Nodal operator splitting adaptive finite element algorithms for the Navier–Stokes equations

Solution algorithms for solving the Navier–Stokes equations without storing equation matrices are developed. The algorithms operate on a nodal basis, where the finite element information is stored as the co-ordinates of the nodes and the nodes in each element. Temporary storage is needed, such as the search vectors, correction vectors and right hand side vectors in the conjugate gradient algorithms which are limited to one-dimensional vectors. The nodal solution algorithms consist of splitting the Navier–Stokes equations into equation systems which are solved sequencially. In the pressure split algorithm, the velocities are found from the diffusion–convection equation and the pressure is computed from these velocities. The computed velocities are then corrected with the pressure gradient. In the velocity–pressure split algorithm, a velocity approximation is first found from the diffusion equation. This velocity is corrected by solving the convection equation. The pressure is then found from these velocities. Finally, the velocities are corrected by the pressure gradient. The nodal algorithms are compared by solving the original Navier–Stokes equations. The pressure split and velocity–pressure split equation systems are solved using ILU preconditioned conjugate gradient methods where the equation matrices are stored, and by using diagonal preconditioned conjugate gradient methods without storing the equation matrices. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recursive geometric integrators for wave propagation in a functionally graded multilayered elastic medium

The differential equations governing transfer and stiffness matrices and acoustic impedance for a functionally graded generally anisotropic magneto-electro-elastic medium have been obtained. It is shown that the transfer matrix satisfies a linear 1st order matrix differential equation, while the stiffness matrix satisfies a nonlinear Riccati equation. For a thin nonhomogeneous layer, approximate solutions with different levels of accuracy have been formulated in the form of a transfer matrix using a geometrical integration in the form of a Magnus expansion. This integration method preserves qualitative features of the exact solution of the differential equation, in particular energy conservation. The wave propagation solution for a thick layer or a multilayered structure of inhomogeneous layers is obtained recursively from the thin layer solutions. Since the transfer matrix solution becomes computationally unstable with increase of frequency or layer thickness, we reformulate the solution in the form of a stable stiffness-matrix solution which is obtained from the relation of the stiffness matrices to the transfer matrices. Using an efficient recursive algorithm, the stiffness matrices of the thin nonhomogeneous layer are combined to obtain the total stiffness matrix for an arbitrary functionally graded multilayered system. It is shown that the round-off error for the stiffness-matrix recursive algorithm is higher than that for the transfer matrices. To optimize the recursive procedure, a computationally stable hybrid method is proposed which first starts the recursive computation with the transfer matrices and then, as the thickness increases, transits to the stiffness matrix recursive algorithm. Numerical results show this solution to be stable and efficient. As an application example, we calculate the surface wave velocity dispersion for a functionally graded coating on a semispace.     

On the solvability of one class of problems of optimal control by coefficients in the principal part of a nonlinear elliptic operator

We consider the problem of the existence of solutions of an optimal-control problem for a nonlinear elliptic equation with Dirichlet conditions on the boundary in the case where the control functions are the coefficients in the principal part of the differential operator. It is shown that this problem has an optimal solutions in the class of generalized solenoidal matrices. Translated from Neliniini Kolyvannya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 59–72, January–March, 2009.     

Eigenfrequency analysis of cable structures with inclined cables

The approximate eigenfrequencies for the in-plane vibrations of a cable struc- ture consisting of inclined cables,together with point masses at various points were com- puted.It was discovered that the classical transfer matrix method was inadequate for this task,and hence the larger exterior matrices were used to determine the eigenfrequency equation.Then predictions of the dynamics of the general cable structure based on the asymptotic estimates of the exterior matrices were made.     

Observer-based controller for discrete-time systems: a state dependent Riccati equation approach

In this paper, an observer-based controller for discrete-time nonlinear dynamical systems is proposed. After transforming the nonlinear system to a linear structure having state-dependent coefficient matrices (SDC), a recursive regularized least-square (RLS) state estimator is developed. The observed states are then used to generate either a constrained or unconstrained state feedback controller using the state dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) approach. The stability of the observer-based control system is rigorously analyzed in a theoretical frame work. Applications to different numerical examples as well as to a practical case study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed procedure.     

