Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from magneto-metal nanoparticle assemblies

Binary nanoparticles composed of a superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ core and an Au nanoshell (Fe₃O₄@Au) were prepared via a simple co-precipitation method followed by seed-mediated growth process. The nanoparticles exhibited functions of both fast magnetic response and local surface plasmon resonance. The Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles were used as probes for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) using p-thiocresol (p-TC) as reporter molecule. With the ability of analyte capture and concentration magnetically, the Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles showed significant SERS properties with excellent reproducibility. Under non-optimized conditions, detection limit as low as 4.55 pM of analyte can be reached using Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticle assemblies, which excel remarkably the cases with traditional Au nanoprobes.     

Facile Hydrogen‐Bond‐Assisted Polymerization and Immobilization Method to Synthesize Hierarchical Fe3O4@Poly(4‐vinylpyridine‐co‐divinylbenzene)@Au Nanostructures and Their Catalytic Applications

Hierarchical Fe₃O₄@poly(4‐vinylpyridine‐co‐divinylbenzene)@Au (Fe₃O₄@P(4‐VP–DVB)@Au) nanostructures were fabricated successfully by means of a facile two‐step synthesis process. In this study, well‐defined core–shell Fe₃O₄@P(4‐VP–DVB) microspheres were first prepared with a simple polymerization method, in which 4‐VP was easily polymerized on the surface of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles by means of strong hydrogen‐bond interactions between ? COOH groups on poly(acrylic acid)‐modified Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and a 4‐VP monomer. HAuCl₄ was adsorbed on the chains of a P(4‐VP) shell and then reduced to Au nanoparticles by NaBH₄, which were embedded into the P(4‐VP) shell of the composite microspheres to finally form the Fe₃O₄@P(4‐VP–DVB)@Au nanostructures. The obtained Fe₃O₄@P(4‐VP–DVB)@Au catalysts with different Au loadings were applied in the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) and exhibited excellent catalytic activity (up to 3025 h^?1 of turnover frequency), facile magnetic separation (up to 31.9 emu g^?1 of specific saturation magnetization), and good durability (over 98 % of conversion of 4‐NP after ten runs of recyclable catalysis and almost negligible leaching of Au).     

Synthesis of orientedly bioconjugated core/shell Fe3O4@Au magnetic nanoparticles for cell separation

Orientedly bioconjugated core/shell Fe₃O₄@Au magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized for cell separation. The Fe₃O₄@Au magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing HAuCl₄ on the surfaces of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, which were further characterized in detail by TEM, XRD and UV-vis spectra. Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody was orientedly bioconjugated to the surface of Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles through affinity binding between the Fc portion of the antibody and protein A that covalently immobilized on the nanoparticles. The oriented immobilization method was performed to compare its efficiency for cell separation with the non-oriented one, in which the antibody was directly immobilized onto the carboxylated nanoparticle surface. Results showed that the orientedly bioconjugated Fe₃O₄@Au MNPs successfully pulled down CD3⁺ T cells from the whole splenocytes with high efficiency of up to 98.4%, showing a more effective cell-capture nanostructure than that obtained by non-oriented strategy. This developed strategy for the synthesis and oriented bioconjugation of Fe₃O₄@Au MNPs provides an efficient tool for cell separation, and may be further applied to various fields of bioanalytical chemistry for diagnosis, affinity extraction and biosensor.     

Enrichment and Identification of Metallothionein by Functionalized Nano-Magnetic Particles and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

As a low molecular weight protein with the ability of binding metal ions and high inducibility, metallothionein (MT) is often regarded as an important biomarker for assessment of heavy metal pollution in water environment. In the light of that the traditional process of enrichment and identification is time-consuming and complicated, we prepared a core-shell nanoparticle, gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@Au NPs) herein. It possessed the advantages of fast response to magnetic fields and optical properties attributing to Fe₃O₄ and Au nanoparticles, respectively. The Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles could be used to enrich MT simply through Au–S interaction, and the purified proteins were determined by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). The results showed that the Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles could directly enrich MT from complex solutions and the detection limit could be as low as 10 fg mL^?1.     

