核壳MFI/CHA分子筛的合成及催化性能

采用二次生长法(外延法)在ZSM-5(MFI型)晶体颗粒表面外延生长SAPO-34(CHA型)磷酸硅铝分子筛壳层,合成了MFI/CHA型核壳分子筛材料。并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散射线光谱(EDS)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱对其进行了表征。结果表明,核相ZSM-5的预处理步骤对于成功合成此核壳型分子筛材料十分关键。通过研究晶化温度和晶化时间对MFI/CHA核壳型沸石分子筛合成的影响推测出MFI/CHA壳层生长的晶化机理,并考察在甲醇芳构化中的择形催化作用。     

同晶外延生长法合成MFI型核壳复合分子筛

采用二次热液结晶法,以四丙基氢氧化铵水溶液预处理过的低硅ZSM-5分子筛为晶核,通过调控p H值、水量和晶化时间等二次结晶条件,在晶核上外延生长了高硅ZSM-5壳,制备了MFI/MFI核壳型复合分子筛。通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能量色散谱仪、透射电子显微镜、N2吸附-脱附和NH3-程序升温脱附等手段表征了所合成的核壳分子筛的晶体结构、表面形态及核/壳界面,并对它们的结构参数以及酸性进行了初步评估。结果表明,核壳复合分子筛的壳层由多层200 nm的MFI沸石晶粒组成;高硅ZSM-5分子筛壳层的生成,引入了介孔结构,显著增大了外比表面积;同时,核壳结构的形成降低了复合分子筛酸性和外表面的酸密度,但增加了弱酸量。当二次晶化母液p H值为8.5,H2O/SO2物质的量比为30,晶化时间为24 h时,高硅分子筛壳层更易可控生长。     

MFI/MFI核壳分子筛合成的影响因素及结晶动力学

以低硅铝比ZSM-5 为核, 采用二次生长法水热合成了MFI/MFI核壳分子筛. 发现对核相分子筛进行预处理是合成的关键步骤. 通过控制壳相合成过程(如合成温度、合成时间和核相分子筛加入量)可有效控制核壳分子筛的壳层生长. 以异丙苯(IPB)及1,3,5-三异丙苯(1,3,5-TIPB)裂解为探针反应, 发现与核相分子筛相比, 核壳分子筛的IPB裂解反应活性相当. 而1,3,5-TIPB裂解活性下降68%, 与外表面Al含量下降程度相近, 表明MFI/MFI核壳分子筛较好地保留了分子筛的核相反应活性. 结晶动力学计算结果表明, MFI/MFI核壳分子筛的成核活化能为51.5 kJ·mol-1, 生长活化能为26.5 kJ·mol-1.     

ZSM-5、ZSM-57分子筛和丝光沸石间的转晶规律

考察了硅铝比、碱度、有机胺模板剂、晶化时间及温度等合成条件对ZSM-5、ZSM-57 分子筛和丝光沸石之间相互转晶的影响. 发现较高的碱度、较长的晶化时间有利于合成丝光沸石；较低的碱度、较高的诱导晶化温度、较长的晶化时间有利于合成低硅铝比的ZSM-57 分子筛；合成低硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛则需要在能合成丝光沸石和ZSM-57 分子筛的碱度区间内精确调节碱度, 缩短晶化时间、降低诱导晶化温度、加入适当晶种, 有利于合成低硅铝比的ZSM-5 分子筛. 合成条件稍微改变, 会导致各种沸石之间发生转晶, 晶化产物出现两种或两种以上的晶型.     

核壳型复合分子筛ZSM-5/Nano-β的合成与表征

以ZSM-5小晶粒为核相材料, 用聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)进行表面预处理后, 黏附nano-β晶种并焙烧制得核相晶种, 再在壳层晶化生长体系中通过水热合成得到ZSM-5/nano-β有序的核壳分子筛. 产物的物相和结构通过XRD, SEM, TEM以及N₂吸附/脱附分析表征, 通过对比发现, β壳层的合成以白炭黑为硅源比用正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)更好. 通过NH₃-TPD表征, 以及1,3,5-三甲苯裂化转化反应对分子筛的性能进行了考察, 结果表明, 核壳分子筛通过调变组成分子筛的酸性, 从而大大提高了材料的催化裂化性能, 同时延缓了失活速率.     

