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2005年全国高中学生化学竞赛中有一道试题(试题7—1问)是考查学生由拟设反应机理推导反应速率方程的能力的。在由拟设反应机理推导反应速率方程时,比较简单有效的方法是采用稳态近似和平衡假设。该题的标准答案是用平衡假设处理得到与实验结果相符的速率方程。而在是否可以用稳态近似方法推导结果引起了争议。本文就此发表一点浅见,以供参考。 相似文献
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利用反应速率方程及速率常数与温度的关系式,推导出在不同温度时,反应进行到任意程度时与所需时间的关系式。即已知反应在T1温度下转化率一定时所需时间t1,求T2温度下任意转化率所需时间t2的关系式。 相似文献
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采用 10,11-二氢辛可尼定修饰的Pt/γ-Al2O3 催化 2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯不对称加氢合成 (R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯,考察了修饰剂用量、底物浓度、氢压和反应温度对加氢反应速率和光学选择性的影响. 结果表明,修饰剂用量和底物浓度在适中范围内对反应速率和光学选择性均较为有利;提高氢压和温度均能显著加快反应速率,但氢压对光学选择性影响不大,温度升高则不利于目标产物的生成. 根据反应动力学特征,认为修饰剂喹啉环平行吸附于Pt表面,被质子化后与以si面吸附在催化剂表面的底物作用,经过立体选择生成单一对映体. 用提出的反应机理推导出不对称加氢反应速率方程,可以较好地描述实验结果. 相似文献
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采用等温积分管式反应器,在543 K~623 K、2.5 MPa~3.5 MPa、氢油摩尔比2~4的条件下,对Co-Mo/Al2O3催化剂上噻吩加氢脱硫反应的本征和宏观动力学进行了研究.运用Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理,推导出了噻吩加氢脱硫反应的动力学模型,并对模型参数进行了估值.统计检验和实验数据验证了动力学模型的合理性.通过Thiele模数的计算以及对新鲜和失活催化剂的孔径分布与碳含量的分析和比较表明,反应过程受催化剂内扩散的影响.利用本征和宏观反应速率方程计算得到了催化剂内扩散效率因子,其数值随反应温度的升高而明显减小,随氢油摩尔比的增加变化不明显. 相似文献
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在可见光照射下,应用合成的新型仿生光催化剂HMS-FePcS,催化降解孔雀绿模拟废水.考察了温度、光源强度、催化剂用量、过氧化氢用量以及金属活性中心(Fe,Cu和Co)等一系列因素对降解反应的影响,得到了优化的反应条件.在此基础上推导出孔雀绿光催化降解的反应级数及反应速率常数.该降解反应分两个阶段,初始反应的速率与反应物的浓度无关,呈现出零级反应的特征;而后一阶段的反应呈现一级反应的特征.两段反应均可用经典的Langmuir-Hinshelwood多相催化动力学模型进行合理的解释. 相似文献
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从实验数据确定反应速率方程是化学动力学的重要内容之一。物理化学教材与文献中多依据反应物浓度或者分压进行直线拟合,这些方法的数据处理工作量大。很多化学反应是通过测量系统的物理性质来研究化学反应动力学过程,在教材和文献中缺少从物理性质直接拟合得到速率方程的普遍适用的方法。本文提出了一种由浓度-时间数据或物理性质-时间数据直接曲线拟合得到简单级数反应速率方程的新方法,通过曲线拟合同时求出反应级数与速率常数,利用实例对简单级数反应进行了验证。本文提出的方法是化学动力学"速率方程的确定"内容的创新,对确定简单级数反应速率方程具有重要意义。 相似文献
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HEPT类化合物的QSAR研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为定量结构/活性相关性研究提取了量子化学参数,拓扑指数Am,分子连接性指数^mxt及疏水性常数,同时应用正交变换和最佳变量子集算法(Leaps-and-Bonds)进行了变量压缩和选择,进而实施了多元回归分析,并由此结果进行了HEPT类化合物(1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)-thymine derivatives)的结构/活性关系的理论解释,进行了人工神经网络法对于该类化合物的活性预测,其结构明显好于多元回归法。 相似文献
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V. P. Lezina N. A. Andronova L. D. Smirnov K. M. Dyumaev 《Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds》1971,7(11):1438-1440
The dependence of the chemical shifts of the ring protons on the pH of the medium for a number of 4-hydroxyquinoline derivatives was studied by means of PMR spectroscopy. The dipolar and uncharged hydroxy forms exist in equilibrium in aqueous solutions. The effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the character of the dependence of the chemical shift on the pH of the medium in the case of 3-piperidinomethyl-4-hydroxyisoquinoline was investigated. The possibility of the separate protonation of the ring nitrogen and the side-chain nitrogen in 3-piperidinomethyl-4-hydroxyisoquinoline was established. The distribution of the -electron density in 4-hydroxyisoquinoline is in good agreement with its chemical behavior.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1546–1549, November, 1971 相似文献
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V. P. Lezina N. A. Andronova L. D. Smirnov K. M. Dyumaev 《Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds》1971,7(11):1433-1437
The dependence of the chemical shift of the ring protons on the pH of the medium for a number of 3-hydroxyquinoline derivatives was studied by PMR spectroscopy. The regions of ionization of the molecules, which correspond to the ranges of acidic, neutral, and alkaline media, were found. In D2O, 3-hydroxyquinoline is present only in the uncharged hydroxy form. The presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 4-dimethylaminomethyl-3-hydroxyquinoline has a substantial effect on the character of the dependence of the chemical shift on the pH of the medium; the existence of separate protonation of the nitrogen atoms of the ring and the side chain of 4-dimethylaminomethyl-3-hydroxyquinoline was established. The distribution of the -electron density in the 3-hydroxyquinoline molecule is in good agreement with its chemical behavior during electrophilic substitution.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1540–1545, November, 1971. 相似文献
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Emma Hocker 《Macromolecular Symposia》2006,238(1):16-21
Sweden's famous warship, Vasa, sank on her maiden voyage in August 1628, and remained on the bottom of Stockholm harbour for 333 years. Raised in 1961, she became the first large-scale wooden object to be treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). In the summer of 2000 a number of acidic salt precipitations were noticed on the surface of the ship and on wooden artefacts in the storerooms. An international research project has been established to look into the causes of this problem and suggest possible re-treatments. Meanwhile projects are underway to monitor movements in the ship, to build a better support system, and to replace the thousands of iron bolts holding the structure together, while a sophisticated new climate system has recently been installed in the museum. 相似文献
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