Creep crack-tip constraint effect in high temperature structures

如何对蠕变裂纹扩展寿命进行准确预测和评价是高温结构完整性评定、寿命设计和运行维护中需要解决的核心问题.基于宏观单参数C^*的蠕变断裂行为的评价方法,未有效纳入裂尖拘束效应的影响,因而其评价结果过于保守或非保守.目前国内外还未建立起有效纳入裂尖拘束效应的高温结构蠕变寿命评价的理论体系和技术方法,还没有纳入蠕变拘束效应的高温结构完整性评定规范.本文综述了作者近年来在高温蠕变断裂拘束效应方面的研究工作.主要包括：裂尖拘束对材料蠕变裂纹扩展行为的影响及机理;蠕变裂尖场和拘束参数R的定义和影响因素;载荷无关的蠕变拘束参数R^*的提出及其应用基础;承压管道表面裂纹的拘束参数R^*解及纳入裂尖拘束的蠕变寿命评价方法;试样与管道轴向裂纹蠕变裂尖拘束的关联;基于裂尖等效蠕变应变的面内与面外蠕变裂尖拘束的统一表征参数A_c的研究;材料拘束相关的蠕变裂纹扩展速率的建立;宽范围C^*区蠕变裂纹扩展速率及其拘束效应的数值预测;材料拘束对焊接接头蠕变裂纹扩展行为的影响及机理等.这些研究为建立纳入裂尖拘束效应的高温部件的蠕变裂纹扩展寿命评价方法奠定了理论和技术基础.论文对后续拟开展的工作也进行了展望.     

高温结构蠕变裂尖拘束效应

如何对蠕变裂纹扩展寿命进行准确预测和评价是高温结构完整性评定、寿命设计和运行维护中需要解决的核心问题.基于宏观单参数C~*的蠕变断裂行为的评价方法,未有效纳入裂尖拘束效应的影响,因而其评价结果过于保守或非保守.目前国内外还未建立起有效纳入裂尖拘束效应的高温结构蠕变寿命评价的理论体系和技术方法,还没有纳入蠕变拘束效应的高温结构完整性评定规范.本文综述了作者近年来在高温蠕变断裂拘束效应方面的研究工作.主要包括:裂尖拘束对材料蠕变裂纹扩展行为的影响及机理;蠕变裂尖场和拘束参数R的定义和影响因素;载荷无关的蠕变拘束参数R~*的提出及其应用基础;承压管道表面裂纹的拘束参数R~*解及纳入裂尖拘束的蠕变寿命评价方法;试样与管道轴向裂纹蠕变裂尖拘束的关联;基于裂尖等效蠕变应变的面内与面外蠕变裂尖拘束的统一表征参数A_c的研究;材料拘束相关的蠕变裂纹扩展速率的建立;宽范围C~*区蠕变裂纹扩展速率及其拘束效应的数值预测;材料拘束对焊接接头蠕变裂纹扩展行为的影响及机理等.这些研究为建立纳入裂尖拘束效应的高温部件的蠕变裂纹扩展寿命评价方法奠定了理论和技术基础.论文对后续拟开展的工作也进行了展望.     

高温条件下材料与结构力学行为的研究进展

本文回顾了最近10年来材料与结构高温力学行为若干热点问题的研究进展,包括高温下材料力学行为的多尺度特性、多组元材料的蠕变力学性能、拘束条件下的高温断裂理论、高温下的结构安全评定理论等。指出：为了保障重大高温装备的安全运行,并为高技术工艺装备的实现提供理论支撑,必须实现时间尺度与空间尺度上的事件的转换与关联,解决高温材料老化的物理化学动力学问题,理清应力应变场与化学动力学过程的相互作用;应强化材料界面缺陷及高温结合强度的微观测量方法与理论分析的研究;需要进一步研究损伤影响下的实际蠕变裂尖应力场,精确描述拘束效应的蠕变裂纹扩展速率模型,以进一步建立拘束下的高温断裂理论;在高温结构的安全评定方面,在目前的失效评定图基础上引入与材料、结构同时关联的损伤维度（时间相关）,可望实现较为复杂损伤机制下的失效评定。     

汽轮机转子材料的蠕变损伤与抗裂特性研究

本文对汽轮机转子材料进行了蠕变断裂的试验研究。探讨了30Cr_2MoV材料在工作温度下的蠕变损伤及裂纹的启裂和高温断裂韧性特性.用直流电位法检测了裂纹的扩展量,并分析了各断裂参数和蠕变裂纹扩展速率的关系.     

