连续谱X射线在ICT中的能谱硬化修正模型

X射线ICT中,由于连续谱X射线源在穿过物质时,能量较低的射线优先被吸收,也即较高能量的X射线的衰减系数比较低能量的X射线的衰减系数小,射线随透射厚度增大,变得更易穿透,也就是发生了能谱硬化现象。如不加修正,必引起赝像。文中对能谱硬化现象进行实验和理论上的分析,探讨了在均匀物质中, X射线的衰减系数与透射厚度的关系, 提出新的能谱硬化修正方法和严谨精确的能谱硬化修正模型。     

X射线TICT在复合材料工件检测中的能谱硬化修正模型

X射线TICT中,由于X射线能谱具有多色性, X射线在透射物质时,能量较低的射线优先被吸收,也即较高能量的X射线的衰减系数比较低能量的X射线的衰减系数小,射线随透射厚度增大,变得更易穿透,也就是发生了能谱硬化现象。如不加修正,必引起赝像。文中对能谱硬化现象进行了分析,探讨了X射线TICT在复合材料工件检测中, X射线的衰减系数与透射厚度的关系, 并根据Beer定律和X射线与复合材料作用的特点, 推导出X射线TICT在复合材料工件检测中, 严谨精确的能谱硬化修正模型及其修正方法。对修正后的衰减系数再做卷积反投影重构, 即可有效消除能谱硬化造成的影响。     

Flexural vibration of perforated plates and porous elastic materials under acoustic loading

This paper presents a method of theoretical treatment of acoustic coupling due to flexural vibration of perforated plates and plates of porous elastic materials. The analytical model is developed by introducing flow continuity at the plate surface in a spatially mean sense and air-solid interaction within the plate material. To demonstrate the method of application, some fundamental acoustic problems based on a classical thin-plate theory are analyzed and discussed in relation to the interactive effect of flexural vibration and plate permeability. For acoustic radiation from a vibrating plate excited by a harmonic point-force, the attenuation effect of power radiation appears at frequencies below the critical frequency of coincidence. In the problem of sound absorption of a perforated plate or a plate of porous elastic material backed by an air layer, as permeability decreases, the effect of plate vibration increases. For perforated absorber systems including plate vibration effects, the trend of variation from ordinary theory depends on plate thickness.     

工字形太赫兹超材料吸波体的传感特性研究

利用超材料吸波体对材料参数的电磁响应, 可将其应用于传感. 本文设计了一种工字形单元结构的超材料吸波体, 基于频域算法对其在太赫兹频段的传感特性进行数值模拟, 研究了待测样品折射率、厚度及电介质隔层厚度对超材料吸波体传感器的频率灵敏度、振幅灵敏度及品质因数的影响. 研究结果表明:当待测样品厚度为40 μm时, 折射率频率灵敏度可达到153.17 GHz/RIU, 折射率振幅灵敏度可达到41.37%/RIU; 待测样品折射率一定时, 厚度频率灵敏度随其厚度的增大而线性减小; 随着待测样品厚度的增加, RFOM呈增大趋势, 但增大幅度在逐渐减小; TFOM随待测样品厚度的增加而减小.     

Mössbauer scattering spectroscopy

The Mössbauer scattering spectra detected by γ-and X-radiation are investigated, and an analytical representation for the scattering integrals is given. It is shown that the use of Mössbauer scattering spectroscopy allows us to determine the interference amplitude, angular correlation function, Debye-Waller factor for Rayleigh scattering, Lamb-Mössbauer factors and linewidths for the source and scatterer, electronic attenuation coefficients of γ-and X-radiation for the scatterer, the total attenuation coefficient of γ-radiation for Rayleigh and Compton scattering, photoabsorption coefficient of γ-radiation in the scatterer and K-shell of⁵⁷Fe, resonance absorption coefficient of Mössbauer radiation, the thickness of the scatterer and the number density of Mössbauer elements in it. An experimental procedure for checking the difference in Lamb-Mössbauer factors for absorption and scattering of Mössbauer radiation is proposed.     

