球形颗粒在超临界水中自然对流传热特性研究

超临界水流化床反应器可以有效气化湿生物质并且高效产氢。超临界水流化床反应器工作的表观流速比较低,颗粒与流体之间的自然对流换热是主要的传热方式.本文通过Boussiesq模型和真实物性流体模型模拟研究了层流条件下单颗粒与超临界水在拟临界点附近的自然对流换热.由于物性变化的影响,颗粒表面附近呈现高速度梯度、高表面涡量和高温度梯度的现象。临界水导热系数和比热的变化对拟临界区的自然对流传热起主导作用,Grashof数和平均Nusselt数在对数坐标下为线性关系。     

对气象常用坐标系中位涡形式的探讨

气象常用垂直坐标系中的位涡方程及位涡形式是位涡理论及位涡诊断技术的基础.本文依据坐标转换的观点,分别用两种不同的方法推导出等压坐标和等熵坐标中的位涡方程及相应的位涡表达式.一是从三维矢量运动方程出发,由三维涡度方程、连续方程和热力学方程推导位涡方程;二是直接从等压坐标和等熵坐标中的标量运动方程组出发推导位涡方程.结果表明,用两种方法所得到的等压坐标中的位涡方程和位涡表达式形式有所不同,而等熵坐标中用两种方法所得到的位涡方程和位涡形式相同.对垂直坐标系的物理本质分析表明,采用第一种方法时尽管矢量运动方程中的 关键词： 位涡 坐标转换 等压坐标 等熵坐标     

具有Hulthén的型势的Dirac方程的束缚态

本文给出,具有一维Hulthén型标量势和矢量势的Dirac方程的束缚态精确解。对于三维情况,在Hulthén型标量势和矢量势相等的条件下,给出Dirac方程的S波解。     

一类相对论性非球谐振子系统的束缚态

给出了具有形式为12r²+A2r²的非球谐振子型标量势和矢量势 的相对论系 统在两种势相等的条件下三维Klein-Gordon方程，二维和三维Dirac方程的s波束缚态解. 关键词： 三维非球谐振子势 Klein-Gordon方程 Dirac方程 束缚态     

圆管内液态铅铋合金强制对流换热特性研究

圆管内液态铅铋合金的强制对流换热特性研究对加速器驱动的次临界核能系统的发展具有重要意义。运用大涡模拟方法,对恒热流密度条件下三维圆管内液态铅铋合金强制对流换热特性进行了数值计算,对比发现模拟结果和实验数据及关联式吻合良好。对比了不同入口速度条件下流场的速度和温度分布、传热Nu数、无量纲时均温度、无量纲均方根温度和湍流涡分布等,进一步分析了不同雷诺数对圆管内液态铅铋合金强制对流换热特性的影响规律。在恒热流密度条件下,随着Re数的增加,液态铅铋合金的Nu数逐渐增大,圆管不同截面的温差逐渐减小,湍流涡分布增多,提高Re数能够增强液态铅铋合金的传热性能。     

低马赫数方法在自然对流数值模拟的应用

采用低马赫数近似的方法来对大温差驱动的自然对流问题进行数值模拟。低马赫数近似是通过将全可压的Navier—Stokes方程中声波进行过滤,从而在马赫数较低的流动中忽虑声波对流场的影响。声波过滤后的方程具有不可压缩N—S方程的特点,但可以求解温度和密度变化较大的问题。首先,通过对盖顶驱动流的数值模拟,验证了本文方法的可靠...     

环形非球谐振子标量势与矢量势的Klein-Gordon和Dirac方程的束缚态

通过求解环形非球谐振子势的 Klein-Gordon 和 Dirac方程,给出了束缚态波函数与能量方程的精确解,并指出非相对论Schr?dinger方程与具有相等标量势和矢量势的Klein-Gordon 方程以及Dirac方程之间具有数学结构上的等价性。     

强对流降水过程动力因子分析和预报研究

利用对流涡度矢量垂直分量,湿热力平流参数和波作用密度等动力因子对2009年7月8日发生在我国华北南部地区的强对流降水过程进行诊断分析,结果表明,这些动力因子能够综合描述降水系统水平风场垂直切变,涡度扰动以及位温平流和广义位温(及其扰动)的经向梯度等动力学和热力学特征,在降水区对流层中低层表现为强信号,在非降水区表现为弱信号.利用美国NCEP/NCAR 0.5度GFS的6 h,12 h,18 h和24 h预报资料计算分析2009年6月2日至10月1日动力因子对观测降水的指示预测作用,结果表明,动力因子对观测 关键词： 对流涡度矢量垂直分量 湿热力平流参数 波作用密度     

