截面形状对快电子激发纳米双线表面等离激元的影响

采用边界元方法研究了快电子在金属纳米双线中激发间隙表面等离激元(SPP)的性质,比较了在不同横截面形状(包括圆形、尖劈形和不规则形状)下电子所激发SPP的不同.研究表明:在以上波导结构中,快电子都能激发具有较长传播距离和较好局域性的低阶单级-单级耦合的间隙等离激元模式;同时通过对波导无量纲价值参数的比较,发现快电子在纳米双线中激发间隙等离激元对双线波导的横截面形状要求不高,横截面形状真正影响的是高阶等离激元模式的激发,而且快电子在截面形状为尖劈的双线波导中能激发局域性更强的间隙SPP.该研究将对实验中利用 关键词： 表面等离激元 间隙模式 金属纳米波导     

Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications

Surface plasmon photodetectors are of vigorous current interest. Such detectors typically combine a metallic structure that supports surface plasmons with a photodetection structure based on internal photoemission or electron‐hole pair creation. Detector architectures are highly varied, involving surface plasmons on planar metal waveguides, on metal gratings, on nano‐particles, ‐islands, or ‐antennas, or involving plasmon‐mediated transmission through one or many sub‐wavelength holes in a metal film. Properties inherent to surface plasmons, such as sub‐wavelength confinement and their ability to resonate on tiny metallic structures, are exploited to convey useful characteristics to detectors in addressing applications such as low‐noise high‐speed detection, single‐plasmon detection, near‐ and mid‐infrared imaging, photovoltaic solar energy conversion, and (bio)chemical sensing. The operating principles behind surface plasmon detectors are reviewed, the literature on the topic is surveyed, and avenues that appear promising are highlighted.     

等离激元增强的石墨烯光吸收

石墨烯中等离激元具有特殊的光电性质,其和入射光的强烈耦合可以引起光吸收的增强.本文基于时域有限差分法和多体自洽场理论研究了等离激元对处于光学谐振腔中的石墨烯光吸收的影响.由于石墨烯中等离激元与入射光动量和能量不匹配而不能直接相互作用,因此石墨烯上施加了金属光栅结构.研究发现光栅结构能够对入射光进行动量补偿并且能够引起其下石墨烯中的电场强度产生很大程度增强,从而导致在该石墨烯结构中太赫兹等离激元和入射光发生强烈耦合而产生太赫兹等离极化激元,同时引起石墨烯光吸收的增强.希望本文能够加深对石墨烯光电特性的理解以及可以为基于石墨烯的太赫兹光电装置提供一定的理论依据.     

Plasmonic metasurfaces for waveguiding and field enhancement

The explosive progress in nanoscience has led to uncovering and exploring numerous physical phenomena occurring at nanoscale, especially when metal nanostructures are involved so that optical fields and electronic oscillations can be resonantly coupled. The latter is the subject of (nano) plasmonics with implications extending from subwavelength waveguiding to localized field enhancements. In this review paper, we consider making use of various phenomena related to multiple scattering of surface plasmons (SPs) at periodically and randomly (nano) structured metal surfaces. After reviewing the SP waveguiding along channels in nanostructured areas exhibiting band‐gap and localization effects, SP‐driven field enhancement in random structures and plasmonic fractal drums is discussed in detail. SP manipulation and waveguiding using periodic nanostructures on the long‐wavelength side of the band gap is also considered.     

Optical antennas and plasmonics

Optical antenna is a nanoscale miniaturisation of radio or microwave antennas that is also governed by the rule of plasmonics. We introduce various types of optical antenna and make an overview of recent developments in optical antenna research. The role of local and surface plasmons in optical antenna is explained through antenna resonance and resonance conditions for specific metal structures are explicitly obtained. A strong electric field is shown to exist within a highly localised region of optical antennas such as antenna feed gap or apertures. We describe physical properties of field enhancement in apertures (circular and rectangular holes) and gaps (infinite slit and feed gap), as well as experimental techniques measuring enhanced electric vector field. We discuss the analogies and differences between conventional and optical antennas with a projection for future developments.     

