Advance from biomechanics to mechanobiology

本文介绍了现代生物力学的发展历程和冯元帧先生的贡献、力学生物学的概念与发展以及我国生物力学的发展历程和力学生物学的研究新进展;思考了从生物力学到力学生物学的进展与现状;展望了我国生物力学学科发展的愿景.     

从生物力学到力学生物学的进展

本文介绍了现代生物力学的发展历程和冯元帧先生的贡献、力学生物学的概念与发展以及我国生物力学的发展历程和力学生物学的研究新进展;思考了从生物力学到力学生物学的进展与现状;展望了我国生物力学学科发展的愿景.     

骨组织生长重建的力学生物学机制研究进展

生物力学已被证实是骨组织生长、重建及成形当中一个十分重要的因素. 骨组织的损 伤修复过程本质上是细胞的生物学过程和应力作用下的生长过程. 这虽然肯定了生物力学在 骨组织生长、重建过程中的重要地位, 但是, 人们对生物力学因素如何诱导骨生长、 重建的力学生物学机制仍不甚了解. 而骨组织工程需要更为科学完善的细胞生物学机制来研究和探 索骨组织的构建过程. 本文概述了国内外生物力学与骨组织生长重建的宏微观理论, 主要讨 论了骨组织结构及功能形成过程中的力学生物学相关问题.     

骨组织细胞的力学调控研究

力学环境是影响骨组织细胞形成、增殖和功能成熟的一个重要因素. 骨细胞是力学感受细胞, 将力学信号传递给效应细胞; 成骨细胞、破骨细胞为力学效应细胞, 使骨形成和骨吸收处于动态平衡以维持骨力学稳定性. 目前对骨组织细胞间力学调控的机理仍不甚清楚. 综述了骨组织细胞力学生物学作用和细胞间力学调控的一些相关问题. 在概述了成骨细胞、骨细胞和破骨细胞的生物学特性基础上,阐述了骨重建力学调控理论,成骨细胞、骨细胞和破骨细胞生物力学效应和细胞间力学调控最新研究进展. 最后对骨组织细胞三维网络间力学调控研究做出展望.     

植物细胞力学模型研究进展

植物细胞在结构上具有特殊性, 即细胞壁和胞内物质在力学性质上差异很大. 因此其力学模型的研究具有特殊意义. 植物细胞力学模型是植物组织力学行为的研究基础, 是连接宏观与微观生物力学发展的桥梁, 在农业和食品加工等领域中有重要的潜在应用价值. 本文就目前国际上在细胞力学模型研究中所采用的模型形式和理论分析与数值模拟等方法做较全面而简要的介绍, 并对本领域中存在的现实问题加以论述, 希望能够对我国在细胞力学领域的研究有所帮助.      

高瞻远瞩加强力学基础研究

本文简要回顾了力学学科的性质与作用;近代力学的发展与现状;我国力学研究的概况;对发展力学学科提出了若干建议。      

力敏感受体介导细胞功能调控的力学生物学研究

细胞膜是细胞与外部环境进行物质与能量交换的界面,是调节细胞正常生命活动的重要结构基础.细胞膜上力敏感受体可通过力学作用方式参与并影响细胞的力信号转导等功能.整合素和钙黏素是细胞膜上典型的力敏感受体,可介导细胞与细胞周围基质或邻近细胞发生力学作用,并将力学刺激信号转导为生化信号,进而激活细胞内一系列应答反应,最终影响细胞生长、分化、增殖、凋亡和迁移等功能.力敏感受体介导细胞功能调控研究已成为探索细胞主动响应外界复杂力学微环境的力学生物学机制的关键,为进一步深入认识生理和病理状态下细胞功能变化规律,为揭示疾病的发生、发展机制提供重要的力学生物学理论与实验依据.本文总结了力敏感受体介导细胞功能调控的国内外研究进展;介绍了黏附界面处典型力敏感受体的结构和功能;总结了这些力敏感受体参与的细胞力信号感知与响应的数理模型;概述了细胞通过力敏感受体进行力学信号转导的过程;介绍了黏附介导细胞功能调控的力学生物学过程和机制;简述了体外构建模拟细胞力学微环境中细胞-细胞外基质和细胞-细胞力学相互作用的技术;指出了力敏感受体介导细胞功能调控的力学生物学研究发展趋势和未来方向.     

