脉冲电晕放电中OH自由基的发射光谱研究

采用发射光谱法测量了在加湿的空气、氮气、氩气3种气体背景下脉冲电晕放电产生的OH自由基,通过对发射谱线的分析,研究了在3种背景条件下,脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率等因素对OH自由基产生过程的影响,着重研究了气体湿度对OH自由基产生过程的影响以及OH自由基在放电电场中的分布特性。实验表明OH自由基的生成量随脉冲峰值电压和脉冲频率的增大而增大,而湿度变化对其影响则与放电背景环境有关,不同背景气体下其变化规律也不相同。空气中放电时产生的OH自由基数量随湿度的增大而增大,氮气中OH自由基的生成量随湿度增大呈先增大后减小趋势,而氩气中OH自由基数量随湿度的增大呈先减少后增大趋势。OH自由基在放电电场中的分布呈从针电极中心向四周逐渐减少趋势。     

线-板式脉冲电晕放电反应器的发射光谱研究

以发射光谱法为基础,检测了常压状态线-板式脉冲电晕放电过程OH自由基在反应器内的空间分布;研究了线电极直径,线线间距以及线板间距对生成OH自由基的影响;从而明确脉冲电晕放电反应器的性能。结果显示:OH自由基浓度沿线电极X轴方向逐渐降低,活化区域半径20mm左右,沿Y轴方向先升高后降低,活化区域半径大于30mm;线电极的直径小于2mm时,OH自由基的光谱强度基本不变,线电极直径继续增大,发射光谱强度随之迅速下降。线线间距逐渐增大,OH自由基的发射光谱强度随之增强。OH自由基的发射光谱强度随着线板间距的增大而降低。     

线板式脉冲电晕放电反应器OH自由基二维分布的光谱学研究

脉冲电晕放电过程中OH自由基等活性基团的空间分布特性对燃煤烟气污染物的氧化脱除具有重要作用。为了探索脉冲电晕放电污染物控制技术的机理,采用激光诱导荧光法检测线板式反应器内部脉冲电晕放电过程中OH自由基的空间二维分布特性,主要研究了不同相对湿度和含氧量对OH自由基空间二维分布特性的影响。实验表明,脉冲电晕放电过程中OH自由基主要存在于线电极下方的区域中,并以线电极为中心面向板电极呈现扇形分布,并且其扇形分布区域的纵向长度和横向宽度的最大值均小于1 cm;相对湿度的增大有利于OH自由基的生成,促进OH自由基空间二维分布区域面积的扩大,当相对湿度为65%时OH自由基的空间二维分布区域面积达到最大值;当含氧量为2%时最有利于OH自由基的生成,并且OH自由基的空间二维分布区域面积达到最大值,当含氧量超过15%时对OH自由基的生成及其空间二维分布主要起抑制作用。同时,相对湿度和含氧量的增加均提高了激发态OH自由基中猝灭部分所占的比重,从而降低了OH自由基的荧光产率,其中含氧量对OH自由基荧光产率和OH自由基空间二维分布的影响作用大于相对湿度。     

脉冲放电脱硫反应器中高能电子密度分布的光谱研究

脉冲流光放电产生的大于等于11.2 eV的高能电子能将处于基态的氮分子激发到N₂(C3Π_u)态,测试脉冲流光放电时的N₂(C3Π_u→B3Πg)发射光谱相对强度可以得出脉冲流光放电产生的高能电子的密度。实验在室温常压下研究了空气中线-板式脉冲流光放电脱硫反应器内高能电子密度分布情况,并研究了脉冲电压、反应器的线线间距对反应器内高能电子密度分布的影响。实验结果表明,反应器内的高能电子主要集中在放电线附近高电场区内,随着离放电线的距离增大,高能电子密度减小;脉冲电压对高能电子密度有很大影响,随着电压的升高,高能电子密度基本呈线性增大;线板间距固定,线线间距为线板间距的0.6～1倍时,反应器内高能电子密度分布较为均匀。     

气液两相滑动弧放电中自由基的光谱研究

气液两相滑动弧放电是近年来出现的一种新型低温等离子体废水处理技术,对高浓度有机废水具有很好的降解效果。为了认识气液两相滑动弧放电降解有机废水的机理,用发射光谱法对气液两相滑动弧在空气中放电所产生的主要自由基进行了实验研究,分析了自由基持续再生的化学过程。通过对光谱线强度变化的分析,得到了OH和NO自由基谱线强度在放电反应空间的分布特点,以及输入电压和液相(水)流量因素对OH和NO自由基产生过程的影响。结果表明：OH是气液两相滑动弧放电的主导自由基;OH和NO自由基谱线强度沿着电极中轴均先增后减;在非平衡区域,自由基谱线强度随着输入电压的增大而增大;OH自由基谱线强度随水流量的增大而增大,NO自由基谱线强度则随着水流量的增大而减小。     