工业CT在工件检测中X射线硬化校正

X射线工业CT中,由于X射线能谱具有多色性,X射线在透射物质时,能量较低的射线优先被吸收,X射线能量越高,衰减系数越低。也即较高能量的X射线的衰减系数比较低能量的X射线的衰减系数小。射线随透射厚度增大,变得更易穿透,也就是发生了能谱硬化现象。由于射线硬化现象使图像重建时出现伪影,因此必须修正。文中对X射线硬化现象进行了分析,探讨了在均匀物质中,X射线射束和与透射厚度的关系。并根据Beer定律和X射线与物质作用的特点,通过获取X射线射束和数据,拟合出射束和与透射厚度的关系式。然后得出在同一透射厚度时,X射线射束和校正为单色等效射束和的关系及其等效方法。最终得出X射线等效单色射线的衰减系数的拟合值。再对此衰减系数拟合值进行卷积反投影重构,即可有效消除X射线射束硬化的影响。     

A tunable wedge‐shaped absorber for hard X‐ray synchrotron applications

The concept of a concave aluminium wedge‐shaped absorber for hard X‐ray synchrotron beamlines is presented. Unlike the commonly used absorber types (fixed‐thickness absorber sheets or binary exchangers of individual fixed absorbers), this concept allows a compact system, controlled with a single linear positioner, and provides a wide attenuation range as well as a precise tunability over a large energy range. Data were recorded at the Nanofocus Endstation of the MINAXS beamline, PETRA III, Hamburg, Germany.     

Air-kerma modulation effects on the energy spectrum of a 137CS irradiator using Monte-Carlo techniques

Calibration of radiation protection instrumentation such as survey meters is typically performed using ¹³⁷Cs irradiators. During calibration, various thicknesses of lead attenuators are added and the source-to-detector distance is adjusted to modulate air-kerma rate. Variations in the energy spectrum as a result of these modulation techniques are unknown, and may affect the response of energy-dependent survey meters during calibration. The purpose of this work was to characterize the spectral changes that result from modulation of the air-kerma rate for the Hopewell Designs G-10 dual source irradiator at the University of Wisconsin Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (UWADCL). An experimentally validated Monte-Carlo model of the irradiator geometry was used to investigate energy spectra variations as a function of attenuation and distance. Lead attenuator thicknesses of (0, 0.64, 1.22, 2.22, 4.32, and 5.54) cm were used in this study. The irradiator geometry was modeled using MCNP6 Monte Carlo (MC) transport code and validated by comparing simulated and measured percent depth dose (PDD) curves and cross-field profiles. Spectra were tallied at (100, 200, 300, and 400) cm from the source. The effects of room scatter on the energy spectrum were also investigated. Simulated and measured PDDs agreed within the associated uncertainty and profiles agreed within 3% or 3 mm distance to agreement. The mean energy for simulated spectra at 100 cm from the source varied from 593 keV to 654 keV as attenuation increased from no attenuation to 5.54 cm of lead. The mean energy of the spectra remained consistent at distances ranging from 100 cm to 400 cm for all attenuation thicknesses and for both geometries in which the vault walls were defined and undefined. This study used MC methods to show that the modulation of air-kerma rate using attenuation and source-detector distance significantly changes the energy spectrum. This knowledge may improve the accuracy of any calibrations using this source.     

