爆轰驱动惰性气体磁流体发电试验研究

磁流体发电装置作为一种特殊的高功率脉冲电源,具有效率高、容量大、启动快的优点,制约其发展的关键在于如何获得高电导率的发电工质.爆轰驱动具有远超常规方式的驱动能力,在提供高温、高电导率气体方面独具优势.将爆轰驱动激波管技术应用于磁流体发电,有利于突破磁流体发电技术瓶颈,故据此开展了基于爆轰驱动激波管技术的惰性气体磁流体发电试验研究.爆轰驱动根据激波管点火位置不同分为反向和正向两种运行模式,反向爆轰驱动可提供时间较长、状态稳定的试验气流,而正向爆轰优势在于产生高焓试验气流.试验系统由爆轰驱动激波管、拉瓦尔喷管、发电通道、电磁铁和真空罐等组成,试验中分别以反向爆轰和正向爆轰驱动激波管产生发电工质,利用激波将惰性气体压缩至高温从而发生电离,形成的等离子体经喷管加速后,最终在法拉第直线型发电机内切割磁感线输出电能.磁场强度0.9 T的条件下,反向爆轰在负载3.5Ω时获得了较稳定的1.9 kW输出功率,持续时间1.5 ms;外接35 mΩ负载时,正向爆轰在0.3 ms内短时输出功率高达212 k W,功率密度为0.2 GW/m³.试验成功验证了基于爆轰驱动激波管技术的惰性气体...     

超声速气流磁流体加速技术的应用与发展

分析了超声速气流磁流体加速的基本原理,主要从磁流体动力学(magnetohydrodynamics, MHD)加速方案、高超声速MHD 风洞及MHD 推进系统3 个方面对国内外研究进行了回顾和小结,提出了相应的关键技术和难点问题. 通过综述MHD 加速技术的应用和发展,认识到:国外的研究工作比较全面,国内则开展较晚且主要集中于数值模拟;磁流体加速的工作机理还不是很清晰,且还有较多工程实际问题需要解决.     

进气道等离子体/磁流体流动控制研究进展

为实现高速飞行器的宽速域飞行,如何保证进气道在非设计状态下的性能至关重要。相比于传统被动控制方式,等离子体/磁流体流动控制技术作为新概念主动流动控制技术,由于其具有结构简单,快速响应,并可根据实际飞行条件进行反馈控制等优势,在国内外上得到了广泛关注。本文介绍了等离子体/磁流体在高超/超声速进气道的主要应用方式与等离子体/磁流体建模方法。当进气道处于超临界状态时,等离子体/磁流体流动控制主要通过热阻塞效应产生虚拟型面,从而将激波系推回至唇口,该技术有望在需要短时间流动控制的高马赫数导弹上走向工程应用;由于等离子体/磁流体激励器与壁面平齐安装,对于高超声速飞行条件,相比于粗糙元其对热防护的要求较低,并且通过超声速风洞实验初步证明了通过高频激励对边界层施加扰动的可行性,需要从稳定性理论的角度对其物理机制进行研究。在后续发展中需要进一步创新等离子体产生技术及激励方式,发展等离子体与流的全耦合计算模型等离子体与流的全耦合计算模型与高效算法 ,为指导工程应用提供依据.      

进气道等离子体/磁流体流动控制研究进展

为实现高速飞行器的宽速域飞行,如何保证进气道在非设计状态下的性能至关重要。相比于传统被动控制方式,等离子体/磁流体流动控制技术作为新概念主动流动控制技术,由于其具有结构简单,快速响应,并可根据实际飞行条件进行反馈控制等优势,在国内外上得到了广泛关注。本文介绍了等离子体/磁流体在高超/超声速进气道的主要应用方式与等离子体/磁流体建模方法。当进气道处于超临界状态时,等离子体/磁流体流动控制主要通过热阻塞效应产生虚拟型面,从而将激波系推回至唇口,该技术有望在需要短时间流动控制的高马赫数导弹上走向工程应用;由于等离子体/磁流体激励器与壁面平齐安装,对于高超声速飞行条件,相比于粗糙元其对热防护的要求较低,并且通过超声速风洞实验初步证明了通过高频激励对边界层施加扰动的可行性,需要从稳定性理论的角度对其物理机制进行研究。在后续发展中需要进一步创新等离子体产生技术及激励方式,发展等离子体与流的全耦合计算模型等离子体与流的全耦合计算模型与高效算法,为指导工程应用提供依据.     