ZSM-5／Silicalite-1核壳分子筛含氟水热体系的合成及表征

以圆柱形ZSM-5为核,用柠檬酸对其外表面进行预处理后,在含氟壳层晶化体系中二次生长合成核壳分子筛.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、N2吸附及氨程序升温脱附对分子筛进行了表征,并以甲苯歧化和1,3,5-三甲苯裂化为探针反应对分子筛性能进行了考察.结果显示,产物是以ZSM-5为核、silicalite-1纳米晶为壳的两相复合微孔分子筛材料;在含氟体系中ZSM-5外延生长出了致密壳层;全硅壳层的覆盖度约达到97%,核壳分子筛的外表面酸位随之减少,但基本保持孔道内的酸性。     

在含乙醇的硅铝凝胶中合成ZSM-5沸石

用含乙醇的硅铝凝胶水热晶化合成ZSM-5沸石.实验表明,乙醇能够促进ZSM-5沸石晶体的成核和生长,具有明显的模板剂作用.向含乙醇的凝胶中加入晶种可以进一步缩短晶化诱导期和晶化时间,并减小分子筛的晶粒度.晶种的粒度与分子筛产物的晶粒度有一定对应关系.采用搅拌晶化也能明显地减小ZSM-5沸石的晶粒度,同时影响晶体形貌.通过优化晶化条件和凝胶组成,成功合成出硅铝比在30～240范围内、结晶度较高的ZSM-5沸石分子筛,所得沸石孔道畅通,热稳定性、水热稳定性高,且具有较强酸性,具有良好的应用前景.     

气相转移法与水热合成法合成ZSM-5/SAPO-5核壳结构复合分子筛的比较

以磷酸、拟薄水铝石和硅溶胶为原料,三乙胺为模板剂,在不同晶化温度和晶化时间的实验条件下,分别采用水热合成法和气相转移法合成了一系列ZSM-5/SAPO-5核壳结构复合分子筛,并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线能量散射谱、红外光谱和N2吸附等手段对其进行了表征.结果表明,所合成的分子筛是以ZSM-5为核,以SAPO-5为壳的双结构复合分子筛.晶化温度的提高和晶化时间的延长有利于分子筛结晶度的提高.与水热合成法相比,采用气相转移法可以减小壳层SAPO-5的颗粒尺寸,减少脱离ZSM-5表面独立生长的SAPO-5的量,改善SAPO-5在ZSM-5表面的分布.重油裂化结果表明,核壳结构复合分子筛对生成低碳烯烃的催化性能优于机械混合的样品.     

MFI型沸石形貌研究

MFI沸石晶形及其形态的调控一直都是分子筛研究的重要方面。本文主要综述了单晶分子筛、纳米分子筛、核壳结构分子筛以及特殊取向分子筛（包括择优取向MFI沸石膜及具有择优取向自行生长的MFI沸石）形貌控制方法。其中,对模板剂、表面活性剂、合成体系组成及合成方法对MFI型沸石形貌的影响进行了详细综述,同时对MFI沸石形貌研究的发展前景进行了展望。     

ZSM-5分子筛结晶度及晶粒大小的影响因素

以硅溶胶为硅源,偏铝酸钠为铝源,用晶种法制备ZSM-5分子筛.考察了物料混合方式、陈化时间、晶化时间、晶化温度、碱度和水量等对ZSM-5分子筛相对结晶度和晶粒大小的影响.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光粒度分析等对所合成样品进行了表征.结果表明:在一定的高碱度条件下形成高浓度的硅铝酸盐凝胶,才能合成出晶化良好的样品,ZSM-5分子筛是按固相机理形成的;合成ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度和平均颗粒度均随晶化温度的升高及硅铝酸盐凝胶浓度的增加而增大,在室温陈化24 h、180℃晶化12～24 h时相对结晶度最高,平均颗粒度基本上与陈化时间无关.     