Determination of acoustic impedances of multi matching layers for narrowband ultrasonic airborne transducers at frequencies <2.5 MHz - Application of a genetic algorithm

The effective ultrasonic energy radiation into the air of piezoelectric transducers requires using multilayer matching systems with accurately selected acoustic impedances and the thickness of particular layers. One major problem of ultrasonic transducers, radiating acoustic energy into air, is to find the proper acoustic impedances of one or more matching layers. This work aims at developing an original solution to the acoustic impedance mismatch between transducer and air. If the acoustic impedance defences between transducer and air be more, then finding best matching layer(s) is harder. Therefore we consider PZT (lead zirconate titanate piezo electric) transducer and air that has huge acoustic impedance deference. The vibration source energy (PZT), which is used to generate the incident wave, consumes a part of the mechanical energy and converts it to an electrical one in theoretical calculation. After calculating matching layers, we consider the energy source as layer to design a transducer. However, this part of the mechanical energy will be neglected during the mathematical work. This approximation is correct only if the transducer is open-circuit. Since the possibilities of choosing material with required acoustic impedance are limited (the counted values cannot always be realized and applied in practice) it is necessary to correct the differences between theoretical values and the possibilities of practical application of given acoustic impedances. Such a correction can be done by manipulating other parameters of matching layers (e.g. by changing their thickness). The efficiency of the energy transmission from the piezoceramic transducer through different layers with different thickness and different attenuation enabling a compensation of non-ideal real values by changing their thickness was computer analyzed (base on genetic algorithm). Firstly, three theoretical solutions were investigated. Namely, Chebyshev, Desilets and Souquet theories. However, the obtained acoustic impedances do not necessarily correspond to a nowadays available material. Consequently, the values of the acoustic impedances are switched to the nearest values in a large material database. The switched values of the acoustic impedances do not generally give efficient transmission coefficients. Therefore, we proposed, in a second step, the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) to select the best acoustic impedances for matching layers from the material database for a narrow band ultrasonic transducer that work at frequency below the 2.5 MHz by considering attenuation. However this bank is rich, the results get better. So the accuracy of the propose method increase by using a lot of materials with exact data for acoustic impedance and their attenuation, especially in high frequency. This yields highly more efficient transmission coefficient. In fact by using increasing number of layer we can increase our chance to find the best sets of materials with valuable both in acoustic impedance and low attenuation. Precisely, the transmission coefficient is almost equal to unity for the all studied cases. Finally the effect of thickness on transmission coefficient is investigated for different layers. The results showed that the transmission coefficient for air media is a function of thickness and sensitive to it even for small variation in thickness. In fact, the sensitivity increases when the differences of acoustic impedances to be high (difference between PZT and air).     

Dissipative solitons in quantum dot lasers

The spatiotemporal dynamics of radiation in wide-aperture semiconductor quantum-dot lasers is studied analytically and numerically. It was found that the choice of relatively rapid amplifying layers with quantum dots of a small size and slow absorbing layers with a maximal rate of exciton capture from wetting layers is optimal for the stability of spatial dissipative solitons in a single-longitudinal-mode laser. A large relaxation time of the slow absorber was found to result in a substantial decrease in the sensitivity of solitons to the tilt of the mirrors, which increases their stability and gives real chances of the experimental revealing of laser solitons.     

Acoustic dispersion and attenuation measurement using both transmitted and reflected pulses

Traditional broadband transmission method for measuring acoustic dispersion and attenuation requires the measurement of the thickness of the specimen, the transmission coefficient at the water–specimen interface, and the Fourier spectra of two transmitted pulses. A new method has recently been developed that can determine both the thickness and dispersion of the specimen by utilizing the phase spectra of two additional pulses reflected back from the front and back surfaces of the specimen. In this paper, the method is further extended to the measurement of attenuation. If the density of the specimen is known, the frequency-dependent transmission coefficient can be determined based on the measured phase velocity, and only the amplitude spectra of the two transmitted pulses are used to determine the attenuation. If the density of the specimen is unknown, the attenuation can be determined from the amplitude spectra of all the four pulses. In both cases, the thickness estimated from the phase spectra of the four pulses is utilized. Experimental results from two specimens are presented to demonstrate the application of the new method.     