含裂纹结构时间相关的疲劳断裂理论与剩余寿命评价技术

高温结构的疲劳失效是与时间相关的, 建立这一失效机制下的断裂理论和寿命评价技术, 进而控制结构失效是人们多年来努力的目标. 从裂纹扩展控制参量、裂纹扩展规律和寿命评价技术、材料老化与环境因素影响和结构完整性评定工程方法等几个方面, 对近年来这一领域的研究进展进行了总结, 并对今后该领域的发展方向进行了预测.      

可压缩粘弹性材料Ⅱ型动态扩展裂纹尖端场

为了研究粘性效应作用下的动态扩展裂纹尖端渐近场,建立了可压缩粘弹性材料II型动态扩展裂纹的力学模型,推导了可压缩材料Ⅱ型动态扩展裂纹的本构方程.在稳态蠕变阶段,弹性变形和粘性变形同时在裂纹尖端场中占主导地位,应力和应变具有相同的奇异量级r-1/(n-1).通过渐近分析求得了裂纹尖端应力、应变和位移分离变量形式的渐近解,并采用打靶法求得了裂纹尖端应力、应变和位移的数值结果,给出了应力、应变和位移随各种参数的变化曲线.数值计算表明,弹性变形部分的可压缩性对Ⅱ型裂尖应力场影响甚微,而对应变场和位移场影响较大.裂尖场主要受材料的蠕变指数n和马赫数M的控制.当泊松比ν =0.5时,可以退化为不可压缩粘弹性材料Ⅱ型动态扩展裂纹.     

蠕变材料Ⅰ型动态扩展裂纹尖端场

为了研究黏性效应作用下的动态扩展裂纹尖端渐近场,建立了蠕变材料Ⅰ型动态扩展裂纹的 力学模型.首先,依据在稳态蠕变阶段,弹性变形和黏性变形同时在裂纹尖端场中占主导地 位,由量级协调可知,应力和应变具有相同的奇异量级,即(σ,ε)∝/ r- 1/(n-1). 其次,通过渐近分析推导出动态扩展裂纹尖端场的控制方程并求得了裂纹尖端应 力、应变和位移分离变量形式的渐近解.最后,采用双参数打靶法求得了裂纹尖端应力、应 变的数值结果.数值计算表明,裂尖场主要受材料的蠕变指数n和马赫数M的控制;在Ⅰ 型动态扩展裂纹前方,环向应变达到最大值,可据此建立断裂准则. 由于裂纹稳定扩展与非稳定扩展的主奇异项相同,因此对于稳定扩展裂纹的渐近分析方 法,同样适用于非稳定的裂纹扩展问题.     

蠕变材料Ⅱ型动态扩展裂纹尖端场

为了研究粘性效应作用下的动态扩展裂纹尖端渐近场,建立了蠕变材料Ⅱ型动态扩展裂纹的力学模型,在稳态蠕变阶段,弹性变形和粘性变形同时在裂纹尖端场中占主导地位,应力和应变具有相同的奇异量级,即(σ,ε)∝r-1/(n-1)。通过渐近分析求得了裂纹尖端应力、应变和位移分离变量形式的渐近解,并采用打靶法求得了裂纹尖端应力、应变的数值结果,数值计算表明,裂尖场主要受材料的蠕变指数n和马赫数M的控制。通过对裂纹尖端场的渐近分析,从应变角度出发,提出了蠕变材料Ⅱ型动态扩展裂纹的断裂判据。     

用增量的路径无关积分率(T*)研究蠕变裂纹的扩展

主要研究了增量路径无关积分参数(T*)在蠕变裂纹非稳定扩展阶段的推广应用,在确定积分参数(T*)与裂纹扩展速率有线性关系的同时,对三轴应力度、塑性应变和蠕变应变等裂尖参数在裂纹扩展过程中的变化作了比较和说明.     

用增量的路径无关积分率研究蠕变裂纹的扩展

主要研究了增量路径无关积分参数在蠕变裂纹非稳定扩展阶段的推广应用,在确定积分参数与裂纹扩展速率有线性关系的同时,对三轴应力度、塑性应变和蠕变应变等裂尖参数在裂纹扩展过程中的变化作了比较和说明。     

Effect of constraint induced by crack depth on creep crack-tip stress field in CT specimens