槽式太阳能集热器内耦合换热特性研究

对槽式太阳能集热器内的耦合换热过程建立了统一求解模型,推导了无量纲控制方程,并进行了耦合求解.结果表明:随Ra增加,管内自然对流形成的涡逐渐向右侧管壁方向移动,等温线中心向下偏移;环形空间内自然对流形成的涡向顶部移动,等温线向下偏转;随管径比增加,管内的混合对流换热系数增加,管外环形空间的换热系数减小.内管内外表面的温度梯度及局部换热系数均随着角度的增加而增加.在θ=π/4和θ=π/2的截面内,环形空间中间区域内温度沿半径方向不降反升,出现偏转;而在θ=3π/4和θ=π的截面内,圆管内部中间区域内的温度沿着径向不升反降,也出现偏转.     

时域积分方程数值求解中自项的修正方法

提出了一种修正二维瞬态散射问题中矢量势自项(selfterm)的计算方法.在传统方法中,矢量势用三维格林(Green)函数表示,其中在自项计算中通常忽略同一面块上的源点和场点之间的时间延迟,修正方法中引入了这种时间延迟.并进行了数值实验.这种修正传统方法对开结构瞬态散射问题的电场积分方程能得到稳定的解.     

A pseudoenergy wave-activity relation for ageostrophic and non-hydrostatic moist atmosphere

By employing the energy-Casimir method, a three-dimensional virtual pseudoenergy wave-activity relation for a moist atmosphere is derived from a complete system of nonhydrostatic equations in Cartesian coordinates. Since this system of equations includes the effects of water substance, mass forcing, diabatic heating, and dissipations, the derived wave-activity relation generalizes the previous result for a dry atmosphere. The Casimir function used in the derivation is a monotonous function of virtual potential vorticity and virtual potential temperature. A virtual energy equation is employed(in place of the previous zonal momentum equation) in the derivation, and the basic state is stationary but can be three-dimensional or, at least, not necessarily zonally symmetric. The derived wave-activity relation is further used for the diagnosis of the evolution and propagation of meso-scale weather systems leading to heavy rainfall. Our diagnosis of two real cases of heavy precipitation shows that positive anomalies of the virtual pseudoenergy wave-activity density correspond well with the strong precipitation and are capable of indicating the movement of the precipitation region. This is largely due to the cyclonic vorticity perturbation and the vertically increasing virtual potential temperature over the precipitation region.     

台风莫拉克(2009)暴雨过程中位势切变形变波作用密度诊断分析和预报应用

在水平风场切变形变的基础上引入物理量——位势切变形变, 把水平风场的垂直分量和切变形变与广义位温的空间梯度结合起来. 该物理量的二阶扰动被定义为波作用密度, 在局地直角坐标系中推导了能够描述中尺度扰动系统发展演变的波作用方程. 对2009年登陆台风莫拉克引发的暴雨过程进行诊断分析, 结果表明, 台风中心区切变形变向涡度的转化显著, 该转化通过纬向风的经向梯度实现. 纬向风速的经向梯度与广义位温垂直梯度的耦合引起位涡和位势切变形变之间的转化, 以至于位势切变形变和位涡的异常值区分别位于台风环流的外侧和内侧. 波作用密度因能够描述水平扰动风场的垂直切变和切变形变以及凝 结潜热函数扰动梯度而与观测降水联系紧密. 相关统计分析表明, 2009年夏季波作用密度与6 h观测降水存在明显滞后相关性, 对未来6 h降水有一定的指示意义. 另外, 波作用密度通量散度和扰动非地转风位涡是影响波作用密度局地变化的主要物理因素. 基于波作用密度与观测降水的良好相关性, 建立了波作用密度暴雨预报方程. 2009年登陆台风"苏迪罗", "天鹅", "莫拉菲"和"巨爵"的暴雨预报个例分析和长时间序列的ETS评分计算表明, 波作用密度对台风暴雨具有较好的预报效果, 其预报降水能力略优于美国全球预报系统(GFS)的直接降水预报. 关键词： 位势切变形变 波作用密度 波作用通量散度 台风暴雨     

A phase analysis of vorticity vectors associated with tropical convection

Three new vorticity vectors have been proposed by Gao et al to study the two-dimensional tropical convection. In the present paper, phase relations between surface rain rate and the vorticity vectors are analysed with the calculations of lag correlation coefficients based on hourly zonally-averaged mass-integrated cloud-resolving simulation data. The cloud-resolving model is integrated with the vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal thermal and moisture advections, and sea surface temperature observed and derived from tropical ocean global atmosphere - coupled ocean atmosphere response experiment （TOGA-COARE） for 10 days. Maximum local increase of the vertical component of the convective vorticity vector leads maximum surface rain rate by 2 hours mainly due to the interaction between vorticity and zonal gradient of ice heating. While maximum local increase of the vertical component of the moist vorticity vector leads maxfinum surface rain rate by 2 hours mainly because of the interaction between zonal specific humidity gradient and zonal buoyancy gradient. And the maximum local decrease of the zonal component of the dynamic vorticity vector leads maximum surface rain rate by 2 hours mainly due to the interactions between vorticity and vertical pressure gradient as well as vorticity and buoyancy.     