MC模拟无卷积全谱转换法测量X，γ辐射剂量

为了更好地进行环境X/γ辐射剂量的测量,通过对电制冷高纯锗探测器蒙特卡罗建模获取0.01～1.5 MeV能量范围内的能谱和剂量（率）值,并利用无卷积全谱转换法进行能谱-剂量转换研究。研究发现,通过无卷积全谱转换法计算得到的剂量率与模拟剂量率符合较好;通过在中国计量研究院环境γ辐射空气吸收剂量标准辐射场中进行Co-60和Cs-137放射源剂量率实验验证,结果显示,在0.01～1.5 MeV的能量范围内,通过能谱-剂量转换得到剂量率与标准剂量率的误差小于±10%,这表明通过无卷积全谱转换法进行能谱-剂量（率）转换系数的求解是可行的。     

双层螺旋环超表面复合吸波体等效电路模型及微波损耗机制

针对超材料吸波频带窄的问题,采用金属螺旋环超表面与碳纤维吸波材料相复合的方式,设计了宽频高性能复合吸波体.研究发现,在碳纤维吸波材料中引入双层螺旋环超表面能显著增强吸收峰值和吸波带宽,且适当增加螺旋环初始线长和吸收层厚度有利于提高复合吸波体的吸波性能, 9.2—18.0 GHz频段的反射损耗均优于–10 dB (带宽达8.8 GHz),吸收峰值达–14.4 dB.利用S参数计算得到螺旋环-碳纤维复合吸波体的等效电磁参数和特征阻抗呈现多频点谐振特性,通过构建双层螺旋环超表面等效电路模型,定量计算了复合吸波体的电磁谐振频点,发现由等效电路模型获得的谐振频点计算值与仿真值基本相符,说明该复合吸波体多频点电磁谐振是宽频电磁损耗的主要机制.     

The effect of grazing mean flow on acoustical characteristics of the micro-perforated panel absorber

There are three effects of grazing mean flow on acoustical characteristics of the micro-perforated panel absorber(1) on radiation impedance of the orifice,(2) on acoustical impedance of the construction at sound wave angle incidence,(3) on sound propagation property in a duct lined by absorber.Based on the acoustical fundamental principle,these effects were analyzed respectively,and relative formulas were derived. Some qualitative tendencies were shown that radiation impedance of an orifice,value ofξin function coth(ξ) which estimates cavity impedance,and transmission loss in a lined duct all will decrease with flow speed increases as well as the resonant frequency will move to lower frequency caused by Doppler Effect,when sound wave propagation direction is the same with flow direction. The discussion was also supported by a relative experimental study.     

银吸收边附近X射线衰减系数测量

在北京同步辐射装置的4B7A中能X光束线上,光源能区为2.1~6.0keV,能量分辨大于5000,高次谐波小于0.1%,光源强度大于109光子/s。通过全能区多能点的透过率精确测量Ag样品质量厚度,然后采用Ag薄膜对单能X光子的透过率进行测量,给出了Ag薄膜在吸收边(3.4~3.9keV)的衰减系数。建立了Ag样品吸收边附近衰减系数同步辐射测量方法。通过不确定度分析给出衰减系数测量不确定度小于1%,填补了在该区间衰减系数的空白。     

Optical bistability of a CO2 laser with intracavity saturable absorber: Experiment and model

The optical bistability in the output of an ir CO₂ laser containing an intracavity SF₆ absorber was observed as a function of the laser pumping inversion. The laser parameters were determined through a set of independent measurements. A theoretical model valid within the mean field approximation and taking into account the exponential amplification and attenuation of the radiation inside the Fabry-Perot cavity was developed. The state equation of the laser with the saturable absorber was solved graphically and the solution was compared to the experimental results.     