2D versus 3D MFI zeolite: The effect of Si/Al ratio on the accessibility of acid sites and catalytic performance

Through the synthesis of 2D MFI zeolite samples of Si/Al ratio ranged from 13 to 74 with inter-crystalline mesoporosity and their reference 3D counterparts, we have systematically studied and revealed the impact of Si/Al ratio on the inter-dependence of core intrinsic properties of structural porosity and acidity. It is apparent that mesopores in the 2D MFI zeolite play a critical role, dictating the accessibility and distribution of specific acid sites. It was found that, compared to their 3D counterparts, the 2D samples possess a three-times larger accessible surface area owing to the mesopores. Although having a slightly lower total number of acid sites, the 2D samples enjoy a higher percentage of accessible strong acid sites and weak Lewis acid sites. Consequently, in three selected liquid phase reactions, which had different acidity demands and molecular diffusion constraints, the 2D samples demonstrated much higher catalytic activities and resistance to deactivation. This study has, for the first time, established the relationship between Si/Al ratio and acidity for the 2D MFI zeolite, thus enabling rational selection of a Si/Al ratio for a targeted application.     

弱酸性多级孔MFI沸石上甲醇转化制丙烯（英文）

使用葡萄糖辅助模板合成了H-[B,Al]-ZSM-5沸石并用于催化甲醇转化制丙烯。优越的丙烯选择性和活性持久性关联于有利于丙烯生成的高的弱酸/强酸比例以及有利于改善反应物扩散的防止快速积炭的高的介孔率。较多的位于MFI沸石直/正弦孔道的骨架铝增加了产物丙烯/乙烯比归因于促进的丙烯生成。低的酸密度有助于高的丙烯/乙烯比。B/Al比为2且（Al₂+B₂）/Si比为0.01的HZ5-G-2B样品用于甲醇制丙烯反应,在原料CH₃OH/H₂O（1∶1.2）重时空速为1.8 h^-1、480°C反应条件下,丙烯选择性为51.6%, C_2-4⁼烯烃选择性为83.7%,甲醇完全转化。丙烯/乙烯比为2。催化活性保持580 h稳定。     

Mechanism of hierarchical porosity development in MFI zeolites by desilication: the role of aluminium as a pore-directing agent

The role of the concentration and the nature of aluminium in the creation of hierarchical porosity in both commercial and synthesized MFI zeolites have been investigated through controlled mesoporosity development by desilication in alkaline medium. Framework aluminium controls the process of framework silicon extraction and makes desilication selective towards intracrystalline mesopore formation. An optimal molar Si/Al ratio in the range 25-50 has been identified; this leads to an optimal mesoporosity centred around 10 nm and mesopore surface areas of up to 235 m(2) g(-1) while preserving the intrinsic crystalline and acidic properties. At lower framework Si/Al ratios the relatively high Al content inhibits Si extraction and hardly any mesopores are created, while in highly siliceous ZSM-5 unselective extraction of framework Si induces formation of large pores. The existence of framework Al sites in different T positions that are more or less susceptible to the alkaline treatment, and the occurrence of re-alumination, are tentative explanations for the remarkable behaviour of Al in the desilication process. The presence of substantial extra framework Al, obtained by steam treatment, inhibits Si extraction and related mesopore formation; this is attributed to re-alumination of the extraframework Al species during the alkaline treatment. Removal of extraframework Al species by mild oxalic acid treatment restores susceptibility to desilication, which is accompanied by formation of larger mesopores due to the enhanced Si/Al ratio in the acid-treated zeolite.     