H2O/N2脉冲流光放电和介质阻挡放电发射光谱比较

本文采用脉冲流光放电和介质阻挡放电两种放电形式分别获得了H2O / N2等离子体的发射光谱。 OH荧光辐射在两种放电等离子体中均出现,而Ha荧光辐射仅存在于脉冲流光放电等离子体中。实验还对脉冲流光放电条件下H、OH 荧光信号进行了时间分辨测量,结果显示Ha荧光信号滞后OH荧光信号约10 ns。根据时间分辨测量结果以及水分子离解的相关文献,实验判断等离子体内水分子离解的主要产物是基电子态的H原子和OH自由基,Ha荧光辐射源于快电子对H原子的次级碰撞激发。介质阻挡放电等离子体的放电脉冲宽度较窄,不能对基态 原子进行有效地次级碰撞激发,所以H2O / N2介质阻挡放电等离子体发射光谱中没有出现Ha荧光辐射。实验结论证实放电脉冲宽度对放电等离子体内次级碰撞激发过程有影响。     

脉冲电晕放电电子能量及OH,O或O3对NO氧化的光谱学研究

采用发射光谱法测量了线板式脉冲电晕放电中激发态氮气分子N2*和离子N2+的光谱强度,并与数值计算获得的结果进行对比,确定放电电场的空间分布及平均电子能量。水平与竖直方向离开线电极0～2cm,随着距离的增加,平均电子能量和电场均呈先减后增的变化趋势;放电电场变化范围11.05～19.6MV.m-1,对应的平均电子能量的变化范围10.10～13.92eV。这一能量水平的电子足以与O2,H2O分子碰撞产生O,OH自由基,并进一步反应生成O3。在NO氧化过程中,NO可与OH自由基共存,但不能与O3共存;且O3或O氧化NO的效率高于OH自由基,推断O3或O在NO的氧化过程中起关键作用。     

空气电晕放电中的OH自由基发射光谱

测量了大气压下向空气中喷射不饱和水蒸气的电晕放电产生的OH自由基的发射光谱。通过对光谱线强度变化的分析,研究了电场强度、放电方式、水蒸气比例等因素对OH自由基产生过程的影响,及OH自由基浓度在放电反应空间的分布特点。     

纳秒脉冲电晕放电成像技术

阐述了脉冲电晕放电成像的物理过程,根据气体放电的流光理论,采用纳秒脉冲放电技术,获得了清晰的电晕放电的硬币成像图像,并展望其应用前景。     

喷嘴-平板直流电晕放电中的OH(A2Σ+→X2Π,0-0)光谱研究

为更深入地认识电晕放电低温等离子体中自由基的生成机理,以发射光谱测量为基础并结合背景气体淬灭率影响,研究了常压下喷嘴-平板电晕自由基簇射过程中放电参数、背景气体、电极气成分等因素对OH(A2Σ →X2Π,0-0)发光的影响。结果表明:在放电参数影响中,放电电压及放电电流都会影响OH生成量,OH发光随功率增加而大大增强;在加湿氮气直流电晕放电中有明显的OH(A2Σ →X2Π,0-0)光谱存在,但加湿空气条件下OH生成较少;载气增湿后OH生成量明显增多,而Ar和O2的存在分别增强和减弱了OH(A2Σ →X2Π,0-0)发光,可能的原因是这两种物质影响了放电和OH(A2Σ )的淬灭。     

The lifetime of positive streamers in a pulsed point-to-plane gap in atmospheric air

A determination has been made of the lifetime of positive streamers produced in atmospheric air in a positive point-to-plane gap to which was applied a 40 nsec, 40 kV voltage pulse. The streamer tips have been detected at a given plane in the gap by means of a photomultiplier and high speed oscilloscope. It was found that the streamer tips continued to propagate in the gap, long (up to 35 nsec) after the voltage pulse was removed, in accordance with the predictions of a recently presented model of streamer propagation. Association of this long lifetime with the properties of an isolated tip was made possible by the detection of a new phenomenon at the anode. At the end of the voltage pulse a second luminosity was observed to leave the anode and to extend along the paths of the primary streamers for about one third of their length. This is shown to be the maximum extent of a more highly conducting trunk, behind and separated from the streamer tip, affecting both the propagation of the tip and the eventual transition of a streamer to a breakdown spark.     

