X-ray study of field induced deformation of sliding CDW in K0.30MoO3

A deformation of the CDW is investigated under the electric field whose magnitude is intensionally made inhomogeneous in the one-dimensional conductor K_0.30MoO₃. It is verified that the CDW's deformation, which occurs in the transverse (2a¹-c¹)-direction, is caused by the field gradient in the sample. In the sample where the CDW deformation is found without the intensional inhomogeneity of the electroc field, the deformation is not uniform from point to point. Possible relations are discussed between the structural change and the electrical polarization observed in pulse measurements of the conductivity.     

Anomalously high photovoltages in terbium molybdate

In terbium molybdate Tb₂(MoO₄)₃ at room temperature, a laser beam of wavelength λ ₁=4880 Å induces an electric polarization that lasts for several days after the irradiation is turned off. The photoinduced polarization has the same sign as the spontaneous polarization. At a laser power of 0.5 W and an exposure time of 4.5 h, the photoinduced polarization exceeds the spontaneous polarization by an order of magnitude. The corresponding electric field is 2.5×10⁶ V/cm. Under the influence of radiation with λ ₁=4880 Å, terbium molybdate luminesces in the green part of the spectrum near λ ₂≈5425 Å. The luminescence quantum yield is 20%.     

Proton ordering and spontaneous polarization in mixed KDP-ADP crystals

Temperature dependences of the transverse permittivity of mixed K_1?x (NH₄)_xH₂PO₄ crystals (x≈0, 0.04, 0.09, and 0.19) are experimentally investigated with the aim of determining the parameter P _A that characterizes proton ordering in the region of the ferroelectric phase transition. A comparison of the temperature dependences of the P _A parameter and spontaneous polarization shows that the spontaneous polarization is preceded by a partial ordering of protons in all the compositions studied. It is found that the crystals with a high ammonium content are characterized by a weaker effect of the lattice polarization on the proton ordering.     

自发极化强度对VFLC电光迟滞曲线影响的电路级模拟

提出了关于V字型铁电液晶(V-shaped Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal,VFLC)的等效电路模型,旨在将EDA技术引入对VFLC光电集成系统进行研究、开发和设计。该模型考虑了由铁电液晶盒多层结构和驱动电路引起的阻抗分配效应,以及极化与非极化锚定能对VFLC光电响应特性的影响。演示了电光迟滞曲线的反常迟滞、V字型及正常迟滞状态,并着重就自发极化强度对电光迟滞曲线的影响给出了模拟结果和分析。结果表明:强制电压随驱动信号频率的提高而增加,但增加速度随自发极化强度的提高而减慢;强制电压和迟滞反转频率随自发极化强度的变化均存在一个拐点,强制电压在自发极化强度为80nC/cm2时取到最小值(-0.084V),迟滞反转频率在自发极化强度为90nC/cm2时达到最大值(6.4Hz);自发极化强度小于80nC/cm2时,迟滞反转频率随自发极化强度准线性增加。模拟结果从量级和趋势上均与实验结果吻合。     

Spontaneous polarization of finely disperse dielectrics with surface donor centers

Spontaneous polarization and polarization in an alternating electric field of finely disperse dielectrics KMnO₄, Pb(NO₃)₂, and CsNO₃ after the appearance of current carriers upon the chemisorption of hydrogen are studied. The real part of their dielectric constant becomes negative, and low frequency dispersion of this quantity due to the Lorentz correction is observed. The spontaneous polarization of finely disperse dielectrics and the low frequency dispersion of their dielectric constant are determined by the properties of conduction electrons whose wave functions are limited by the powder grain size. The character of electronic phenomena and energy exchange upon the polarization of finely disperse dielectrics depends on the position of the Fermi level on their surface. An original method of research is applied.     

Optical and X-ray diffraction studies of multilayer structures based on InGaN/GaN solid solutions

Multilayer structures based on the In _x Ga_{1 ? x} N/GaN compounds grown by gas-phase epitaxy from organometallic compounds are studied using photoluminescence spectroscopy and high-resolution X-ray diffraction. A method for analyzing the experimental rocking curves of multilayer structures in terms of the Parratt-Speriosu model is developed. This method permits one to determine the thickness, period, and average composition of In _x Ga_{1 ? x} N/GaN layers, as well as the deformation of the active region in the samples under study. The local indium content is determined using the theoretical model which describes the radiation energy as a function of the thicknesses of the InGaN layers taking into account the energy of quantum confinement, the energies of the spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric polarization, and the parameters determined from high-resolution X-ray diffraction data.     

Glasslike thermal conductivity of tourmaline at low temperatures

Thermal conductivity measurements parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis in tourmaline single crystals are reported in the range of 1.7 – 35K. The spontaneous polarization is constrained to the c-axis in tourmaline. The thermal conductivity (K) follows the glasslike K ∝ T^1.9 below 6K in both crystallographic directions, and the magnitude of K is in the upper range found in glasses. It is concluded that the glasslike thermal properties associated with the spontaneous polarization in ferroelectric - type solids occur isotropically throughout the crystal and are not limited to the polarization direction.     