Delft Molecular Mechanics Study on the Structures of Monoclinic MF Iand H[ Al] ZSM-5

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The influence of acidities of boron- and aluminium-containing MFI zeolites on co-reaction of methanol and ethene

A series of boron- and aluminium-containing MFI zeolites were synthesized and various characterization techniques, such as NMR ((27)Al, (29)Si and (11)B), were employed to study the acidities of zeolites. Moreover, in situ IR was applied to investigate the interaction of methanol and ethene with the acid sites, and those catalytic materials were used for co-reaction of methanol and ethene to produce propene. The production of propene was related to the Al content of the zeolites with Si/Al ratios of higher than 90. It is implied that the presence of boron during the synthesis directed the aluminium to occupy certain tetrahedral sites in the zeolite framework, thus preventing the formation of ethene oligomers, and resulting in increased propene selectivity.     

Photoluminescence response of terbium-exchanged MFI-type materials to Si/Al ratio, texture, and hydration state

Terbium-exchanged MFI zeolite type materials, i.e., microporous-mesoporous Zeotile-1 with the Si/Al ratio in the range 33-200, Zeogrid with the Si/Al ratio of 75, and nanocrystalline MFI with the Si/Al ratio of 75, were prepared via an ion exchange procedure. All of these zeolites were investigated by means of time-resolved photoluminescence techniques in various hydration states: as-synthesized (hydrated), calcined (heated at 450 degrees C in air), and rehydrated (after a six-month exposure to the atmospheric moisture). The photoluminescence decays and spectra were analyzed by discrete exponential fitting, distribution lifetimes analysis, and area-normalized time-resolved photoluminescence spectra. The results sustained a single average terbium species coordinated to both water molecules and framework oxygens in the hydrated zeolites. The framework contribution increased with the Si/Al ratio in Zeotile-1 and was greatest for the nanocrystalline MFI zeolite. For the calcined Zeotile-1 and Zeogrid, two main terbium species of different environments were found. For the nanocrystalline Tb3+-MFI, a distinct number of species could not be inferred, indicating a more heterogeneous distribution. Rehydration further differentiated among the Tb3+-exchanged zeolites. Photoluminescence line shape and decay of Tb3+-Zeotile-1 were between those of the hydrated and calcined states indicating a slow rehydration rate in contrast with the photoluminescence properties of Tb3+-MFI, which fully recovered the values of the hydrated state. Tb3+-Zeogrid presented an intermediate case: while the PL line shape was fully restored to that measured for the hydrated sample, the decay was still longer than that measured with the hydrated sample. Terbium photoluminescence response related to zeolite texture, Si/Al ratio, and hydration state suggest different sitting and location of terbium in Zeotile-1, Zeogrid, and nanocrystalline MFI materials. In mesoporous Zeotile-1 and Zeogrid, the results sustained two types of terbium sites: one on the internal surface of mesopores, the other inside the pores, while for the nanocrystalline MFI, terbium sites inside the pores predominate.     