Adiabatic nano-focusing of plasmons by sharp metallic wedges

In this paper, we demonstrate the possibility of efficient adiabatic nano-focusing of plasmons by a sharp triangular metal wedge. The geometrical optics approach and the approximation of continuous electrodynamics are used for the analysis. In particular, it is demonstrated that both the phase and group velocities of an incident anti-symmetric (with respect to the magnetic field) plasmon tend to zero at the tip of the wedge, and the plasmon adiabatically slows down, eventually dissipating in the metal. Typically, the amplitude of the plasmon significantly increases near the wedge tip, but this increase is finite even in the absence of dissipation in the metal. The dependence of the local field enhancement near the tip on structural parameters, dissipation in the metal, angle of incidence, etc., is analyzed in this paper. It is also shown that an anti-symmetric film plasmon can effectively be guided by a triangular metal wedge, forming a wedge plasmon mode that is localized near the tip of the wedge and propagates along this tip. A new existence condition for these localized wedge plasmons is derived and discussed. PACS 78.67.-n; 68.37.Uv; 73.20.Mf     

损耗对表面等离子体激元压缩态的影响

表面等离子体激元是金属表面电子集体振荡,它以波的形式在金属和介质之间的界面中传播.近期Huck等证明等离子体激元可以处在压缩态,本文利用量子光学的热库理论,研究金波导损耗对表面等离子体激元压缩态的影响,并对Huck等的实验结果给与理论解释. 关键词： 表面等离子体激元 压缩态 热库理论     

石墨烯等离激元的光学性质及其应用前景

石墨烯等离激元由于其独特的电学可调性、本征低衰减以及局域光场高度增强等特性, 引起了广泛的关注并迅速成长为一门新的学科分支--石墨烯表面等离激元光子学. 本文介绍了石墨烯等离激元的一些基本性质, 包括色散关系、局域的等离激元和传导的等离激元以及石墨烯等离激元对其周边介电环境的敏感性等. 在此基础上, 进一步介绍了石墨烯等离激元在太赫兹到中红外频段的应用, 比如有源光调制器的一些功能器件和增强的红外光谱探测等.     

Terahertz radiation from interaction between an electron beam and a planar surface plasmon structure

The possibility of an electron beam exciting surface plasmons in conducting metal is discussed in this paper. A planar perfect-structure with subwavelength holes is proposed. The phenomenon that mimicking surface plasmon waves can be excited and amplified by an electron beam is proved theoretically and numerically. The mechanism of transmission through a subwavelength hole array is exploited to enhance the interaction between the electron beam and the mimicking surface plasmons.     

Hydrodynamics of slip wedge and optimization of surface slip property

The hydrodynamic load support generated by a slip wedge of a slider bearing was studied. The surface slip property was optimized so that a maximum hydrodynamic load support could be obtained. A multi-linearity method was given for the slip control equation of two-dimensional (2-D) wall slip. We investigated 2-D wall slip and the hydrodynamics of a finite length bearing with any values of the surface limiting shear stress. It was found that the hydrodynamic effect of the slip wedge is greater than the traditional geometrical convergent-wedge. Even though the geo- metrical gap is a parallel or divergent sliding gap, the slip wedge still gives rise to a very big hydrodynamic pressure. The optimized slip wedge can give rise to a hy- drodynamic load support as high as 2.5 times of what the geometrical conver- gent-wedge can produce. Wall slip usually gives a small surface friction.     

Polarization controlled couplings of surface plasmon with asymmetrical nanoslit pairs

Light-driven surface plasmons offer an opportunity to ultrafast information processing combining the compactness of electric circuits with the bandwidth of photonic networks. For practical applications, the efficient and controllable conversion from signal light to surface plasmons is essential. This leads to the recent developments in the polarization controlled couplings of surface plasmons. Currently, most works only tailor the orientation and arrangement of nanoslits to control the launching of surface plasmons. In this paper, we consider both the orientation and size of each slit in a one-dimensional array of nanoslit dimers. We first realize the unidirectional propagation of surface plasmons with designed wavefronts. Next, the unidirectional coupling and bi-directional coupling of surface plasmons are realized for a pair of orthogonal polarizations, respectively. This is quite different from the conventional opposite propagating surface plasmons excited by two orthogonal polarizations. The manipulation of both orientation and size of nanoslits allows additional freedom in the photon-plasmon conversions.     