Étude numérique de l'influence du transfert radiatif sur la convection naturelle laminaire,bidimensionnelle, permanente,dans un espace annulaire d'axe horizontal,délimité par deux cylindres circulaires isothermes

Combined radiation and natural convection in a participating medium between concentric or vertically eccentric horizontal cylinders is investigated numerically. The annular medium is considered as a gray, emitting, absorbing, and isotropically scattering gas. The equations of steady, laminar, two-dimensional, thermal, natural convection are written by using a two-cylindrical coordinate system, the stream function, and the vorticity. The finite volumes method is used to discretize the coupled equations of momentum, energy, and radiative transfer. To solve the global nonlinear algebraic equations the successive-over-relaxation iterating scheme is applied. Numerical solutions are obtained for a Rayleigh number in the range 10³–10⁵ and radiation-conduction parameter ranging from 0 to ∞. The influences of radiation-conduction parameter, Rayleigh number and other parameters on flow and temperature distributions and heat transfer are discussed.     

Velocity–vorticity–helicity formulation and a solver for the Navier–Stokes equations

For the three-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, we present a formulation featuring velocity, vorticity and helical density as independent variables. We find the helical density can be observed as a Lagrange multiplier corresponding to the divergence-free constraint on the vorticity variable, similar to the pressure in the case of the incompressibility condition for velocity. As one possible practical application of this new formulation, we consider a time-splitting numerical scheme based on an alternating procedure between vorticity–helical density and velocity–Bernoulli pressure systems of equations. Results of numerical experiments include a comparison with some well-known schemes based on pressure–velocity formulation and illustrate the competitiveness on the new scheme as well as the soundness of the new formulation.     

Temperature and velocity measurement of a 3-D thermal flow field using thermo-sensitive liquid crystals

It is an important challenge to analyze a three-dimensional thermal flow field in engineering, science, and agriculture. For such an analysis, it is essential to measure physical quantities such as temperature and velocity over the entire thermal flow field. This paper presents a measurement system based on color image processing for temperature and velocity vector distributions in a three-dimensional thermal flow field. Flow visualization is accomplished by the use of thermo-sensitive liquid crystal tracers. An algorithm for the color-to-temperature transformation using a multi-layer feed-forward neural network is applied to three-dimensional natural convection in a rotating cylindrical cell. Two-dimensional temperature distributions in a slit plane are obtained by using the algorithm. A three-dimensional temperature distribution is consequently constructed by interpolating the two-dimensional distributions using the B-spline function. In addition, the Spatio-Temporal correlation method is applied to the natural convection to obtain a three-dimensional velocity vector distribution.     

Revisit to frozen-in property of vorticity

Considering some simple topological properties of vorticity vector, the frozen-in property of vorticity herein is revisited. A vortex line, as is analogous to velocity vector along a streamline, is defined as such a coincident material(curve) line that connects many material fluid elements, on which the local vorticity vector for each fluid element is also tangent to the vortex line. The vortex line evolves in the same manner as the material line that it is initially associated with. The vortex line and the material line are both oriented to the same directions, and evolve with the proportional magnitude, just like being ‘frozen' or ‘glued' to the material elements of the fluid under the barotropic assumption. To relax the limits of incompressible and barotropic atmosphere, the frozen-in property is further derived and proved in the baroclinic case. Then two effective usages are given as examples. One is the derivation of potential vorticity conservation from the frozen-in property in both barotropic and baroclinic atmospheres, as a theory application, and the other is used to illuminate the vorticity generation and growth in ideal cases and real severe weather process, e.g., in squall line, tornado, and other severe convection weather with vortex. There is no necessity to derive vorticity equation, and this method is very intuitive to explain vorticity development qualitatively, especially for fast analysis for forecasters. Certainly, by investigating the evolution of vortex line, it is possible to locate the associated line element vector and its development on the basis of the frozen-in property of vorticity. Because it is simple and visualized, it manifests broad application prospects.