粮仓效应的实验设计

设计制作了观测静态颗粒物质粮仓效应的简单实验系统.实验数据充分地展现了颗粒物质与筒仓壁之间摩擦力的“巨大”作用以及具有流动性质的颗粒物质与静态流体的显著差别,且实验结果与理论计算吻合很好.     

用探测棒研究颗粒堆中的最大静摩擦力

实验研究了筒仓内颗粒堆中部的竖直探测棒被提拉时受到的最大静摩擦力F.研究发现：当筒仓半径R小于0.040　m时， F随R的增加而减少，当R大于0.045　m时，F几乎不受R的影响. F随颗粒堆高度h变化的实验数据可以用公式F=A［h+B(e^-h/B-1)］拟合，拟合参数A与探测棒横截面形状及备制颗粒堆的流量有关，拟合参数B与备制颗粒堆的流量有关. 关键词： 颗粒物质 静摩擦力 数据拟合     

颗粒物质中静摩擦力与接触面形状有关

用实验方法研究了探测棒在颗粒物质中受到的最大静摩擦力与棒截面形状的关系.观测到圆棒受到的最大静摩擦力最大,方棒次之,扁棒最小.根据力的传递原理,分析棒形状对颗粒物质内部力链传递的影响,计算结果与实验基本吻合.     

颗粒物质内部滑动摩擦力的非线性振动现象

实验研究了探测棒竖直穿过圆筒中颗粒物质运动时所受的滑动摩擦阻力.研究发现，厚度为容器直径的0.5到2倍之间，粒径为2 mm的颗粒堆，对探测棒的滑动摩擦力在一个平均水平上随时间作非线性振动.当探测棒以小于2×10^-3 m/s的匀速率上升时，滑动摩擦力平均水平超过初始最大静摩擦力F₀的0.2到0.5倍，变化范围可从F₀到2F₀.频率低于1.35 Hz时，各种频率成分的强度随频率增加按幂函数方式衰减，其主要部分的平均周期T与探测棒运动速率v成反比关系. 关键词： 颗粒物质 滑动摩擦力 非线性振动     

颗粒物质中的空洞效应

通过实验研究了颗粒体系内部的空洞对整个颗粒体系的影响.当在颗粒体系中向上提拉探测棒时,棒下端即刻产生空洞.由于空洞的存在,将导致整个颗粒体系内部结构的崩塌,崩塌的情况可通过测定棒受到的摩擦力来研究.实验发现整个体系崩塌的时间t与空洞产生的深度h间存在着一个指数的对应关系,即t正比于exp(h/λ),并且这个关系不随颗粒尺寸的变化而改变.同时,还进行了二维的辅助实验,对颗粒体系内部的情况进行了较为细致的观察.     

颗粒物质中压力随高度的变化规律

用实验方法研究了圆筒容器中静止沙堆内策略的分布及变化规律。直接测量了颗粒物质的摩擦力，给出摩擦力与颗粒填充密度的关系，摩擦力与颗粒堆积高度的关系，并分析讨论了相关因素。     

离散颗粒层被横向推移过程中的力学行为研究

研究发现,颗粒物质层被匀速推移挤压过程中,所需推移力先以线性规律增加,在某一确定点后,则会以指数规律增加.而颗粒物质是由众多离散颗粒组成的软凝聚态物质,其宏观上反映的是离散颗粒的个体性质和凝聚态物质的集体效应.颗粒与颗粒之间以及颗粒与边界之间的细观尺度接触力链的构成以及演变规律将会直接影响各种宏观受力情况,其摩擦力与挤压力便是力链的主要构成形式.围绕着定量描述细观力链特征,从而揭示力的变化规律这一目标,采用计算机模拟的方法,依照球形颗粒Hertz法向接触理论和Mindlin-Deresiewicz切向接触理论,对重力作用下不同数目的三维等径球体颗粒层的推移情况进行了离散元仿真模拟,量化分析了推移力变化规律、各摩擦力变化规律以及力链分布规律,发现摩擦力与挤压力在颗粒堆积的不同阶段对力链的构成起到了不同的主次作用,使得力链发生强弱演变,从而发现了推移颗粒物质层时推移力的变化规律及原因.这些结果有利于从力链角度揭示颗粒内部和颗粒与各边界之间的受力情况.     