In this paper, the effect of constraint induced by the crack depth on creep crack-tip stress field in compact tension (CT) specimens is examined by finite element analysis, and the effect of creep deformation and damage on the Hutchinson–Rice–Rosengren (HRR) singularity stress field are discussed. The results show the constraint induced by crack depth causes the difference in crack-tip opening stress distributions between the specimens with different crack depth at the same C*. The maximum opening stress appears at a distance from crack tips, and the stress singularity near the crack tips does not exist due to the crack-tip blunting caused by the large creep deformation in the vicinity of the crack tips. The actual stress calculated by the finite element method (FEM) in front of crack tip is significantly lower than that predicted by the HRR field. Based on the reference stress field in the deep crack CT specimen with high constraint, a new constraint parameter R is defined and the constraint effect in the shallow crack specimen is examined at different distances ahead of the crack tip from transient to steady-state creep conditions. During the early stages of creep constraint increases with time, and then approaches a steady state value as time increases. With increasing the distance from crack tips and applied load, the negative R increases and the constraint decreases.     

约束修正失效评定曲线及内压管道失效分析

用A2参数描述裂纹尖端约束效应,考虑裂纹尖端约束水平对断裂阻力的影响,对R6失效评定曲线进行修正。以X80钢为例,根据不同约束水平试件测试得到的JR–△a曲线,给出了与裂纹尖端约束相关的失效评定曲线。在使用有限元对带裂纹内压管道进行弹塑性分析的基础上,利用失效评定曲线对失效载荷进行预测;与试验结果比较表明:采用约束修正失效评定曲线,在对存在缺陷的构件进行安全性评定、寿命评估、失效概率计算时,考虑约束效应对断裂韧度的影响可以更充分地发挥构件的强度潜力。     

Creep crack growth on spent fuel zircaloy cladding in interim storage

The effect of creep failure mechanisms on the creep crack growth is examined on spent fuel Zircaloy cladding in interim storage. Based on the creep fracture mechanics parameter C^* and the strain energy density criteria, the relationship between the creep crack growth rate and the fracture mechanics parameter C^* is established theoretically. The effects of initial crack lengths and storage temperature profiles on cladding failure are discussed in detail. The results show that the initial crack length and the storage temperature profile play an important role in the interim dry storage. When the storage temperature remains at a constant temperature of 400 °C, it will be safe for the cladding which stores in the interim dry storage. The results presented in this study provide a reliable cladding integrity evaluation for spent fuel in the interim dry storage.     

The constitutive representation of high-temperature creep damage

The elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equations of Bodner-Partom were applied to modeling creep damage in a high temperature Ni-alloy, B1900 + Hf. Both tertiary creep in bulk materials and creep crack growth in flawed materials were considered. In the latter case, the energy rate line integral C^* was used for characterizing the crack driving force, and the rate of crack extension was computed using a local damage formulation that assumed fracture was controlled by cavitation occurring within the crack-tip process zone. The results of this investigation were used to assess the evolution equation for isotropic damage utilized in the Bodner-Partom constitutive equations.     

Effect of residual stresses on the crack-tip constraint in a modified boundary layer model

Residual stresses play a crucial role in structural integrity assessment. In this study, a large cracked cylinder with a weld in the center is applied to investigate the effect of residual stresses on the crack-tip constraint. A modified boundary layer model with a remote displacement-controlled elastic K-field and T-stress under small scale yielding has been used to simulate the problem. A two-dimensional tensile residual stress field due to the weld is introduced into the model by the so-called eigenstrain method. It has been shown that the residual stresses can significantly elevate the crack-tip constraint and thus increase the probability for cleavage fracture. The constraint parameter R introduced by the authors can be used to rank the crack-tip constraint induced by the bi-axial residual stresses. The R value decreases with the increase in the applied J-integral. The residual stress-induced constraint is also coupled with the T-stress. The R value becomes smaller with larger T-stress.     

含裂纹体蠕变断裂理论及其应用研究

评介了蠕变断裂力学研究概况．着重论述含裂纹材料与结构的蠕变断裂、蠕变损伤、蠕变疲劳裂纹扩展和寿命预估等方面研究的近期进展．从中介绍蠕变断裂力学的研究途径、方法及其广阔的工程应用前景      

High temperature fracture parameter for a weld interface crack

A fracture parameter is introduced to characterize crack growth at elevated temperature for a weld interface crack. Finite element analyses are made for a compact tension (CT) specimen under constant load where an interface is modeled along the crack plane to simulate the dividing line of the weld metal (WM) and base metal (BM). A constitutive relation for an elastic-creeping material is used. The proposed time dependent fracture parameter is obtained for different creep constants of WM and BM. A transition time and fracture parameter for the homogeneous and welded specimens are defined such that the results can be normalized and presented in a general form for assessing the crack growth life.