Isovector deformation parameters and core polarization

Analysis of measurements of elastic and inelastic neutron scattering cross sections on ^{116,118,120,122,124}Sn are reported. The isovector and isoscalar quadrupole deformation parameters β₁ and β₀ are obtained in a set of isotopes from a comparison with published parameters from (p, p′) measureements. The relation β₁ > β₀ anticipated from shell model arguments is verified, and its value of about 2 is roughly the same magnitude predicted by the schematic model of core polarization by valence neutrons.     

Aspects of symmetry in the problem of phase transitions in improper ferroelectrics

The term ‘improper’ ferroelectrics has recently come to be used for ferroelectrics in which the spontaneous polarizationP _s is not a transition parameter. From the standpoint of symmetry therefore, the new (polar) symmetry group is no longer the highest common sub-group of the crystal symmetry and the spontaneous polarization symmetry (polar vector symmetry group ∞mm). The concept of an improper ferroelectric has therefore been revised to include transitions from polar to polar groups. It is shown that in the general cases where other parameters are permissible, the problem has to be solved using the symmetry of directions. The present analysis on the bases of irreducible representation of polar crystals establishes all the possible cases where spontaneous polarization is accompanied by spontaneous magnetisation, optical activity and more complex phenomena. The symmetry changes and the polarization configurations in Gd(MoO₄)₃, boracites, (NH₄)₂BeF₄, alkali trihydrogen selenite family have been discussed in the light of the extended concept of an ‘improper’ ferroelectric.     

Temperature behavior of the order parameter in Pb5Ge3O11

The temperature dependence of the spontaneous polarization in the Pb₅Ge₃O₁₁ lead germanate (PGO) is experimentally investigated using optical, magnetic resonance, and conventional electrical measurements. The deviations from the temperature dependence typical of second-order phase transitions at temperatures below 420 K are explained in terms of incomplete polarization switching and polarization induced by a residual depolarization field. The low-temperature anomalies are interpreted without consideration of additional structural transformations. The internal bias field is determined from the experimental temperature dependence of the perfect polarization of PGO single crystals in an electric field.     

晶体电光和非线性光学效应的离子基团理论(Ⅰ)——利用氧八面体畸变模型计算BaTiO3晶体电光及倍频系数

本文对钙钛矿型晶体的电光及倍频效应的机理提出了一个(MO₆)离子基团模型。并从(TiO₆)离子基团的准分子轨道及晶格场位能作用下的(TiO₆)离子基团的离子键轨道出发,利用ABDP理论,分别计算了BaTiO₃的各个电光及倍频系数。计算结果表明,在没有引入任何可调整参量的情况下,用(TiO₆)离子基团的晶格场理论所得到的电光及倍频系数的计算值和实验值符合得相当好,而准分子轨道对这些效应的贡献很小。由     

Dielectric and electro-optic behavior of pure ferroelectric liquid crystal material and the isomeric mixtures

We report here the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and electro-optical properties of a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) CB470 (R) and isomeric mixtures containing CB470 (R) and its optical isomer CB480 (S) in two different concentrations. We have studied with two isomeric mixtures: mixing CB470 (R) and CB480 (S) in the ratio 95:5 (w/w) and 90:10 (w/w). With increase of percentage of CB480 (S) in the mixture the spontaneous polarization (P_S) value has been decreased due to cancellation of a part of the dipolar contribution, since the direction of P_S of the two isomers are in opposite direction. The tilt angles of the pure FLC materials and the isomeric mixtures remain almost unchanged. The dielectric strength of Goldstone mode is almost proportional to the spontaneous polarization (P_S). An additional collective mode has been observed in the SmC¹ phase due to the formation of domain with large periodicity in pure FLC material and in one of the isomeric mixtures by unwinding the helical structures, which is known as domain mode. The existence of domain mode has been studied extensively with the variation of P_S in the isomeric mixtures. The result has been discussed.     

Effect of the nanofilm thickness on the properties of the two-dimensional electron gas at the interface between two dielectrics

The mechanism of formation of the two-dimensional conductivity along the interface between two polymer dielectrics is experimentally studied. The idea of “polar catastrophe,” which was successfully used earlier to explain the electronic properties of the interface between two perovskites LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃, is chosen as a base hypothesis. Piezoelectric response microscopy is used to reveal the presence of spontaneous polarization on the surface of a polymer film, and the remanent polarization is found to decrease with increasing film thickness. As in the case of perovskites, the polymer film thickness is found to strongly affect the electrical conductivity along the interface. Substantial differences between these phenomena are detected. The change in the electrical conductivity is shown to be caused by a significant increase in the charge carrier mobility when the film thickness decreases below a certain critical value. The relation between the change in the carrier mobility and the change in the spontaneous surface polarization of the polymer film when its thickness decreases is discussed.     

Band structure,spontaneous polarization and index of refraction above and below the curie point of BaTiO3 and KNbO3

The spontaneous polarization influence on the refractive index of BaTiO₃ and KNbO₃ perovskites is analysed from their band structure. The coupling effects between the conduction band edge and the spontaneous polarization are expressed through the Bloch orbital interactions and allow to interpret the presence of a precursor polarization in the paraelectric phase and the refractive index experimental data.     

