带电粒子光学系统优化问题的研究

对带电粒子光学系统的优化过程进行了研究,提出将象差的优化与透镜场形的优化分离开来。在象差的优化中考虑含光学参数的隐式约束条件。该优化过程只需做简单的积分运算,因此不必花费时间计算电磁场。在透镜场形的优化中,其优化模型与一般电磁系统的优化完全一样,因而可以采用已经研究的很多的电磁场的优化方法来优化透镜的场形。计算了两个优化的实例。     

The complexity nature of large-scale software systems

In software engineering, class diagrams are often used to describe the system's class structures in Unified Modelling Language (UML). A class diagram, as a graph, is a collection of static declarative model elements, such as classes, interfaces, and the relationships of their connections with each other. In this paper, class graphs are examined within several Java software systems provided by Sun and IBM, and some new features are found. For a large-scale Java software system, its in-degree distribution tends to an exponential distribution, while its out-degree and degree distributions reveal the power-law behaviour. And then a directed preferential-random model is established to describe the corresponding degree distribution features and evolve large-scale Java software systems.     

Metabolism-enhanced tumor localization by fluorescence imaging: in vivo animal studies

We present a high-sensitivity near-infrared optical imaging system for noninvasive cancer detection and localization based on molecularly labeled fluorescent contrast agents. This frequency-domain system utilizes the interferencelike pattern of diffuse photon density waves to achieve high detection sensitivity and localization accuracy for the fluorescent heterogeneity embedded inside the scattering media. A two-dimensional localization map is obtained through reflectance probe geometry and goniometric reconstruction. In vivo measurements with a tumor-bearing mouse model by use of the novel Cypate-mono-2-deoxy-glucose fluorescent contrast agent, which targets the enhanced tumor glycolysis, demonstrate the feasibility of detection of a 2-cm-deep subsurface tumor in the tissuelike medium, with a localization accuracy within 2-3 mm.     

中国固态增殖剂试验包层系统的氦气冷却系统仿真计算

根据中国固态增殖剂试验包层氦气冷却系统的系统设计和布置情况,利用大型一维流体仿真软件 Flowmaster 建立了氦气冷却系统的仿真模型。利用该仿真模型,模拟了氦冷系统在产氚包层系统不同工况下氦气流动情况以及各种参数的分布情况,得到了热等待工况、热备用工况、正常运行工况和除氚工况下系统的主要工艺点的温度、压力和流速分布等相关参数,为系统的设计和设备选型提供参考。同时,该仿真模型和结果对中国聚变工程实验堆氦冷系统的仿真模拟具有一定的参考意义。     

Using wavelet multi-resolution nature to accelerate the identification of fractional order system

Because of the fractional order derivatives, the identification of the fractional order system(FOS) is more complex than that of an integral order system(IOS). In order to avoid high time consumption in the system identification, the leastsquares method is used to find other parameters by fixing the fractional derivative order. Hereafter, the optimal parameters of a system will be found by varying the derivative order in an interval. In addition, the operational matrix of the fractional order integration combined with the multi-resolution nature of a wavelet is used to accelerate the FOS identification, which is achieved by discarding wavelet coefficients of high-frequency components of input and output signals. In the end, the identifications of some known fractional order systems and an elastic torsion system are used to verify the proposed method.     

中波红外长焦距折反光学系统设计

针对多模制导中长焦距红外光学系统结构紧凑及宽温度范围热稳定性的要求,设计了一种中波红外折反光学系统。该系统根据其它模式制导的要求,采用固定焦距和口径的主镜,通过二次成像,在保持长焦距的同时减小了透镜的口径,降低了到达中继成像系统主光线的高度,同时也降低了制造成本。设计了波长为3.7~4.8 μm、焦距f为300 mm、F数为2的中波红外成像系统。结果表明,该系统结构紧凑像质优良,各视场光学传递函数均大于0.6,接近衍射极限,并且在-50~70℃可实现光学被动消热差。针对该光学系统进行了公差分析并提出了抑制杂散辐射的方法,该系统满足实际加工和应用需求。     

Phase diagram and critical properties of the asymmetric Mattis model

We extend the well-known Mattis model to the case of asymmetric bond distributions. Although the partition function is identical with that of the pure ferromagnetic Ising model (FIM) when the external field is absent, the response to the external field is nontrivial even at zero field. There are some exact relations between the present model and the FIM in the correlation functions, from which the phase diagram and critical exponents can be determined. Multicritical behavior and some other interesting phenomena typical for a random system are demonstrated by this model.     