筒仓效应观测仪的设计及其应用

设计并制作了观测静态颗粒物质筒仓效应的实验系统,应用该装置研究了筒仓效应的尺寸依赖性.实验结果表明:圆柱形容器中的颗粒物质对于容器底部的饱和压力依赖于容器直径的3次方,而改变填入颗粒的直径时则饱和压力并无明显改变.     

通道宽度和初始流量对颗粒稀疏流-密集流转变临界开口的影响

通过实验研究斜面上二维颗粒流，当出口尺寸减小到临界值Dc时，发生稀疏流到密集流的突变.发现临界尺寸Dc与初始流量和通道宽度有关，通道宽度一定的情况下，临界开口尺寸Dc近似随初始流量Q0的平方根增大.在初始流量Q0一定时，临界开口尺寸Dc随通道宽度W近似线性增大.给出了这些关系的表达式，理论计算与实验观测结果一致.同时，也讨论了通道宽度影响临界开口尺寸的原因. 关键词： 颗粒物质 颗粒流     

一种制备巴基葱的新方法纳米碳化硅高温真空热分解法

实验发现，通过真空热处理碳化硅纳米粉末可以获得巴基葱.透射电子显微镜和高分辨电子显微镜观测表明，当碳化硅完全分解时，形成空心准球状颗粒和葱状石墨颗粒；当碳化硅分解不完全时，形成碳包裹碳化硅结构，该包裹层由准同心石墨壳层构成.由实验结果知，认为平面结构是石墨的最稳定形式的传统观点是值得讨论的. 关键词：     

Interaction potential and hopping dynamics governing sliding friction

The friction force on a nanometer-sized tip sliding on a surface is related to the thermally activated hopping of the contact atoms on an effective atomic interaction potential. A general analytical expression relates the height of this potential and the hopping attempt frequency to measurements of the velocity dependence of the friction force performed with an atomic force microscope. While the height of the potential is roughly proportional to the normal load, the attempt frequency falls in the range of mechanical eigenfrequencies of the probing tip in contact with the surface.     

Detachment of stretched viscoelastic fibrils

New experimental results are presented about the final stage of failure of soft viscoelastic adhesives. A microscopic view of the detachment of the adhesive shows that after cavity growth and expansion, well adhered soft adhesives form a network of fibrils connected to expanded contacting feet which fail via a sliding mechanism, sensitive to interfacial shear stresses rather than by a fracture mechanism as sometimes suggested in earlier work. A mechanical model of this stretching and sliding failure phenomenon is presented which treats the fibril as a nonlinear elastic or viscoelastic rod and the foot as an elastic layer subject to a friction force proportional to the local displacement rate. The force on the stretched rod drives the sliding of the foot against the substrate. The main experimental parameter controlling the failure strain and stress during the sliding process is identified by the model as the normalized probe pull speed, which also depends on the magnitude of the friction and PSA modulus. In addition, the material properties, viscoelasticity and finite extensibility of the polymer chains, are shown to have an important effect on both the details of the sliding process and the ultimate failure strain and stress. Electronic supplementary material Appendix B is only available in electronic form at and are accessible for authorised users.     

Effect of friction in ferrules on compression tuning characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings

The effect of friction in ferrules on compression tuning characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) was observed and analyzed in this paper. It was demonstrated that the micro-bending of the fiber in the ferrule would cause friction between fiber and inner wall of the ferrule, and the friction would make a non-uniform strain in the FBG and degradations of its reflection spectrum. To avoid the effect, some measures have been applied including reducing the ferrule diameter to fit the fiber, and filling some lubrication in the ferrule, and so on. Near 10 nm tuning range can be obtained with good spectral performance.     