横向磁场对电离非平衡高速气流的作用

本项工作从实验和理论两方面研究横向磁场对电离非平衡高速气流的作用。在小型电弧风洞中可以将试验气流的电子密度降低约一个数量级,为部分地控制低密度电弧风洞气流的电特性品质提供了一种技术途径。     

等离子体EHD顺电加速效应影响因素实验研究

利用PIV系统,在静止空气中,定量测量了等离子体激励器的诱导速度场,分析了激励参数等因素对等离子体EHD顺电加速效应的影响。通过实验发现:在激励频率固定的情况下,诱导气流速度随着电压的升高逐渐增大;在激励电压固定的情况下,存在一个诱导气流速度最大的最优频率,并且不同的激励器对应不同的最优频率。另外,初步分析了激励器布局、绝缘材料以及通电时间对诱导气流速度的影响。     

基于TDLAS的水蒸气非平衡凝结过程研究

目前国内开展的高超声速飞行器地面模拟试验,尤其是较大尺度的高焓试验,大部分在燃烧加热风洞中进行。气流在喷管的膨胀加速过程中温度快速降低,可能导致其中的水蒸气发生急剧凝结,这一过程会带来试验流场参数的改变。为了考察水蒸气的凝结过程,提出"空间转化为时间"思想,即将喷管中气流参数沿喷管流向的变化转换为膨胀过程中固定位置气流参数随时间的变化,设计搭建了一套模拟喷管凝结过程的试验装置,通过调节连接段最小截面积实现不同的时间尺度,采用片光技术实现凝结现象的观测,同时根据水蒸气和甲烷吸收光谱获得凝结过程中的温度变化以及水蒸气含量变化。结果表明:在试验段内通过片光可以观测到水蒸气的凝结现象;不同时间尺度下凝结过程中的温度变化趋势相近,均为先下降后上升,在温度趋势发生变化的时间点附近,水蒸气摩尔分数迅速下降,这一变化趋势与燃烧加热风洞喷管流动中参数变化的数值模拟结果具有较好的一致性;这种"空间转化为时间"的试验方案可以在一定程度上模拟喷管中水蒸气的凝结过程。     

亚跨超声速喷管流场

本文给出保角曲线坐标下理想气体二维定常无旋等熵流函数方程的一般形式.以相应的不可压缩位势流的流线和等位线为坐标,给出简化的流函数方程和它的一般解.将上述结果应用到喷管流动,给出喉部壁面曲率半径、收缩比、壁面最大倾角都可按需要选取的,从亚声速通过跨声速到超声速的喷管流动解.这个解适用于不同比热比. 作为应用举例,本文算出典型喷管的流动特性.其中包括:低亚声速、中亚声速、高亚声速喷管流动的等马赫数线;超声速喷管流动的声速线、等马赫数线、影响线、极限特征线、分支线和等时线等. 本方法可推广到绕物体外部流动,管道内绕物体流动,叶栅流动等,特别是在跨声速区可得到较好的结果.此外,可推广到具有平衡或非平衡的化学反应的情况;也可推广到轴对称情况.     