正极性纳秒脉冲电压下变压器油中流注放电仿真研究

建立了二维轴对称流体模型, 仿真研究了正极性纳秒脉冲电压下变压器油中针-板电极流注放电的起始与发展过程, 得到了不同的外施电压幅值、脉冲上升沿时间与电极间隙距离下油中流注放电的形貌、 电场强度与空间电荷密度分布等. 仿真结果表明: 空间电荷加强了流注头部前方电场, 使流注通道更易于向前推进, 形成"电离波"; 随着外施电压幅值升高, 流注发展的平均速度显著变大; 较陡的脉冲上升沿形成的放电半径较大, 对应的最大电场强度值变小; 随着电极间隙距离的增加, 流注发展平均速度变快. 仿真显示纳秒脉冲下放电中油温无明显升高, 表明此类放电过程没有明显的油气化现象. 我们认为, 场致电离是油中带电粒子产生的主导机制; 空间电荷效应增强流注前方电场使得电离进一步发展, 最终导致击穿. 本研究有助于加深对变压器油中放电起始、发展直至击穿过程的认识以及对液体电介质中电离机制的理解. 关键词： 变压器油 流体模型 流注放电 空间电荷效应     

Measurement and simulation of partial discharge in oil-paper insulation under the combined AC–DC voltage

Depending on unique operation characteristics for voltage applied on valve side winding of the converter transformers, it is extraordinarily significant to study the partial discharge (PD) behavior with oil-paper insulation under combined AC–DC voltage. Therefore, this paper investigated PD inception characteristics by pulse current methods with needle-plate electrode system under combined AC–DC voltage. Furthermore, 3D electric field distributions versus combined AC–DC voltage in different ratios were calculated by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). An experimental conclusion was drew that AC partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) in pure oil would decrease linearly with the DC component increasing but the inception voltage with oil-paper insulation appeared to be independent of DC voltage and dependent of AC voltage. And 3D electric field distribution deduced from simulation provided a supplementary proof on the experimental results. Moreover, high speed photography was used to capture emitted light produced by discharge, estimate streamer velocity (1.8 km/s) and record streamer initiation and propagation process in oil gap. Previous studies have shown that the prebreakdown phenomena involving the generation and propagation of vapor channels through the oil could be divided into a three-stage process.     

Local electron mean energy profile of positive primary streamer discharge with pin-plate electrodes in oxygen nitrogen mixtures

Local electron mean energy (LEME) has a direct effect on the rates of collisional ionization of molecules and atoms by electrons. Electron-impact ionization plays an important role and is the main process for the production of charged particles in a primary streamer discharge. Detailed research on the LEME profile in a primary streamer discharge is extremely important for a comprehensive understanding of the local physical mechanism of a streamer. In this study, the LEME profile of the primary streamer discharge in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures with a pin-plate gap of 0.5 cm under an impulse voltage is investigated using a fluid model. The fluid model includes the electron mean energy density equation, as well as continuity equations for electrons and ions and Poisson’s electric field equation. The study finds that, except in the initial stage of the primary streamer, the LEME in the primary streamer tip tends to increase as the oxygen-nitrogen mole ratio increases and the pressure decreases. When the primary streamer bridges the gap, the LEME in the primary streamer channel is smaller than the first ionization energies of oxygen and nitrogen. The LEME in the primary streamer channel then decreases as the oxygen-nitrogen mole ratio increases and the pressure increases. The LEME in the primary streamer tip is primarily dependent on the reduced electric field with mole ratios of oxygen-nitrogen given in the oxygen-nitrogen mixtures.     

Streamers at the Subnanosecond Breakdown of Argon and Nitrogen in Nonuniform Electric Field at Both Polarities

An ICCD camera was used to study plasma glow at the stage of the streamer (ionization wave) formation in the tip–plane gap with a length of 3 mm filled with argon or nitrogen at a pressure of 12.5–400 kPa. Positive and negative nanosecond voltage pulses were applied across the gap. Images of streamer were obtained at different time at its propagation along the gap. A streak-camera equipped with a spectrometer was used to measure time evolution of the radiation intensity of nitrogen molecules at a wavelength of 337.1 nm in several regions along the gap at the negative polarity. Average streamer velocity (1.8 cm/ns) was estimated from experimental data at atmospheric pressure of nitrogen. Amplitude–time characteristics of voltage, discharge current and the current of runaway electron beam behind the aluminum-foil anode with a thickness of 10 μm were measured. Reasons for a diffuse discharge under the given experimental conditions were discussed.     

针-板DBD微流注与微辉光交替生成的机理研究

在介质阻挡放电体系中产生辉光放电可以有效的提高放电体系产生高能电子的性能, 为等离子体化学反应提供更加丰富的活性粒子.本文对针-板介质阻挡放电体系下的放电模式进行了研究,实验发现放电正负半周期表现出不同的放电模式, 激励电压为3 kV时放电正负半周期分别为微流注放电和电晕放电(或者Trichel脉冲放电),激励电压为6 kV时放电正负半周期分别为微流注放电和微辉光放电.微辉光放电形貌具有与典型辉光放电相同的分层次放电结构, 分析了激励电压6 kV时的放电过程,认为足够强的阴极电场强度和裸露针状电极形成的有效的二次电子发射过程是形成微辉光放电的主要因素,绝缘介质层的存在避免了微辉光放电向弧光放电过渡.     