以Mo-EDTA为钼源直接水热合成Mo-MFI分子筛及其催化环己烯环氧化性能

环氧化物是一种重要的有机化工原料,广泛应用于合成化学、聚合物合成、食品化学、药物化学等领域中.烯烃催化环氧化反应是制备环氧化物的主要方法.一些均相钼配合物催化剂对烯烃环氧化反应表现出较好的催化性能.然而均相催化剂在实际生产中存在与产物分离困难、不易循环利用等问题.为解决上述问题,研究人员采用不同策略将各种钼配合物负载在固体载体上,制备出活性相对较高的多相钼配合物催化剂.然而,这类负载型钼配合物催化剂在以双氧水为氧化剂的反应体系中普遍存在活性组分易于流失的问题,导致催化剂的稳定性相对较差.因此,设计制备具有高活性和高稳定性的多相钼基烯烃环氧化催化剂具有重要的科学意义和实用价值.将过渡金属引入到具有MFI型拓扑结构的微孔分子筛的骨架上能够制备出具有高活性和高稳定性的杂原子分子筛催化剂.例如,采用直接水热法合成的钛硅分子筛(如TS-1)对以双氧水为氧化剂的小分子烯烃(如丙烯)环氧化反应表现出非常高的活性和稳定性.受这一研究结果启发,研究人员还开展了水热法合成Mo原子取代的MFI型分子筛(Mo-MFI).然而,由于Mo的离子半径较大(与Si相比),且合成体系中的Mo物种在碱性条件下易于发生沉淀,导致引入到分子筛骨架或孔道中的Mo含量极低.本文以Mo-EDTA配合物为钼源,四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用一步水热法合成了系列具有不同钼含量的Mo-MFI-n分子筛(n代表初始Si/Mo摩尔比).结合X-射线粉未衍射、红外光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、拉曼光谱、透射电子显微镜等表征技术对分子筛的结构、组成和Mo物种的状态进行了研究.结果表明,使用Mo-EDTA作为钼源有利于在分子筛骨架和孔道中引入更多的Mo物种;EDTA2?独特的配位能力使其在分子筛生长过程中能够有效调节Mo物种的释放率,并与硅物种缩合的速率匹配,从而使更多的Mo物种被引入到分子筛骨架中;同时也会有少量的Mo物种以骨架外Mo团簇的形式分布在分子筛的孔道内或孔口附近.通过以双氧水为氧化剂的环己烯环氧化反应考察了所制备的Mo-MFI-n催化剂的性能.经组分优化的Mo-MFI-50(初始Si/Mo摩尔比为50)催化剂能够在较温和的条件下有效地将环己烯转化为相应的环氧化物.在75℃下反应9 h后,环己烯转化率和环氧化物选择性分别高达93％和82％,性能明显优于传统水热法合成的Mo-MFI分子筛.此外,反应后的Mo-MFI-50分子筛催化剂通过简单的过滤而不需要焙烧处理就可多次重复利用,表现出较高的结构稳定性和循环性.     

High resolution adsorption isotherms of N2 and Ar for nonporous silicas and MFI zeolites

The high resolution adsorption isotherms of N₂ (77.4 K) and Ar (87.3 K) have been measured for two nonporous silicas with different silanol contents (3.3 and 0.35 OH/nm²) and for two MFI zeolite with different Al contents (Si/Al=12.5 and 500). Silanol groups and Al sites (acid sites) gives the significant effect on the N₂ isotherms at submonolayer, but the Ar isotherms are independent of silanols and Al sites. The Ar isotherms, therefore, are preferable in calculation of microporosity of zeolites. The N₂ and Ar isotherms for MFI zeolite (Si/Al=500) have been measured at temperatures of 77–94 K, from which the differential adsorption energies of N₂ and Ar are calculated. The interaction of N₂ with channel surface of MFI zeolite is greater than that of Ar in the range of α _s =0.1–0.7. The hystereses are detected for the N₂ isotherm in p/p ^o=0.1–0.3 at 77.4 K and for the Ar isotherm in p/p ^o=3×10⁻⁴–2×10⁻³ at 87.3 K. However, it is difficult to explain the hysteresis phenomenon using differential adsorption energy.     

Adsorption of small uremic toxin molecules on MFI type zeolites from aqueous solution

Adsorption properties of zeolites were investigated for the removal of p-cresol from aqueous solutions at 37 °C within the context of studying alternative methods to dialysis for removing uremic toxin from blood. MFI-framework type zeolites with different degrees of hydrophobicity and charge compensating cations were prepared: one pure silica MFI and four alumino-silicate MFIs (Si/Al = 30), with H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺ as charge compensating cations. Adsorption isotherms and microcalorimetric measurements show a high affinity of p-cresol for all MFI type zeolites. The best capacity is obtained for the pure silica MFI, whereas the alumino-silicate samples show a higher affinity in the low concentration range. In the case of pure silica sample, the microscopic adsorption mechanism including the role of confined water is elucidated with the help of NMR, X-ray analysis (including Rietveld refinement) and Monte Carlo simulations. For all samples the high affinity is preserved in physiological serum solution, even in the presence of other toxin molecules such as urea. It is also shown that the compensating cation state of the samples is imposed by the physiological medium.