Comparison of Cadmium Cd2+ and Lead Pb2+ Binding by Fe2O3@SiO2‐EDTA Nanoparticles – Binding Stability and Kinetic Studies

This study describes the synthesis and characterization of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles of 20 nm in size – Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐EDTA – which were used as a novel magnetic adsorbent for Cd(II) and Pb(II) binding in aqueous medium. These nanoparticles were obtained in two‐stage synthesis: covering by tetraethyl orthosilicate and functionalization with EDTA derivatives. Nanoparticles were characterized using TEM, FT‐IR, and XPS methods. Metal ions were detected under optimized experimental conditions using Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DPASV) and Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode (HDME) techniques. We compared the ability of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐EDTA to bind cadmium and lead in concentration of 553.9 μg L^?1 and 647.5 μg L^?1, respectively. Obtained results show that the adsorption rate of cadmium binding was very high. The equilibrium for Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐EDTA‐Cd(II) was reached within 19 min while for the Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐EDTA‐Pb(II) was reached within 25 minutes. About 2 mg of nanoparticles was enough to bind 87.5 % Cd(II) and 54.1 % Pb(II) content. In the next step the binding capacity of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐EDTA nanoparticles was determined. Only 1.265 mg of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐EDTA was enough to bind 96.14 % cadmium ions while 5.080 mg of nanoparticles bound 40.83 % lead ions. This phenomenon proves that the studied nanoparticles bind Cd(II) much better than Pb(II). The cadmium ions binding capacity of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐EDTA nanoparticles decreased during storage in 0.5 M KCl solution. Two days of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐EDTA storage in KCl solution caused the 32 % increase in the amount of nanoparticles required to bind 60 % of cadmium while eight‐days storage caused further increase to 328 %. The performed experiment confirmed that the storage of nanoparticles in solution without any surfactants reduced their binding capacity. The best binding capacity was observed for the nanoparticles prepared directly before the electrochemical measurements.     

General Preparation of Heme Protein Functional Fe3O4@Au‐Nps Magnetic Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide

Stable magnetic nanocomposite of gold nanoparticles (Au‐NPs) decorating Fe₃O₄ core was successfully synthesized by the linker of Boc‐L‐cysteine. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and cyclic voltammograms (CV) were performed to characterize the as‐prepared Fe₃O₄@Au‐Nps. The results indicated that Au‐Nps dispersed homogeneously around Fe₃O₄ with the ratio of Au to Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as 5–10/1 and the apparent electrochemical area as 0.121 cm². After self‐assembly of hemoglobin (Hb) on Fe₃O₄@Au‐Nps by electrostatic interaction, a hydrogen peroxide biosensor was developed. The Fe₃O₄@Au‐Nps/Hb modified GCE exhibited fast direct electron transfer between heme center and electrode surface with the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (Ks ) of 3.35 s⁻¹. Importantly, it showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide reduction with low detection limit of 0.133 μM (S /D =3) and high sensitivity of 0.163 μA μM⁻¹, respectively. At the concentration evaluated, the interfering species of glucose, dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid did not affect the determination of hydrogen peroxide. These results demonstrated that the introduction of Au‐Nps on Fe₃O₄ not only stabilized the immobilized enzyme but also provided large surface area, fast electron transfer and excellent biocompatibility. This facile nanoassembly protocol can be extended to immobilize various enzymes, proteins and biomolecules to develop robust biosensors.     

Magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: An efficient adsorbent for the separation and removal of nitrate and nitrite ions from environmental samples

A novel type of magnetic nanosorbent, hydroxyapatite‐coated Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles was synthesized and used for the adsorption and removal of nitrite and nitrate ions from environmental samples. The properties of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray powder diffraction. After the adsorption process, the separation of γ‐Fe₂O₃@hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from the aqueous solution was simply achieved by applying an external magnetic field. The effects of different variables on the adsorption efficiency were studied simultaneously using an experimental design. The variables of interest were amount of magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, sample volume, pH, stirring rate, adsorption time, and temperature. The experimental parameters were optimized using a Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology after a Plackett–Burman screening design. Under the optimum conditions, the adsorption efficiencies of magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles adsorbents toward NO₃^? and NO₂^? ions (100 mg/L) were in the range of 93–101%. The results revealed that the magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles adsorbent could be used as a simple, efficient, and cost‐effective material for the removal of nitrate and nitrite ions from environmental water and soil samples.     

Synthesis of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>@Au core–shell nanoparticles

A new two-step synthesis of Fe₃O₄@Au core–shell nanoparticles stabilized in polyethylene glycol is described. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, UV and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles featured both optical properties (they featured a plasmon resonance band) and magnetic properties (they responded to an external magnetic field), typical of individual gold and magnetite nanoparticles, respectively.     

Preparation of poly(vinylalcohol)/poly(acrylamide‐co‐vinyl imidazole)/γ‐Fe2O3 semi‐IPN nanocomposite and their application for removal of heavy metal ions from water

A series of magnetic semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels was prepared in one‐stage strategy composed of linear poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) chains and magnetic γ‐Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles entrapped within the cross‐linked poly(acrylamide‐co‐vinylimidazole) (poly(AAm‐co‐VI)) network. The influence of PVA, weight ratio of AAm:VI, γ‐Fe₂O₃, and MBA on the swelling properties of the obtained nanocomposite hydrogels was evaluated. The prepared magnetic semi‐IPN hydrogels were fully characterized and used as absorbent for removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from water. Factors that influence the metal ion adsorption such as solution pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature were studied in details. The experimental results were reliably described by Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The adsorption capacity of semi‐IPN nanocomposite for Pb(II) and Cd(II) were175.80 and 149.76 mg g^?1, respectively. The kinetic experimental data indicated that the chemical sorption is the rate‐determining step. According to thermodynamic studies, Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorption on the hydrogels was endothermic and also chemical in nature. The prepared magnetic PVA/poly(AAm‐co‐VI) semi‐IPN hydrogels could be employed as efficient and low‐cost adsorbents of heavy metal ions from water. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simultaneous extraction of trace amounts of cobalt, nickel and copper ions using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles without chelating agent

The present study investigates the application of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as an adsorbent for solid phase extraction and their subsequent determination of trace amounts of cobalt, nickel and copper from environmental water samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The analyte ions were adsorbed on magnetic nanoparticles in the pH range of 10–12 and then, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were easily separated from the aqueous solution by applying an external magnetic field and decantation. Hence, no filtration or centrifugation was needed. After extraction and collection of magnetic nanoparticles, the analyte ions were desorbed using 1.0 M HNO₃. Several factors that may affect the preconcentration and extraction process, including pH, type and volume of eluent, sample volume, salt effect and matrix effect were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, linearity was maintained from 0.005–3.0 μg/mL for cobalt and nickel and 0.001 to 1.25 μg/mL for copper in the initial solution. The detection limits of this method for cobalt, nickel and copper ions were 0.9, 0.7 and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of the analyte ions in natural waters and reference plant samples.     

A colorimetric assay for Hg(II) based on the use of a magnetic aptamer and a hybridization chain reaction

We describe a colorimetric assay for mercury(II) ion. It is based on a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and the use of Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles (NPs). Aptamers specific for Hg(II) were immobilized on the surface of the Fe₃O₄@AuNPs. The presence of Hg(II) inhibits the HCR process and this enables less Methylene Blue (MB) to intercalate into the dsDNA structure. After magnetic separation of the DNA-loaded NPs carrying Hg(II), the change in the absorbance of the residual MB solution is measured at 663 nm. The respective calibration plot is linear in the 1 to 300 nM concentration range, with a 0.7 nM detection limit (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The method displays excellent selectivity over other metal ions. It was applied to the analysis of Hg(II) in spiked river water.