A new static calculation of the streamer region for long spark gaps

Different electrostatic approximations have been proposed to calculate the streamer region without going in deep details of the behavior of density of particles under the effect of high electric fields; this kind of approximations have been used in numerical calculations of long spark gaps and lightning attachment. The simplifications of the streamer region are achieved by considering it to be a geometrical region with a constant geometrical shape. Different geometrical shapes have been used, such as cones or several parallel filaments. Afterward, to simplify the procedures, the streamer region was approximated by two constants, one denoted K_Q, called the geometrical constant and in other cases K named as geometrical factor.However, when a voltage that varies with time is applied to an arrangement of electrodes (high voltage and grounded electrodes), the background electric field will change with time. Thus, if the background electric field is modified, the streamer zone could cover a larger or smaller area.With the aim of reducing the number of assumptions required in the calculation of long gap discharges, a new electrostatic model to calculate the streamer region is presented. This model considers a variable streamer zone that changes with the electric field variations. The three-dimensional region that fulfills the minimum electric field to sustain a streamer is identified for each time step, and the charge accumulated in that region is then calculated. The only parameter that is being used in the calculation is the minimum electric field necessary for the propagation of streamers.     

Theory of positive corona in SF6 due to a voltageimpulse

A theoretical examination is made of the mechanism of corona formation for a positive point-plane gap in SF₆ at 100 kPa. The impulse voltage applied has a rise time of 15 ns and peak value of 200 kV. Seed electrons are released 1 ns after the start of the voltage rise. For a 0.5-cm diameter positive sphere located 6.5 cm from a negative plane, the calculated circuit current initially consists of subnanosecond corona onset pulses, and then the current steadily rises to a maximum, as the voltage reaches a maximum, followed by a rapid fall in current. During the current rise a streamer moves out into the gap along a 100-μm channel, with the electric field in the streamer trail E>E*, where E* is the critical field where ionization equals attachment. The light output during the discharge is predicted to be a maximum at the anode with only a minor pulse of light at the streamer head, making it hard to detect. After the current maximum, recombination rapidly reduces the numbers of positive ions, negative ions, and electrons, but the net charge density remains constant and thus so does the electric field. The electric field is E~E* in the streamer trail, but has a sharp maximum, E≫E* at the head of the streamer trail. The origin of mid-gap precursors, observed when the streamer channel reilluminates after some 100 ns, is attributed to this field maximum in the remnant electric field. The evolution of positive ions, negative ions, and electrons is described by one-dimensional continuity equations, with the space-charge electric fields determined by the disk method. The effects of ionization, attachment, recombination, electron diffusion, and photoionization are all included. New numerical methods allow resolution of the streamer head and the anode fall region to be obtained with a 1-μm mesh, while following the streamer propagation for ~2 cm     

纳秒脉冲下变压器油两相流注放电仿真研究

为揭示液体电介质击穿过程中形成的气体放电通道对液体电介质放电过程的影响,以针—板电极间隙变压器油为研究对象,基于等离子体流体力学模型,引入了液体电介质放电过程中气相放电通道对电离机制及自由电荷迁移率的影响,建立了用于模拟脉冲电压下液体电介质放电过程的两相流体模型,仿真研究了纳秒脉冲下针板电极流注放电的起始与发展过程。仿真结果表明:采用Heaviside方程可以在模型的不同区域同时实现气相物理过程和液相物理过程的模拟与计算。气相物理过程的引入导致流注尾部电场显著降低,流注头部电场进一步增强,使流注通道的发展速度要高于传统液相模型,有助于加深对纳秒脉冲下液体电介质中预击穿流注的起始、发展过程的认识和理解。     

Step propagation of a streamer in an electronegative gas

It is shown on the basis of numerical simulation and an experimental investigation that a streamer can propagate in a step manner in an electronegative gas. The experiments and most calculations were performed for air under close to normal conditions. The step motion is associated with the appearance of a secondary ionization wave near the electrode and propagation of this wave along the channel of the streamer; this wave maintains the channel in a conducting state and allows for the propagation of the streamer in a nonuniform external field over distances which are inaccessible under ordinary conditions of a streamer discharge. Simulation in heated air, oxygen, and SF₆ demonstrated that the phenomenon studied is common for various gases and that the special features of its manifestation remain in a wide range of decay rates of the streamer channel.