高超声速MHD球头激波脱体距离理论求解

高超声速飞行器强激波后高温气体形成具有导电性的等离子体流场, 电离气体为磁场应用提供了直接工作环境, 磁流体流动控制技术利用外加磁场影响激波后的离子或电子运动规律, 这可以有效改善高超声速飞行器气动特性. 激波脱体距离作为高超声速磁流体流动控制较为直观的气动现象, 受到研究者重点关注; 磁场添加后激波脱体距离发生变化, 其变化幅度直接反映磁控效果, 然而基于高超声速磁流体流动控制的相关理论模型较少, 需要进一步发展. 本文基于低磁雷诺数假设和偶极子磁场分布的条件, 通过对连续方程沿径向积分以及对动量方程采用分离变量的方法, 推导了高超声速磁流体流动控制下的球头激波脱体距离解析表达式. 理论分析结果表明, 激波脱体距离随着磁相互作用系数的增加而变大; 随着来流速度的增加, 磁相互作用系数变为影响激波脱体距离大小的主要因素. 本文理论模型可以达到快速评估磁控效果的目的, 对高超声速磁流体流动控制实验方案设计和结果分析具有一定的指导意义.      

多毛细管电雾化喷洒模式及稳定喷洒特征研究

通过采用传统的金属毛细管搭建了多喷管电雾化实验装置.初步获得了多管道电雾化喷洒的各种模式.并比较了乙醇在单、多管道条件下"锥-射流"模式喷洒的两个重要指标:稳定喷洒的起始电压和电流-流量关系.尽管结果显示由于加工/装配过程中的差异,各管道之间的喷洒状态会存在一定差异;但两种条件下的锥-射流喷洒模式服从相似规律:(1)稳定喷洒起始电压(V_C)与Taylor锥半锥角(θ)余弦的1/2次方成正比;(2)多管电雾化总电流(I)与流量(Q)的1/2次方成正比.它表明在常规尺度下,稳定电雾化喷洒射流的主要影响因素为锥-射流过渡区内液体界面上的极化电荷,而外界工作电场分布对稳定喷洒雾化效果影响较小.     

Occurrence of periodic regimes in steady supersonic mid flows due to loss of electrical conductivity of medium

A study is made of the features of supersonic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows due to the vanishing of the electrical conductivity of the gas as a result of its cooling. The study is based on the example of the exhausting from an expanding nozzle of gas into which a magnetic field (Re_m 1) perpendicular to the plane of the flow is initially frozen. It is demonstrated analytically on the basis of a qualitative model [1] and by numerical experiment that besides the steady flow there is also a periodic regime in which a layer of heated gas of electric arc type periodically separates from the conducting region in the upper part of the nozzle. A gas-dynamic flow zone with homogeneous magnetic field different from that at the exit from the nozzle forms between this layer and the conducting gas in the initial section. After the layer has left the nozzle, the process is repeated. It is established that the occurrence of such layers is due to the development of overheating instability in the regions with low electrical conductivity, in which the temperature is approximately constant due to the competition of the processes of Joule heating and cooling as a result of expansion. The periodic regimes occur for magnetic fields at the exit from the nozzle both greater and smaller than the initial field when the above-mentioned Isothermal zones exist in the steady flow. The formation of periodic regimes in steady MHD flows in a Laval nozzle when the conductivity of the gas grows from a small quantity at the entrance due to Joule heating has been observed in numerical experiments [2, 3]. It appears that the oscillations which occur here are due to the boundary condition. The occurrence of narrow highly-conductive layers of plasma due to an initial perturbation of the temperature in the nonconducting gas has previously been observed in numerical studies of one-dimensional flows in a pulsed accelerator [4–6].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 138–149, July–August, 1985.     