Numerical simulations of thunderstorm-induced corona processes near lightning rods installed on grounded structures

For the purpose of estimating the efficacy of a lightning rod, the current of a corona was numerically calculated from a rod placed (i) centrally on the roof of a vertical grounded cylindrical structure, a model of a man-made object, and (ii) at the top of a grounded hemispherical structure of large radius, such as a hill or mountain. The calculations were carried out for a slowly varying thundercloud electric field and when this field was enhanced by the charge of an approaching downward leader. In case (i), variation of the ratio between the height and radius of the cylindrical structure leads to a variation in the (a) corona current from the tip of the rod over a wide range and (b) distance from which lightning is attached to the rod. In case (ii), it is shown that, contrary to the case of rods installed on the ground surface, a slowly rising thundercloud electric field can be sufficient to initiate streamers and upward leaders from rods tens of meters in height installed on the top of tall, grounded, hemispherical structures. When the thundercloud electric field is enhanced by the charge of an approaching downward leader, the discharge processes near the rod depend on its length and the height of the tip of the downward leader relative to the top of the hemispherical structure, but are almost independent of the hemisphere radius.     

Creeping friction dynamics and molecular dissipation mechanisms in glassy polymers

The dissipation mechanism of nanoscale kinetic friction between an atomic force microscopy tip and a surface of amorphous glassy polystyrene has been studied as a function of two parameters: the scanning velocity and the temperature. Superposition of the friction results using the method of reduced variables revealed the dissipative behavior as an activated relaxation process with a potential barrier height of 7.0 kcal/mol, corresponding to the hindered rotation of phenyl groups around the C-C bond with the backbone. The velocity relationship with friction F(v) was found to satisfy simple fluctuation surface potential models with F proportional to const-ln(v) and F proportional to const-ln(v)2/3.     

应力未饱和粮仓系统中器壁与颗粒的摩擦阻力

对于仓壁不固定的粮仓系统,其底部压力会随颗粒高度线性增加.由于没有Janssen应力饱和现象,其力学状态与通常粮仓系统显然不同.通过上拉和下压这种应力未饱和粮仓系统的仓壁,实验研究了不同顶部负载时颗粒介质与仓壁的最大静摩擦阻力.结果显示阻力随颗粒质量的增加在上拉时呈线性增长关系,但在下压时呈指数增长关系,下压阻力强度比上拉时大一个量级以上.此外阻力与顶部负载呈线性变化关系.这些测量很好地符合了基于应力转向比为常数的假设（即Janssen假设）下给出的连续力学理论计算,表明该假设对于此应力未饱和粮仓系统依然适用. 关键词： 颗粒物质 粮仓 静摩擦 应力转向比     

载荷对壁虎刚毛束的摩擦各向异性特性影响的实验研究

用离体壁虎刚毛阵列在自制微黏附摩擦测试台上对预加载荷对刚毛摩擦与黏着的各向异性特性的影响进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,在逆壁虎刚毛自然弯曲方向卷出实现脱附时, 刚毛所受摩擦力与法向力成正比,摩擦系数为0.6;沿顺刚毛自然弯曲方向卷入实现黏附时, 随预载荷增加摩擦力增加,法向力由黏附力变为斥力.在同等预载荷下,卷入方向的摩擦力是卷出方向的2倍以上. 本文提出了摩擦各向异性特征参数,对壁虎刚毛的黏着与摩擦各向异性进行了定量表征, 这种特性是由刚毛的弯曲及多等级结构决定的. 关键词： 壁虎刚毛 黏着 摩擦 各向异性     

Friction Properties of Bio-mimetic Nano-fibrillar Arrays

Nano-fibrillar arrays are fabricated using polystyrene materials. The average diameter of each fiber is about 300 nm. Experiments show that such a fibrillar surface possesses a relatively hydrophobie feature with a water contact angle of 142°. Nanoscale friction properties are mainly focused on. It is found that the friction force of polystyrene nano-fibrillar surfaces is obviously enhanced in contrast to polystyrene smooth surfaces. The apparent coefficient of friction increases with the applied load, but is independent of the scanning speed. An interesting observation is that the friction force increases almost linearly with the real contact area, which abides by the fundamental Bowden-Tabor law of nano-seale friction.