Simulating feedback and reversibility in substrate-enzyme reactions

We extend discrete event models (DEM) of substrate-enzyme reactions to include regulatory feedback and reversible reactions. Steady state as well as transient systems are modeled and validated against ordinary differential equation (ODE) models. The approach is exemplified in a model of the first steps of glycolysis with the most common regulatory mechanisms. We find that in glycolysis, feedback and reversibility together act as a significant damper on the stochastic variations of the intermediate products as well as for the stochastic variation of the transit times. This suggests that these feedbacks have evolved to control both the overall rate of, as well as stochastic fluctuations in, glycolysis.     

A model for the evaluation of systemic risk in stock markets

Systemic risk refers to the possibility of a collapse of an entire financial system or market, differing from the risk associated with any particular individual or a group pertaining to the system, which may include banks, government, brokers, and creditors. After the 2008 financial crisis, a significant amount of effort has been directed to the study of systemic risk and its consequences around the world. Although it is very difficult to predict when people begin to lose confidence in a financial system, it is possible to model the relationships among the stock markets of different countries and perform a Monte Carlo-type analysis to study the contagion effect. Because some larger and stronger markets influence smaller ones, a model inspired by a catalytic chemical model is proposed. In chemical reactions, reagents with higher concentrations tend to favor their conversion to products. In order to modulate the conversion process, catalyzers may be used. In this work, a mathematical modeling is proposed with bases on the catalytic chemical reaction model. More specifically, the Hang Seng and Dow Jones indices are assumed to dominate Ibovespa (the Brazilian Stock Market index), such that the indices of strong markets are taken as being analogous to the concentrations of the reagents and the indices of smaller markets as concentrations of products. The role of the catalyst is to model the degree of influence of one index on another. The actual data used to fit the model parameter consisted of the Hang Seng index, Dow Jones index, and Ibovespa, since 1993. “What if” analyses were carried out considering some intervention policies.     

三种固体转轮除湿系统的模拟比较

分别建立单级转轮系统、厚转轮系统以及两级转轮系统的模型.利用模型比较分析了三种系统的性能.结果显示两级系统处理的潜热、显热负荷和产生的冷量均为最大,但其COP在三者之中最低;厚转轮系统与单级系统的差异不显著.通过实际的两级除湿系统的实验结果,验证模拟结果的准确性.     

Nonlinear/chaotic behaviour in thermo-acoustic instability

This paper is concerned with the dynamic system nonlinear behaviour encountered in classical thermo-acoustic instability. The Poincaré map is adopted to analyse the stability of a simple non-autonomous system considering a harmonic oscillation behaviour for the combustion environment. The bifurcation diagram of a one-mode model is obtained where the analysis reveals a variety of chaotic behaviours for some select ranges of the bifurcation parameter. The bifurcation parameter and the corresponding period of a two-mode dynamic model are calculated using both analytical and numerical methods. The results computed by different methods are in good agreement. In addition, the dependence of the bifurcation parameter and the period on all the relevant coefficients in the model is investigated in depth.     

模糊PID控制原理在高低温环境模拟系统的应用

高低温模拟系统主要用于大型空间可展开天线及其他大型机构、结构的高低温极限环境下的展开功能性试验、机械性能测试及其他相关试验。系统要求测控的范围较广、精度较高且不会超调。空气的状态具有非线性以及时变的特点,并且控制参数间存在着复杂耦合现象。针对上述难点,设计分布式测控系统,提出了智能PID测控方案。采用模糊控制的原理,离线建立PID模糊控制数据库,使系统能够根据控制目标值选择最优PID参数值;使系统能够在具体工况以及干扰条件下达到良好的控制效果。在实际应用的过程中完全满足了指标的要求,同时解决了传统PID的部分控制难点,对于类似的复杂系统也有着一定的借鉴意义。     

一个通用的智能化的一维CCD图象读出系统

本文介绍一个通用的,智能化,CCD图象读出系统,它具有一些同类系统所不具备的特点,例如用外接通用示波器作为显示设备并用软件产生光标,从而省去了这类系统中的电视监视器或内设的专用示波器及其控制电路,但却具有同样的功能,如光标所在点的坐标读出,对曲线的某特定点或特定部分的特别处理(如位移、扩张和平滑等,此外,该系统不仅具有同类系统常有的累加、平均和完整的算术运算功能,而且还具有某些较高级的数学运算能力,例如多种平滑计算和对输入图象作为时间序列进行指数加权平均等 该系统用于高速摄影时,可对条纹图象,瞬时光谱等进行读出和处理 文中叙述了这些领域中的应用结果。     

