces developed at the interface as a function of the relative indentation between the two bodies. The four basic cruciate and collateral ligaments present in the knee are also taken into account in the proposed knee joint model, which are modeled as nonlinear elastic springs. The forces produced in the ligaments, together with the contact forces, are introduced into the system’s equations of motion as external forces. In addition, an external force is applied on the center of mass of the tibia, in order to actuate the system mimicking a normal gait motion. Finally, numerical results obtained from computational simulations are used to address the assumptions and procedures adopted in this study.     

Exact solutions and adiabatic invariants for equations of satellite attitude motion under Coulomb torque

This paper focuses on the attitude dynamics of a defunct axisymmetric satellite under the action of Coulomb forces to enable active space debris removal. Touchless Coulomb interaction occurs between an active spacecraft and the passive satellite at a fixed separation distance. The recently developed multi-sphere method of Schaub and Stevenson allows providing a simplified electrostatic force and torque model between non-spherical space objects. The existence of torques between charged bodies makes it necessary to study the attitude motion of the passive satellite for ensuring the safety of the space debris removal. The goal is first to deduce the equations of motion in the canonical form which is suitable for analytical analysis and then to construct a phase portrait, and to obtain exact solutions using Jacobi elliptic functions. Finally, for the disturbed motion of the system of two bodies, when the distance between the active spacecraft and the defunct satellite (or) and charge voltage changes slowly over time, adiabatic invariants are found in terms of the complete elliptic integrals. In this case, the adiabatic invariants are approximately first integrals of the disturbed system and they remain approximately constant for long time intervals during which the parameters change considerably. For a plane motion, the adiabatic invariants used to obtain an analytical solution for envelope of a deflection angle of the defunct satellite. This work extends the theory to the three-dimensional tumbling motion of a satellite on an orbit. The obtained results can be applied to study an opportunity of the space debris removal by the Coulomb interaction with the active spacecraft as a pusher.

     

Damping of Forced Vibrations in Systems of Connected Rigid Bodies

The problem of damping forced vibrations in a system of bodies linked by one-degree-of-freedom elastic joints is considered. The vibrations are damped by introducing additional bodies into the system. The controlled motion of these bodies compensates the effect of the external perturbation. The motion of a system of three bodies is studied in detail. To determine the sensitivity of the perturbation compensation method to the damping parameters, a numerical simulation is carried out