Solution of the direct problem of the mixed flow of a conducting gas in a laval nozzle with a meridional magnetic field

We consider the direct problem in the theory of the axisymmetric Laval nozzle (including sonic transition) for the steady flow of an inviscid and nonheat-conducting gas of finite electrical conductivity. The problem is solved by numerical integration of the equations of unsteady gas flow using an explicit difference scheme that was proposed by Godunov [1,2], and was used to calculate steady and unsteady flows of a nonconducting gas in nozzles by Ivanov and Kraiko [3]. The subsonic and the supersonic flows of a conducting gas in an axisymmetric channel when there is no external electric field, the magnetic field is meridional, and the magnetic Reynolds numbers are small have previously been completely investigated. Thus, Kheins, Ioller and Élers [4] investigated experimentally and theoretically the flow of a conducting gas in a cylindrical pipe when there is interaction between the flow and the magnetic field of a loop current that is coaxial with the pipe. Two different approaches were used in the theoretical analysis in [4]: linearization with respect to the parameter S of the magnetogasdynamic interaction and numerical calculation by the method of characteristics. The first approach was used for weakly perturbed subsonic and supersonic flows and the solutions obtained in analytic form hold only for small S. This is the approach used by Bam-Zelikovich [5] to investigate subsonic and supersonic jet flows through a current loop. The numerical calculations of supersonic flows in a cylindrical pipe in [4] were restricted to comparatively small values of S since, as S increases, shock waves and subsonic waves appear in the flow. Katskova and Chushkin [6] used the method of characteristics to calculate the flow of the type in the supersonic part of an axisymmetric nozzle with a point of inflection. The flow at the entrance to the section of the nozzle under consideration was supersonic and uniform, while the magnetic field was assumed to be constant and parallel to the axis of symmetry. The plane case was also studied in [6]. The solution of the direct problem is the subject of a paper by Brushlinskii, Gerlakh, and Morozov [7], who considered the flow of an electrically conducting gas between two coaxial electrodes of given shape. There was no applied magnetic field, and the induced magnetic field was in the direction perpendicular to the meridional plane. The problem was solved numerically in [7] using a standard process. However, the boundary conditions adopted, which were chosen largely to simplify the calculations, and the accuracy achieved only allowed the authors [7] to make reliable judgments about the qualitative features of the flow. Recently, in addition to [7], several papers have been published [8–10] in which the authors used a similar approach to solve the direct problem in the theory of the Laval nozzle (in the case of a nonconducting gas).Translated from Izvestiya Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza., No. 5, pp. 14–20, September–October, 1971.In conclusion the author wishes to thank M. Ya. Ivanov, who kindly made available his program for calculating the flow of a conducting gas, and also A. B. Vatazhin and A. N. Kraiko for useful advice.     

Features of the electric current and field distributions in flows with narrow layers of highly conductive gas

A solution obtained by Fourier's method provides the basis for analyzing the influence of a narrow gas layer, of higher conductivity than the rest of the flow, on the Joule dissipation and current distribution in the terminal zone of a plane magnetohydrodynamic channel with nonconducting walls. The MHD interaction parameter, Reynolds magnetic number, and Hall parameter are assumed small. It is shown that a narrow, highly conductive layer can on occasions be replaced by a surface of discontinuity, on which well-defined relations between the electric quantities are satisfied. The presence of such a layer leads to an increase in the Joule dissipation and a reduction in the lengths of the current lines. A hopeful arrangement for a magnetohydrodynamic energy converter is one in which an inhomogeneous flow is used, consisting of a continuous series of alternating very hot and less hot zones [1,2]. For this arrangement, it is worth examining the influence of the stratified conductivity distribution of the working body on the Joule dissipation and the electric currents in the channel. Numerous papers have discussed the case of inhomogeneous conductivity in the context of MHD system electrical characteristics. A general solution was obtained in [3] for the stationary problem on the electric field in a plane MHD channel with nonconducting walls when the magnetic field and conductivity are arbitrary functions of the longitudinal coordinate. In [4], where the braking of undeformed conducting clusters was investigated, the Joule dissipation, linked with the appearance of closed eddy currents in the cluster as it enters and leaves the magnetic field, was evaluated. The relationships between the electrical quantities, on moving through a narrow layer of low-conductivity liquid, were considered in [5].Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 39–43, January–February, 1970.In conclusion, the author thanks A. B. Vatazhin for valuable advice and discussion.     