制冷型红外成像系统内部杂散辐射测量方法

杂散辐射是红外光学系统设计和检测过程中涉及的一项重要指标.为了定量测量红外成像系统内部杂散辐射, 提出一种基于辐射定标的测量方法, 并通过理论推导和实验验证以说明该方法的合理性.首先, 建立了不带光学系统的辐射定标模型, 即探测器直接接收定标源辐射能, 获得探测器内部因素对系统输出的影响; 然后将其与带有光学系统的定标结果进行比较, 得到由光学系统自身辐射对系统输出的影响, 进而计算红外成像系统内部杂散辐射; 最后通过实验证明了本文理论的正确性.该方法操作简单, 对实验条件要求低, 并可以精确地测量红外成像系统内部杂散辐射.可用于指导红外系统设计中的杂散辐射抑制, 验证系统杂散辐射分析结果是否准确以及检测系统杂散辐射指标是否合格.     

Physical understanding of complex multiscale biochemical models via algorithmic simplification: Glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Large-scale models of cellular reaction networks are usually highly complex and characterized by a wide spectrum of time scales, making a direct interpretation and understanding of the relevant mechanisms almost impossible. We address this issue by demonstrating the benefits provided by model reduction techniques. We employ the Computational Singular Perturbation (CSP) algorithm to analyze the glycolytic pathway of intact yeast cells in the oscillatory regime. As a primary object of research for many decades, glycolytic oscillations represent a paradigmatic candidate for studying biochemical function and mechanisms. Using a previously published full-scale model of glycolysis, we show that, due to fast dissipative time scales, the solution is asymptotically attracted on a low dimensional manifold. Without any further input from the investigator, CSP clarifies several long-standing questions in the analysis of glycolytic oscillations, such as the origin of the oscillations in the upper part of glycolysis, the importance of energy and redox status, as well as the fact that neither the oscillations nor cell-cell synchronization can be understood in terms of glycolysis as a simple linear chain of sequentially coupled reactions.     

机器人控制系统串口模块的形式化验证

随着机器人应用在越来越多的领域,人们对其安全性的要求越来越高,作为机器人的核心,控制系统设计的可靠性对整个系统的安全至关重要。针对一种模块化设计的机器人控制系统架构,利用xMAS(eXecutable MicroArchitecture Specification,可执行微架构描述)模型在定理证明器ACL2中对其功能正确性进行验证,由于xMAS模型在ACL2中的形式化工作并不完全,首先补充和改进了xMAS在ACL2中的形式化工作,然后对该机器人控制系统中的串口模块建立xMAS模型,提取关键属性并进行验证。本文将xMAS模型和定理证明器ACL2相结合,可以很好地解决机器人控制系统的验证问题,为机器人控制系统的形式化验证提供一个有效的方法参考。     

表面增强拉曼光谱在非水体系中的研究进展

本文论述了表面增强拉曼光谱（ＳＥＲＳ）在非水体系中的研究历史、现状及应用前景,系统阐述了非水体系固／液界面结构、无机离子和有机分子的吸附以及非水电极过程方面ＳＥＲＳ技术的研究进展。     

信息系统硬件资源需求测算方法

信息系统硬件资源作为支撑企业信息业务的基础设施,其容量的准确测算对于信息系统的建设、运行以及扩容都有重要意义。研究表明,目前对于信息系统硬件资源容量测算方法仍有不足。为解决这一问题,本文基于实测数据与灰色关联方法对信息系统硬件资源容量的关键参数进行分析,建立了硬件资源容量的测算模型。算例表明,所建立的模型正确有效,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Global behavior of gear system using mixed cell mapping

In some mechanical nonlinear systems, the transient motion will be undergoing a very long process and the attractor-basin boundaries are so complicated that some difficulties occur in analyzing the system global behavior. To solve this problem a mixed cell mapping method based on the point mapping and the principle of simple cell mapping is developed. The algorithm of the mixed cell mapping is studied. A dynamic model of a gear pair is established with the backlash, damping, transmission error and the time-varying stiffness taken into consideration. The global behaviors of this system are analyzed. The coexistence of the system attractors and the respective attractor-basin of each attractor with different parameters are obtained, thus laying a theoretical basis for improvement of the dynamic behaviors of gear system.     

干涉成像系统信噪比的统计分析

根据统计光学建立了干涉成像系统信噪比的理论模型,数值分析了干涉成像系统信噪比与系统参数之间的关系。分析结果表明:为了提高系统的信噪比,应提高信号光场强度与噪声光场强度之比,使参考光和测试光光强接近相等,降低系统中光学元件的数量和每个元件的偏差,使光源相干长度约为测试光和参考光间光程差的2～5倍。要使信噪比大于10,则要求系统中光学元件总偏差的标准差小于1/4波长。信噪比的统计理论模型可为干涉成像系统设计和干涉测量提供理论指导。