生物力学的几个问题

引言生物力学是力学与生物学、生理学、病理学、解剖学、医学等学科之间的边缘学科。近二十年以来,医学科学技术的进一步发展,仿生学的发展,以及由于新技术的出现而产生的人对特种环境适应性问题的研究等提出了一系列的生物力学问题,促进了生物力学作为一个新的学科蓬勃发展起来。目前,生物力学已经以人体正常生理力学为中心,包括生物材料的力学性质、血流动力学、微循环力学、肌肉力学与骨骼力学、人体动力反应及人体耐受性问题、生物运动力学等,形成了一...     

Biomechanics of stem cells

干细胞生物力学作为生物力学的重要分支和前沿学科,近年来在力学-生物学、力学-化学耦合等方面取得了重大进展,已成为生物力学乃至生物医学工程最活跃的领域之一,并对发生物学、干细胞生物学、组织修复、再生医学等相关领域产生重要影响.干细胞具有独特的力学性质,可感知、传递、转导和响应生理力学微环境的改变,从而调控干细胞的生长、分化等功能,体现出典型的力学-生物学耦合特征.本文将对干细胞的力学性质与细胞力学模型、在体力学环境对干细胞生长和分化的影响、干细胞对外界力学刺激的响应等方面加以综述.     

干细胞的生物力学研究

干细胞生物力学作为生物力学的重要分支和前沿学科,近年来在力学-生物学、力学-化学耦合等方面取得了重大进展,已成为生物力学乃至生物医学工程最活跃的领域之一,并对发育生物学、干细胞生物学、组织修复、再生医学等相关领域产生重要影响.干细胞具有独特的力学性质,可感知、传递、转导和响应生理力学微环境的改变,从而调控干细胞的生长、分化等功能,体现出典型的力学-生物学耦合特征.本文将对干细胞的力学性质与细胞力学模型、在体力学环境对干细胞生长和分化的影响、干细胞对外界力学刺激的响应等方面加以综述.     

过载性损伤与防护生物力学

损伤与防护生物力学(injury and protection biomechanics)是研究生物组织或器官损伤机理及其防护方法的一门交叉性学科,属于现代生物力学的重要分支.其研究目标是降低载荷环境下组织或器官的损伤程度,主要内容包括载荷造成生物组织和器官的损伤机制、损伤耐受极限以及损伤过程中的生物力学动态响应、如何改善组织和器官所处的力学环境降低其损伤程度、有效的防护装备优化设计思路.高过载性载荷由于其作用短时性和爆发性具有较高致命性, 因此,人在过载环境下的抗损伤能力已越来越成为航空器研制、汽车性能提升、运动员竞技能力提升与充分发挥的瓶颈;尤其是更快、更灵活新型飞机的出现,超音速弹射救生、大过载高增长率的机动飞行防护等问题向损伤与防护生物力学研究提出了新的挑战,同时也为损伤与防护生物力学的发展提供了新发展机遇.随着科技不断进步,航空航天、交通事故、体育运动乃至日常生活中老年人跌倒等过程中人体冲击过载性损伤越来越呈现发生率高、防护效率低等问题,一方面由于人体耐限实验会造成损伤而难以获得真实数据,另一方面生物组织具有复杂非线性及黏弹性、可再生和重建特性,涉及到如何精准描述生物组织或器官的本构关系、组织解剖学特征与其力学特性之间相关性,建立不同尺度的组织或器官损伤机理与耐受极限、防护方法及防护装备设计准则.为此,本文将主要总结过载性损伤与防护生物力学的主要研究内容和研究方法,并在此基础上针对人体在复杂过载环境下的损伤类型、损伤机制(包括生物力学和力学生物学响应)、损伤耐限及防护方法进行回顾,包括近年来该领域国内外的主要进展, 并提出该领域发展趋势.过载性损伤与防护生物力学研究对于保障和提高复杂过载环境下人体安全性具有重要意义,可为解决航空航天、交通、体育运动中广泛涉及的骨肌多轴向损伤评价方法与标准制定提供科学依据,对指导防护装备优化设计具有重要理论价值,同时该方面研究在工程仿生材料和防护装备方面具有潜在实用价值和广阔应用前景.      