A matrix method of displacement analysis of the general spatial 7R mechanism

An input-output equation of the general spatial 7R mechanism is derived in this paper by using the method in [1] and applying the rotation matrices. The result is the same as [2], but the process of derivation is simpler. Applying the character of rotation matrices, it is not difficult to obtain the recurrence formulas of direction cosines of Cartesian unit vectors, to calculate the scalar products and triple products of these unit vectors, and to derive the 6th constraint equation. Moreover, an algorithm, which consists of successive applications of row transformation and expansion based on Laplace’s Theorem, is given to evaluate the 16 × 16 determinant according to its characteristic, so that the evaluation is much simplified.     

First-order hyperbolic form of velocity-stress equations for waves in elastic solids with hexagonal symmetry

This paper reports a theoretical framework to analyze wave propagation in elastic solids of hexagonal symmetry. The governing equations include the equations of motions and partial differentiation of elastic constitutive relations with respect to time. The result is a set of nine, first-order, fully-coupled, hyperbolic partial differential equations with velocities and stress components as the unknowns. The equation set is then cast into a vector form with three 9 × 9 coefficient (or Jacobian) matrices. Physics of wave propagation are fully described by the eigen structure of these matrices. In particular, the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices are the wave speeds and a part of the left eigenvectors represents the wave polarization. Without invoking the plane wave solution and the Christoffel equation, two- and three-dimensional slowness profiles can be calculated. As an example, slowness profiles of a cadmium sulfide crystal are presented.     

On the numerical solution of partial differential equations of the elliptic type. I

Summary The potential equation and some connected problems in which the unknown function is given on the boundary is solved by using the properties of a special class of matrices which have the same structure as the coefficient matrix of the system of linear difference equations resulting from the differential equation.     

Comparison of Iterative Methods for Improved Solutions of the Fluid Flow Equation in Partially Saturated Porous Media

Abstract. The Picard and modified Picard iteration schemes are often used to numerically solve the nonlinear Richards equation governing water flow in variably saturated porous media. While these methods are easy to implement, they are only linearly convergent. Another approach to solve the Richards equation is to use Newton's iterative method. This method, also known as Newton–Raphson iteration, is quadratically convergent and requires the computation of first derivatives. We implemented Newton's scheme into the mixed form of the Richards equation. As compared to the modified Picard scheme, Newton's scheme requires two additional matrices when the mixed form of the Richards equation is used and requires three additional matrices, when the pressure head-based form is used. The modified Picard scheme may actually be viewed as a simplified Newton scheme.Two examples are used to investigate the numerical performance of different forms of the 1D vertical Richards equation and the different iterative solution schemes. In the first example, we simulate infiltration in a homogeneous dry porous medium by solving both, the h based and mixed forms of Richards equation using the modified Picard and Newton schemes. Results shows that, very small time steps are required to obtain an accurate mass balance. These small times steps make the Newton method less attractive.In a second test problem, we simulate variable inflows and outflows in a heterogeneous dry porous medium by solving the mixed form of the Richards equation, using the modified Picard and Newton schemes. Analytical computation of the Jacobian required less CPU time than its computation by perturbation. A combination of the modified Picard and Newton scheme was found to be more efficient than the modified Picard or Newton scheme.     

Dynamic modeling and simulation of flexible cable with large sag

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Optimization problems for periodic systems

Quadratic optimization algorithms for discrete-time linear periodic systems are discussed. Consideration is given to the conventional linear-quadratic problem statement where the optimal controller is found by solving the discrete algebraic Riccati equation and to input-feedback controller design problems. Considerable attention is focused on the synthesis of a reliable controller with a guaranteed stability margin. The following inverse problem is solved: given plant and controller matrices, find the weight matrices of the functional being optimized. The efficiency of the algorithms is demonstrated by way of examples     

On the general equations,double hormonic equation and eigen-equation in the problems of ideal plasticity

In this paper the outcome of axisymmetric problems of ideal plasticity in paper [39], [19] and [37] is directly extended to the three-dimensional problems of ideal plasticity, and get at the general equation in it. The problem of plane strain for material of ideal rigidplasticity can be solved by putting into double hormonic equation by famous Pauli matrices of quantum electrodynamics different from the method in paper [7]. We lead to the eigen equation in the problems of ideal plasticity, taking partial tenson of stress-increment as eigenfunctions, and we are to transform from nonlinear equations into linear equation in this paper.     