Problem of Deceleration of a Supersonic Conducting Channel Flow by a Magnetic Field

Problems of the deceleration of a supersonic conducting flow by a magnetic field are investigated. A conducting gas flow in a circular tube is considered in the presence of an axisymmetric magnetic field induced by a unit current loop or solenoid of finite length. The analysis is carried out on the basis of both the Euler equations (inviscid gas) and the complete system of Navier-Stokes equations for laminar viscous gas flow and turbulent flow using a one-parameter turbulence model. The numerical simulation is based on an implicit relaxation finite-difference scheme which is a modification of the Godunov method. The total pressure losses are determined for various values of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) interaction, the initial Mach number, and different magnetic field geometries and it is shown that the irreversible losses are significant in MHD supersonic flow deceleration.     

Electric field in the transverse cross section of the channel of an MHD generator

During the motion of a partially ionized gas in magnetohydrodynamic channels the distribution of the electrical conductivity is usually inhomogeneous due to the cooling of the plasma near the electrode walls. In Hall-type MHD generators with electrodes short-circuited in the transverse cross section of the channel the development of inhomogeneities results in a decrease of the efficiency of the MHD converter [1]. A two-dimensional electric field develops in the transverse section. Numerical computations of this effect for channels of rectangular cross section have been done in [2, 3], At the same time it is advisable to construct analytic solutions of model problems on the potential distribution in Hall channels, which would permit a qualitative analysis of the effect of the inhomogeneous conductivity on local and integral characteristics of the generators. In the present work an exact solution of the transverse two-dimensional problem is given for the case of a channel with elliptical cross section stretched along the magnetic field. The parametric model of the distribution of the electrical conductivity of boundary layer type has been used for obtaining the solution. The dependences of the electric field and the current and also of the integral electrical characteristics of the generator on the inhomogeneity parameters are analyzed.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 3–10, January–February, 1973.     

Averaging of magnetohydrodynamic streams and applicability of the hydraulic approximation to the calculation of MHD flows in channels

At the present time the hydraulic approximation equations are used widely for calculating MHD flows in channels. Several years ago these solutions were considered as a method of expanding our ideas of the qualitative effect of various factors on the MHD flow in the channel of a MHD device. Today, however, the hydraulic analysis methods are beginning to be used for calculations on specific systems. In this case the selection of a particular design solution frequently is based on an analysis of the over-all characteristics (efficiency, power delivered to the external load, etc.) obtained from the hydraulic calculation, where a few percent rather than tens of percent are taken into account.On the other hand, it is known [1] that in gas dynamics the results of the hydraulic calculation for the same specific nonuniform stream may differ by an order of magnitude of tens of percent depending on the averaging method used, since the magnitude of this difference depends on the degree of nonuniformity of the actual stream.We may expect that the nonuniformity of the MHD streams will be far greater than for the gas dynamic flows as a result of the nonuniformities of the force and the thermal effect of the currents flowing in the stream. These nonuniformities may be associated, for example, with the nonuniform distribution of the currents in the channel cross section because of the nonuniform electrical conductivity, which may be significant in spite of the weak nonuniformity of the temperature distribution, or with the presence in the cross section of forces associated with the induced longitudinal component of the magnetic field, the presence of anisotropy of the electrical conductivity, etc.Moreover, in contrast with gas dynamics, in the design of various MHD devices several characteristics (power delivered to the external load, various efficiencies, etc.) which may be calculated in terms of the average value of the gas dynamic parameters are of great importance. Thus, it seems probable that the question of the applicability of the hydraulic approximation to the calculation of MHD flows in channels, the rational selection of the means for averaging the actual flows, the comparison of the results of the hydraulic calculations with the experimental data, and so on, may be far more significant than was the case for the study of gas dynamic flows.     