Optical absorption of submonolayer silver films: Size effect of ϵfree and ϵbound in small island particles

Optical absorption spectra of submonolayer silver films deposited on a fused quartz ATR prism were measured. Optical plasma resonance absorption peaks both for p- and s-polarized light were observed at near 3.5 eV. The observed spectra were interpreted well by the model of two-dimensionally distributed ellipsoids of rotation applying the Drude formula and the classical size effect to the free electron part of the dielectric constants of silver island particles ?_free and the bulk value shifted to the higher energy region to the bound electron part ?_bound. It was found that the amount of the shift increases with decrease of mean thickness of silver.     

乏燃料贮运用铝基碳化硼复合材料的屏蔽性能计算

采用蒙特卡罗方法, 利用MCNP程序计算了在中子能量为0.5–20 MeV, ²³⁵U核热中子裂变源条件下, 厚度为3–9 cm、碳化硼含量5%–15%的铝基碳化硼复合材料在空气、水、200–1400 ppm (1 ppm=10^-6) 硼酸溶液介质中的中子透射系数. 结果表明: B₄C/Al复合材料的透射系数随碳化硼含量和材料厚度的增加而减少, 随中子能量的升高而增大, 而硼酸浓度的改变对中子透射系数影响不大. B₄C/Al复合材料在水中比硼酸中更能发挥其屏蔽效果, 在空气中屏蔽特性显现出“反转”现象, 中子能量高于5 MeV时透射系数几乎没有变化. 在裂变源条件下的B₄C/Al复合材料中子透射系数均比稳定源20 MeV 低. 介质的中子屏蔽效果是硼酸溶液>水> 空气, 水介质的中子透射系数与介质厚度呈指数下降关系, 裂变源和稳定源条件下分别近似为e^-0.71x和e^-0.669x, x为厚度(cm). 关键词： 蒙特卡罗 乏燃料设备 中子吸收材料 4C/Al')" href="#">B₄C/Al     

纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体射频辐射特性研究

开展了波长为532 nm、脉宽为8 ns的纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体射频电磁辐射特性实验研究,基于锥形天线探测空气等离子体在30-800 MHz频谱范围有较强的射频电磁辐射,是等离子体内电偶极子振荡变速运动造成的.实验结果表明:随激光能量增加,30-200 MHz范围内射频辐射强度逐渐变强,但360-600 MHz频率范围射频辐射强度逐渐变弱.等离子体射频辐射的空间分布依赖于入射激光的偏振方向,当激光偏振方向与天线放置方向一致时,该方向上空气等离子体的射频辐射强度高,谱线较丰富.射频辐射总功率随激光能量先增加后降低,采用等离子体电子密度变化对等离子体频率及等离子体衰减系数影响(制约)关系,对射频辐射总功率随激光能量的变化规律进行了解释.     

Simple parametrization of photon mass energy absorption coefficients of H-, C-, N- and O-based samples of biological interest in the energy range 200–1500 keV

In this paper, we provide polynomial coefficients and a semi-empirical relation using which one can derive photon mass energy absorption coefficient of any H-, C-, N-, O-based sample of biological interest containing any other elements in the atomic number range 2–40 and energy range 200–1500 keV. More interestingly, it has been observed in the present work that in this energy range, both the mass attenuation coefficients and the mass energy absorption coefficients for such samples vary only with respect to energy. Hence it was possible to represent the photon interaction properties of such samples by a mean value of these coefficients. By an independent study of the variation of the mean mass attenuation coefficient as well as mass energy absorption coefficient with energy, two simple semi-empirical relations for the photon mass energy absorption coefficients and one relation for the mass attenuation coefficient have been obtained in the energy range 200–1500 keV. It is felt that these semi-empirical relations can be very handy and convenient in biomedical and other applications. One possible significant conclusion based on the results of the present work is that in the energy region 200–1500 keV, the photon interaction characteristics of any H-, C-, N-, O-based sample of biological interest which may or may not contain any other elements in the atomic number range 2–40 can be represented by a sample-independent (single) but energy-dependent mass attenuation coefficient and mass energy absorption coefficient.