Parallel ILU preconditioning,a priori pivoting and segregation of variables for iterative solution of the mixed finite element formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations

A parallel ILU preconditioning algorithm for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations has been designed, implemented and tested. The computational mesh is divided into N subdomains which are processed in parallel in different processors. During ILU factorization, matrices and vectors associated with the nodes on the interface between the subdomains are communicated to the equation matrices to the adjacent subdomain. The bases for the parallel algorithm are an appropriate node ordering scheme and a segregation of velocity and pressure degrees of freedom. The inner nodes of the subdomain are numbered first and then the nodes on the interface between the subdomains. To avoid division by zero during the ILU factorization, the equations corresponding to the velocity degrees of freedom are assembled first in the global equation matrix, followed by the equations corresponding to the pressure degrees of freedom. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Explicit Solution of the Matrix Equation AX-XB=C

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THE EXPLICIT SOLUTION OF THE MATRIX EQUATION AX-XB=C——To the memory of Prof. Guo Zhongheng

Almost all of the existing results on the explicit solutions of the matrix equation AX−XB=C are obtained under the condition that A and B have no eigenvalues in common. For both symmetric or skewsymmetric matrices A and B, we shall give out the explicit general solutions of this equation by using the notions of eigenprojections. The results we obtained are applicable not only to any cases of eigenvalues regardless of their multiplicities, but also to the discussion of the general case of this equation. To the memory of Prof. Guo Zhongheng Project Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Hyperbolicity of Velocity-Stress Equations for Waves in Anisotropic Elastic Solids

This paper reports mathematical properties of the three-dimensional, first-order, velocity-stress equations for propagating waves in anisotropic, linear elastic solids. The velocity-stress equations are useful for numerical solution. The original equations include the equation of motion and the elasticity relation differentiated by time. The result is a set of nine, first-order partial differential equations (PDEs) of which the velocity and stress components are the unknowns. Cast into a vector-matrix form, the equations can be characterized by three Jacobian matrices. Hyperbolicity of the equations is formally proved by analyzing (i) the spectrum of a linear combination of the three Jacobian matrices, and (ii) the eigenvector matrix for diagonalizing the linearly combined Jacobian matrices. In the three-dimensional space, linearly combined Jacobian matrices are shown to be connected to the classic Christoffel matrix, leading to a simpler derivation for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The results in the present paper provide critical information for applying modern numerical methods, originally developed for solving conservation laws, to elastodynamics.     

敷设多孔吸声材料声腔特征值分析的径向积分边界元法

由于Helmholtz方程的基本解是频率的函数,因此传统边界元法在处理声场特征值问题时具有天生的缺陷。本文采用Laplace方程基本解生成积分方程,通过径向积分法将在此过程中产生的域积分项转化为边界积分。此方法克服了传统边界元法系数矩阵对频率的依赖,同时克服了特解积分法对特解的依赖,并通过对表面声导纳的多项式逼近,将敷设多孔吸声材料声腔特征值问题转化为矩阵多项式,从而避免了复杂的非线性求解。通过数值算例验证了算法的有效性。     

动态断裂力学的无限相似边界元法

对弹性动力学的相似边界元法进行了进一步研究,推导了相应的计算公式,并在此基础上提出了动态断裂力学的无限相似边界元法.与传统的边界元法相比,相似边界元法由于只需在少数单元上进行数值积分,大大减少了计算量.对动态断裂力学问题,无限相似边界元法由于在裂纹尖端的边界上设置了逼近于裂纹尖端的无限个相似边界单元,可直接得到裂纹尖端具有奇异性的应力,而不需要设置奇异单元,从而突破了奇异单元对应力奇异性阶次的局限.另外,还讨论了无限相似边界元法得到的无限阶的线性代数方程组的求解方法.     

Forced flexural-and-torsional vibrations of a cantilever beam of constant cross section

The paper addresses the forced flexural-and-torsional vibrations of a cantilever beam of constant cross section. The relevant boundary-value problem is solved. The system of two partial differential equations of the fourth order that describes these vibrations is analyzed in a vector-function space and is subjected to an equivalent transformation to obtain one vector equation of the fourth order with two matrices as coefficients. One is an idempotent matrix; the other is a diagonal matrix. This makes it much easier to construct a Cauchy vector function as an analytic function of these matrices __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 102–114, August 2007.     

基于比例边界有限元法的高阶透射边界应用

基于比例边界有限元法和连分式展开推导了无限域弹性动力分析的求解方程,实现了一种局部的高阶透射边界. 采用改进的连分式法求解无限域的动力刚度矩阵,克服了原连分式算法可能会造成矩阵运算病态的问题. 该局部高阶透射边界在时域里表示为一阶常微分方程组,其稳定性取决于其系数矩阵的广义特征值问题. 如果出现虚假模态,采用移谱法来校正系数矩阵以消除虚假模态. 通过两个算例验证了该高阶透射边界的精确性、鲁棒性.