Development of pulsation regimes in one-dimensional unsteady MHD flows with switching off of the electrical conductivity

This paper investigates the gas flow in an electromagnetic field when the conductivity, being a function of the thermodynamic gas parameters, vanishes during the flow (switching off of the conductivity). In the case of steady supersonic flows in an expanding nozzle it was first shown analytically [1] and then confirmed by numerical experiment [2] that stable steady flow is not possible for all the problem parameters (for example, the values of the magnetic field at the exit). Instead of a steady flow a periodic regime is realized when narrow regions of conducting gas with currents flowing through them detach from the conducting region and propagate down the channel. In these papers the conductivity was assumed to be a function of only the temperature, such that for T T* (T) = 0. In [3, 4] the flows of conducting gas in the channels were calculated both with the given dependence of the gas conductivity on the temperature and on the basis of a three-component model by means of the Saha equation. At the same time, the development of periodic regimes in the flow in the nozzle was observed in both cases, but the mechanism of the origin of the current layers was not explained. The self-similar problem of the withdrawal of a nonconducting piston from a half-space occupied by a conducting gas with a magnetic field was investigated in [5] in a linear formulation. At the same time, regions of the problem parameters (the velocity of the piston and the magnetic field on it) were found when, in spite of the self-similar formulation of the problem, there is no self-similar solution. At the same time, regions exist where several solutions are possible. The possibility of the formation of isothermal rarefaction zones with low electrical conductivity when the Joule heating is balanced by the cooling of the gas on expansion (Butler waves) [6] was not taken into account in this paper, since they are unstable with respect to superheating. However, in the case of flow in a nozzle it was shown [2] that precisely the development of instabilities in these zones leads to the formation of the periodic regime. In the present paper the solution of the self-similar problem is constructed in a nonlinear formulation. The reason for the occurrence of regions in which the solution is multiply valued, which is associated with the process of arrival at self-similar boundary conditions, is explained. It is shown that a quasiperiodic regime can arise in the solution, occurring, in particular, in the regions of the problem parameters where there is no self-similar solution.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 115–122, July–August, 1986.     

An extensive numerical benchmark of the various magnetohydrodynamic flows

There is a continuous need for an updated series of numerical benchmarks dealing with various aspects of the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) phenomena (i.e. interactions of the flow of an electrically conducting fluid and an externally imposed magnetic field). The focus of the present study is numerical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) where we have performed an extensive series of simulations for generic configurations, including: (i) a laminar conjugate MHD flow in a duct with varied electrical conductivity of the walls, (ii) a back-step flow, (iii) a multiphase cavity flow, (iv) a rising bubble in liquid metal and (v) a turbulent conjugate MHD flow in a duct with varied electrical conductivity of surrounding walls. All considered benchmark situations are for the one-way coupled MHD approach, where the induced magnetic field is negligible. The governing equations describing the one-way coupled MHD phenomena are numerically implemented in the open-source code OpenFOAM. The novel elements of the numerical algorithm include fully-conservative forms of the discretized Lorentz force in the momentum equation and divergence-free current density, the conjugate MHD (coupling of the wall/fluid domains), the multi-phase MHD, and, finally, the MHD turbulence. The multi-phase phenomena are simulated with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach, whereas the MHD turbulence is simulated with the dynamic Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) method. For all considered benchmark cases, a very good agreement is obtained with available analytical solutions and other numerical results in the literature. The presented extensive numerical benchmarks are expected to be potentially useful for developers of the numerical codes used to simulate various types of the complex MHD phenomena.     

Nozzle startup in an oncoming flow

Three variants of the startup of an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle are considered with the static pressures at the entry and exit of the nozzle being the same at the beginning of the process. The subsonic startup corresponds to open nozzle acceleration in air. The supersonic startup simulates the sudden opening of a cover at the nozzle inlet under supersonic flight conditions. A successful nozzle startup with the formation of steady supersonic flow along the whole channel is realized in the third variant of supersonic startup with gas injection through a small region of the wall of the divergent nozzle section. The investigation is performed numerically, on the basis of the Euler equations for axisymmetric gas flows.