Experimental measurement of acoustic plasmons in polycrystalline palladium

An experimental study of collective oscillations in Pd covering the region of very low energy and momentum transfers is reported. Through Dynamic Electron Scattering spectroscopy, structure factor spectra were measured from 80?K to 298?K on a bulk polycrystalline Pd sample. Here we report the first experimental evidence of damped acoustic plasmons and their evolution to the single-particle excitation continuum. The acoustic plasmons follow a linear dispersion and are experimentally shown to be a separate and distinct resonance mode from acoustic surface plasmons. Calculations of the dielectric function employed a model that incorporates complete mixing of two conduction bands with contributions from both interband and intraband transitions. The model was used in computational studies that focused on specific experimental results to aid the characterization and understanding of the plasmon behavior. We found that the Pd acoustic plasmon energy matched the longitudinal phonon anomaly that has sparked numerous theoretical reports on the possible energetic coupling of these modes. Further experimental evidence of plasmon and phonon dynamical processes are found in the linewidth analysis of the data. The primary decay mechanism of the plasmons is interpreted to be strong phonon-assisted interband transitions. Further spectral features and the plasmon velocity are also reported.     

Shielding effect of a nano-circular inclusion acting on semi-infinite wedge cracks

The model of a screw dislocation near a semi-infinite wedge crack tip inside a nano-circular inclusion is proposed to investigate the shielding effect of nano inclusions acting on cracks. Utilizing the complex function method, the closed-form solutions of the stress fields in the matrix and the inclusion region are derived. The stress intensity factor, the image force, as well as the critical loads for dislocation emission are discussed in detail. The results show that the nano inclusion not only enhances the shielding effect exerted by the dislocation, but also provides a shielding effect itself. Moreover, dislocations may be trapped in the nano inclusion even if the matrix is softer than the inclusion. This helps the dislocation shield crack, and reduces the dislocation density within the matrix.     

An electrically tunable metasurface integrated with graphene for mid-infrared light modulation

We propose a low-cost plasmonic metasurface integrated with single-layer graphene for dynamic modulation of midinfrared light. The plasmonic metasurface is composed of an array of split magnetic resonators(MRs) where a nano slit is included. Extraordinary optical transmission(EOT) through the deep subwavelength slit is observed by excitation of magnetic plasmons in the split MRs. Furthermore, the introduction of the slit provides strongly enhanced fields around the graphene layer, leading to a large tuning effect on the EOT by changing the Fermi energy of the graphene. The proposed metasurface can be utilized as an optical modulator with a broad modulation width(15 μm) or an optical switch with a high on/off ratio( 100). Meanwhile, the overall thickness of the metasurface is 430 nm, which is tens of times smaller than the operating wavelength. This work may have potential applications in mid-infrared optoelectrical devices and give insights into reconfigurable flat optics and optoelectronics.     

Al纳米颗粒表面等离激元对ZnO光致发光增强的研究

基于聚苯乙烯球自组装法,在P型氮化镓(P-GaN)衬底上制备了有序致密的掩模板;采用热蒸发法在该模板上沉积金属Al薄膜,通过甲苯溶液去除聚苯乙烯球,得到了金属Al纳米颗粒阵列;采用原子层沉积法,在Al纳米颗粒阵列表面依次沉积氧化铝(Al_2O_3)和氧化锌(ZnO).通过测试Al纳米颗粒阵列的消光谱以及ZnO薄膜的光致发光谱,研究了Al纳米颗粒表面等离激元与ZnO薄膜激子之间的耦合效应.实验结果表明:引入Al纳米颗粒后,在约380 nm位置附近的ZnO近带边发光峰积分强度增强了1.91倍.对Al纳米颗粒表面等离激元增强ZnO光致发光的机理进行探讨.     

阴极荧光在表面等离激元研究领域的应用

表面等离激元以其独特的光学性质广泛应用于纳米尺度的局域电磁场增强、超高分辨成像及微弱光电探测.阴极荧光是电子与物质相互作用而产生的光学响应,利用电子束激发金属纳米结构能够实现局域等离激元共振,并在亚波长尺度实现对共振模式的调控,具有超高空间分辨的成像特点.阴极荧光探测通常结合扫描电子显微镜或透射电子显微镜而实现,目前己被应用于表面等离激元的探测及共振模式的分析.本文从阴极荧光物理机理出发,综述了单一金属纳米结构和金属耦合结构的等离激元共振模式阴极荧光研究进展,并总结了阴极荧光与角分辨、时间分辨以及电子能量损失谱等关键技术相结合的应用,进一步分析了其面临的关键问题,最后展望了阴极荧光等离激元研究方向.     