Spontaneous periodic structures induced in thin AgCl-Ag films by the continuum in the case of optical rotation of the plane of polarization

The formation of spontaneous periodic structures in thin AgCl-Ag films subject to the continuum (λ≈450–700 nm) in the case of rotation of the plane of polarization with the help of crystalline quartz is studied. The periodic structures are formed due to the excitation of waveguide TE₀ modes in spontaneous Rayleigh scattering of radiation with a wavelength λ incident on the film. The structure periods are smaller than λ and vary in proportion with λ. After special treatment of the irradiated sample (fixing and deposition of an Al layer), periodic structures form a thin reflection hologram capable of reproducing the direction of linear polarization, the angle of optical rotation, and the color of the spectrum recorded. The study of diffraction patterns and small-angle scattering from small portions of a hologram, which were exposed to light with various wavelengths in the recording process, with the help of a probing UV beam (λ_p=337 nm), made it possible to reveal special features of the manifestation of Rayleigh and Wood anomalies associated with the domain structure of PS.     

Peculiarities of spontaneous grating generation in light-sensitive waveguide layers during holographic grating formation

The generation of spontaneous (noise) gratings during the simultaneous formation of a holographic grating in thin (on the order of the cutoff thickness of the TE₀ waveguide mode) AgCl-Ag films by two laser beams with λ = 532 nm and polarization vectors that make an angle of 45° with the plane of incidence have been studied. The electron microscopy images and diffraction patterns have revealed a significant difference of the spontaneous-grating structure from the structure obtained under irradiation by one laser beam. The spontaneous gratings have a significant spread in the directions of their wave vector, and the diffraction pattern (recorded using a probe beam with λ = 337 nm) has the form of a bundle of diverging arcs that intersect at one point. This difference is caused by self-diffraction from the holographic grating, which is responsible for the main diffraction peaks with odd orders, the growth of spontaneous gratings because of the interference of the beams diffracted by the holographic grating with the waveguide TE₀ modes scattered in the film, and silver transport to the interference minima. The diffraction patterns are quantitatively analyzed and the period of the new (formed under two-beam irradiation) spontaneous gratings is calculated. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Multiferroic properties and structural features of <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>-type Al-substituted barium hexaferrites

Precise studies of the crystal and magnetic structures of M-type substituted barium hexaferrites BaFe_12–x Al _x O₁₉ (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.2) have been performed by powder neutron diffraction in the temperature range 300–730 K. The electric polarization and the magnetization, and also the magnetoelectric effect of the compositions under study have been studied in electric (to 110 kV/m) and magnetic (to 14 T) fields at room temperature. The spontaneous polarization and significant correlation between the dielectric and magnetic subsystems have been observed at room temperature. The magnetoelectric effect value is, on average, about 5%, and it increases slightly with the aluminum cation concentration. The precise structural studies made it possible to reveal the cause and the mechanism of formation of the spontaneous polarization in M-type substituted barium hexaferrites BaFe_12–x Al _x O₁₉ (x ≤ 1.2) with a collinear ferromagnetic structure.     

Electrooptic study of antiferroelectric mixtures for display application

The aim of this paper is to study the influence of electric field on alignment of para-, ferro- and antiferroelectric phases in the vicinity of SmA^* — SmC^* or SmC^* — SmC _A ^* phase transitions as to obtain mono-domain cells. Four mixtures studied (W-193B, W-193B-1, W-201, W-204D) show the SmC _A ^* phase in a wide room temperature range. Measurements of the spontaneous polarization versus temperature by using reversal current method give an answer to the question, what kind of the transitions take place between para-, ferro- or antiferroelectric phases using the Landau mean field theory. Optimal electrooptic parameters for different compositions of the mixtures such as tilt angle, spontaneous polarization and saturation voltage have been measured to compare parameters of the mixtures studied.     

Piezoelectric effect in the LaBGeO<Subscript>5</Subscript> ferroelectric crystal

Room-temperature piezoelectric moduli of a new high-temperature ferroelectric crystal, LaBGeO₅ (LBGO), are for the first time determined experimentally. It is shown that the piezoactivity of this crystal is close to that of quartz. Comparative analysis of temperature dependences of spontaneous polarization and spontaneous deformation was carried out, and the piezomoduli were measured at room temperature. Based on these data, it was shown that this crystal, which undergoes the change of symmetry 32 → 3 during the phase transition (T _c = 533°C), is not a multiferroelectric. Its “transient” piezomoduli should not undergo noticeable anomalies at the Curie point, and the dependence d _3i ～ (T _c ? T)^?1/2, which is common for uniaxial ferroelectrics, is expected for morphic piezomoduli associated with polarization along axis 3.     

Anomalous behavior of the elastic and inelastic properties in the ferroelectric phase of single-crystal (NH4)2SO4

The anomalous changes of the low-frequency elastic and inelastic properties of single-crystal (NH₄)₂SO₄ accompanying the phase transition from the paraelectric to the ferroelectric phase have been studied by the reverse torsion-pendulum method at 223 K and in the temperature region where the spontaneous polarization changes sign. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 2202–2205 (December 1998)