Growth and remodeling of load-bearing biological soft tissues

The past two decades reveal a growing role of continuum biomechanics in understanding homeostasis, adaptation, and disease progression in soft tissues. In this paper, we briefly review the two primary theoretical approaches for describing mechano-regulated soft tissue growth and remodeling on the continuum level as well as hybrid approaches that attempt to combine the advantages of these two approaches while avoiding their disadvantages. We also discuss emerging concepts, including that of mechanobiological stability. Moreover, to motivate and put into context the different theoretical approaches, we briefly review findings from mechanobiology that show the importance of mass turnover and the prestressing of both extant and new extracellular matrix in most cases of growth and remodeling. For illustrative purposes, these concepts and findings are discussed, in large part, within the context of two load-bearing, collagen dominated soft tissues—tendons/ligaments and blood vessels. We conclude by emphasizing further examples, needs, and opportunities in this exciting field of modeling soft tissues.     

Mechanical Stimulation of Growth Plate Chondrocytes: Previous Approaches and Future Directions

Growth plate cartilage resides near the ends of long bones and is the primary driver of skeletal growth. During growth, both intrinsically and extrinsically generated mechanical stresses act on chondrocytes in the growth plate. Although the role of mechanical stresses in promoting tissue growth and homeostasis has been strongly demonstrated in articular cartilage of the major skeletal joints, effects of stresses on growth plate cartilage and bone growth are not well established. Here, we review the literature on mechanobiology in growth plate cartilage at macroscopic and microscopic scales, with particular emphasis on comparison of results obtained using different methodological approaches, as well as from whole animal and in vitro experiments. To answer these questions, macroscopic mechanical stimulators have been developed and applied to study mechanobiology of growth plate cartilage and chondrocytes. However, the previous approaches have tested a limited number of stress conditions, and the mechanobiology of a single chondrocyte has not been well studied due to limitations of the macroscopic mechanical stimulators. We explore how microfluidics devices can overcome these limitations and improve current understanding of growth plate chondrocyte mechanobiology. In particular, microfluidic devices can generate multiple stress conditions in a single platform and enable real-time monitoring of metabolism and cellular behavior using optical microscopy. Systematic characterization of the chondrocytes using microfluidics will enhance our understanding of how to use mechanical stresses to control the bone growth and the properties of tissue-engineered growth plate cartilage.

     

运动生物力学发展现状及挑战

狭义的运动生物力学特指人体运动中的生物力学,主要解决竞技体育领域中如何提高运动成绩和减少运动损伤的问题.随着相关学科的融合和发展,当前运动生物力学的研究已扩展到与人类运动相关的生物学、医学、力学等学科领域.近年来,智能测试、大数据分析、人工智能等技术快速发展,对运动生物力学实验、仿真方法产生了重要的影响,在不断拓展和深化着该学科的研究内容和方向的同时,也对运动生物力学发展提出了新的挑战.本文综述了近年来运动生物力学领域的研究现状,并指出了相关研究方向的关键问题及发展趋势:在理论建模和模拟仿真计算方面,肌肉本构理论及肌肉力计算准确性是重点和难点;实验测试的新技术在竞技体育运动项目中的应用研究中扮演重要角色,其中基于深度学习的人体关键点检测算法在解决竞技体育的非接触测量方面有突破性进展;对于骨、韧带、软骨、肌肉等组织的宏观损伤机制认识不断清晰,但对于其早期损伤预测以及跨尺度损伤发生机制的研究仍有待深入;智能可穿戴装备、人工智能等新技术开始应用于运动生物力学研究及实践,成为目前运动生物力学领域最具活力的研究方向之一.本文的综述表明当前运动生物力学研究越来越向智能化、个体化、定量化发展,并正在...     