Optimization of light transmission efficiency for nano-grating assisted MSM-PDs by varying physical parameters

Metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors (MSM-PDs) are utilized for suitable nano-structured fabrications that can play an important role for the development of future high-speed devices to achieve very high responsivity–bandwidth characteristics. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to calculate the light absorption enhancement factor of nano-grating assisted MSM-PDs near the design wavelength by changing the detector's geometrical parameters in comparison with a conventional device (i.e., without the nano-gratings). The substrates containing the aperture and the nano-gratings are optimized in thickness to trigger an extraordinary optical transmission. Besides, this paper demonstrates how the coupling condition satisfies the oscillating charge densities evolution to the surface plasmon polaritons under illumination of a polarized light and the existence of a band gap in the dispersion curve of surface plasmons propagating on periodically corrugated surfaces. The simulated results confirm that the light absorption enhancement factor of nano-grating assisted MSM-PDs is ∼12-times better than the conventional type of MSM-PDs.     

基于导模共振效应提高石墨烯表面等离子体的局域特性

本文构建了一种包含石墨烯和亚波长光栅的复合结构, 借助衍射光栅的导模共振效应, 在石墨烯表面激发高局域性表面等离子体激元, 研究了石墨烯与光栅结构对表面等离子体激元局域特性的影响规律, 并借助基于有限元法的COMSOL软件, 分析了缓冲层厚度、光栅周期、载流子迁移率和费米能级对石墨烯的表面电场、品质因子Q和有效模式面积S_eff的影响. 结果表明, 石墨烯表面等离子体激元的局域性在特定的参数点获得显著提高: 当μ = 0.7 m²/(V·s)时, 品质因子达到最大值Q_max = 1793; 当p = 235 nm或E_F = 0.72 eV时, 表面电场达到了入射光的3000倍以上. 强烈的局域性导致强烈 的光-物质相互作用, 因而本文提出的复合结构可实现高灵敏度传感器和高效率的非线性光学设备, 极大地扩展了石墨烯在纳米光学领域中的应用.     

Silver and gold films and fibers several nanometers thick: Very slow optical surface plasmons

On films and fibers of well-reflecting metals (silver, gold) several nanometers thick, surface plasmons could be slowed down by 10 to 40 times. The plasmons are additionally slowed down when the nanofilms (nanofibers) are placed into a medium with a dielectric constant that is approximately equal to but still smaller than the modulus of the negative dielectric constant of the metal. As the result, the optical frequency waves prove to have wavelengths of ∼4 nm, i.e., as in soft x-ray. The propagation losses of these waves are moderately high. We propose to develop the optics (the optical transformations — deviation, focusing, photonic crystals, etc.) of these waves on thin metal layers integrated into nanodevices. In particular, we calculated the probability of spontaneous emission of a photon by an atom (molecule) into the surface plasmon of a nanoparticle. This probability proved to be increased by many orders of magnitude. This work interprets experiments that show a higher (14 orders of magnitude and more) probability of spontaneous Raman scattering of a molecule on the surface of a silver nanoparticle. The molecule is in the field of a surface plasmon, owing to which the local field and density of states of the field prove to be increased to such an extent as to give a rise of 12 or 13 orders of magnitude. An additional increase by one or two orders of magnitude is due to the antenna effect of a pair of nanoparticles, one of which is extremely small and the other is sufficiently large to serve as an efficient transceiver antenna. The possibility of developing sources of light pulses of exceptionally short duration arises.     

基于纳米天线的多通道高强度定向表面等离子体波激发

设计了一种带有纳米天线的金属微腔结构, 以实现高强度表面等离子的定向激发. 在利用双狭缝结构实现表面等离子体波定向激发的基础上, 分别结合共振增强和干涉相长原理, 在传统结构的入射端面上添加纳米天线结构, 并增加狭缝通道数, 实现了定向激发的表面等离子体波的能量增强. 基于纳米天线的多通道高强度定向表面等离子体波激发装置结构简单, 系统紧凑, 并能够有效提高定向传播的表面等离子体波的能量密度和传播距离, 其对微纳光学传输和高密度光学集成领域等方面的研究具有重要意义.