The Evolution of the Field of Biomechanics Through the Lens of Experimental Mechanics

Biomechanics is a young field that entails the study of the mechanical aspects of the life and health sciences. The growth of this field can be attributed to the growth of cutting-edge technologies that enable scientists to investigate the mechanics of life with increasing acuity. Founded in 1961, the journal Experimental Mechanics (EM) has had an important role in the growth and scholarship of the field of biomechanics. From the mid-1960’s to mid-1970’s, relevant publications in EM focused on characterizing potential bioimplants and exploring the mechanical properties of connective tissues. The next two decades witnessed a clear drop in biomechanics papers in EM, perhaps due to the rise of biomechanics-specific societies and journals that offered a more dedicated audience while EM sought a more varied readership. More recently, there has been a resurgence of biomechanics publications in EM, including 3 recent special issues devoted to the subject. The journal has brought forth an impressive range of biomechanics related papers including cellular and nanoscale studies, characterization of biological tissues and novel biomaterials, and most importantly, the development of novel technologies and devices that are applicable across the entire field. Digital image correlation and digital volume correlation are examples of techniques presented in EM that have been applied to numerous biomechanics problems. Although the field has exhibited exponential growth in the past 15 years, a myriad of scientific questions, especially on the cellular and subcellular level, remain to be answered. EM should cultivate its future role in shaping this exciting field.     

Biothermomechanical behavior of skin tissue

Advances in laser, microwave and similar technologies have led to recent developments of thermal treatments involving skin tissue. The effectiveness of these treatments is governed by the coupled thermal, mechanical, biological and neural responses of the affected tissue： a favorable interaction results in a procedure with relatively little pain and no lasting side effects. Currently, even though each behavioral facet is to a certain extent established and understood, none exists to date in the interdisciplinary area. A highly interdisciplinary approach is required for studying the biothermomechanical behavior of skin, involving bioheat transfer, biomechanics and physiology. A comprehensive literature review pertinent to the subject is presented in this paper, covering four subject areas： （a） skin structure, （b） skin bioheat transfer and thermal damage, （c） skin biomechanics, and （d） skin biothermomechanics. The major problems, issues, and topics for further studies are also outlined. This review finds that significant advances in each of these aspects have been achieved in recent years. Although focus is placed upon the biothermomechanical behavior of skin tissue, the fundamental concepts and methodologies reviewed in this paper may also be applicable for studying other soft tissues.     

Mechanics of biomolecules

Over the last few years molecular biomechanics has emerged as a new field in which theoretical and experimental studies of the mechanics of proteins and nucleic acids have become a focus, and the importance of mechanical forces and motions to the fundamentals of biology and biochemistry has begun to be recognized. In particular, single-molecule biomechanics of DNA extension, bending and twisting; protein domain motion, deformation and unfolding; and the generation of mechanical forces and motions by biomolecular motors has become a new frontier in life sciences. There is an increasing need for a more systematic study of the basic issues involved in molecular biomechanics, and a more active participation of researchers in applied mechanics. Here we review some of the advances in this field over the last few years, explore the connection between mechanics and biochemistry, and discuss the concepts, issues, approaches and challenges, aiming to stimulating a broader interest in developing molecular biomechanics.     

关于飞行和游动的生物力学研究

论述了飞行和游动生物力学的任务和意义,以及重大科学问题和与仿生技术相关的重大需求,并概要地介绍了与生物外部流体力学有关的科学问题、研究现状以及我国现有的研究基础和特色.文中针对如下若干重点科学问题进行了论述,具体包括Gray疑题及鱼类阻力的测定问题、鱼类机动运动的特征和机理、鱼类游动的流-固耦合及整体模化等交叉问题、昆虫运动的非定常流动控制机理和能耗、昆虫翼的柔性变形效应及抗风机制、昆虫和鱼的自由运动的运动学和动力学测量.图0参72