Open image in new window

Graphical abstract Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated, then aptamers were modified on the surface of Fe₃O₄@AuNPs. The absence of Hg²⁺ leads to the formation of dsDNA polymers via hybridization chain reaction (HCR) process on the surface of Fe₃O₄@AuNPs, Methylene Blue (MB) intercalates into these DNA polymers, which can be easily separated from MB solution by applying a magnet, thereby inducing a color change of the MB solution.

     

Solid-phase extraction of trace metal ions with magnetic nanoparticles modified with 2,6-diaminopyridine

We have modified silica-coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with 2,6-diaminopyridine and used these for selective magnetic solid-phase extraction of trace amounts of metal ions. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Quantitative extraction of trace amounts of Cu(II) and Zn(II) from mixed-ion solutions was accomplished at an optimal pH value of 6 within less than 10?min. The metal ions were eluted from the sorbent with hydrochloric acid. Common electrolytes and chemically related metal ions do not interfere. The relative standard deviations of the method are <4?%. It was successfully applied to the separation and preconcentration of trace metal ions from the certified reference materials GBW 08301 (river sediment) and GBW 08607 (water solution), in natural water, and in samples of vegetable with satisfying results.     

Novel fabrication of magnetic thermoplastic nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends

A novel technique of fabricating magnetic thermoplastic nanofibers by the control of the phase separation of immiscible polymer blends during melt extrusion was presented. The magnetic poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene) (PVA‐co‐PE)/Fe₃O₄ composite nanofibers were prepared via the melt extrusion of cellulose acetate butyrate matrix and PVA‐co‐PE preloaded with different amounts of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The morphologies of magnetic composite nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The uniform dispersion of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in nanofiber matrixes and crystal structures were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy and wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to quantify the exact loading amount of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in the composite nanofibers. The magnetic measurements showed that composite nanofibers displayed superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. With increasing content of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, the saturation magnetization of the magnetic composite nanofiber significantly improved. The prepared magnetic composite nanofibers might have found potential applications in the sensors and bio‐molecular separation fields. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Magnetite nanoparticles for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions: synthesis and characterization

Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The structural characterization showed an average nanoparticle size of 8 nm. The synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were tested for the treatment of synthetic aqueous solutions contaminated by metal ions, i.e. Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II). Experimental results show that the adsorption capacity of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles is maximum for Pb(II) and minimum for Mn(II), likely due to a different electrostatic attraction between heavy metal cations and negatively charged adsorption sites, mainly related to the hydrated ionic radii of the investigated heavy metals. Various factors influencing the adsorption of metal ions, e.g., pH, temperature, and contacting time were investigated to optimize the operating condition for the use of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as adsorbent. The experimental results indicated that the adsorption is strongly influenced by pH and temperature, the effect depending on the different metal ion considered.     

Synthesis of magnetic,reactive, and thermoresponsive Fe3O4 nanoparticles via surface‐initiated RAFT copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and acrolein

A reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent was directly anchored onto Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in a simple procedure using a ligand exchange reaction of S‐1‐dodecyl‐S′‐(α,α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐acetic acid)trithiocarbonate with oleic acid initially present on the surface of pristine Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The RAFT agent‐functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were then used for the surface‐initiated RAFT copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and acrolein to fabricate structurally well‐defined hybrid nanoparticles with reactive and thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrolein) shell and magnetic Fe₃O₄ core. Evidence of a well‐controlled surface‐initiated RAFT copolymerization was gained from a linear increase of number‐average molecular weight with overall monomer conversions and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions of the copolymers grown from the nanoparticles. The resulting novel magnetic, reactive, and thermoresponsive core‐shell nanoparticles exhibited temperature‐trigged magnetic separation behavior and high ability to immobilize model protein BSA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 542–550, 2010     

Iron oxide nanoparticles coated with green tea extract as a novel magnetite reductant and stabilizer sorbent for silver ions: Synthetic application of Fe3O4@green tea/Ag nanoparticles as magnetically separable and reusable nanocatalyst for reduction of 4‐nitrophenol

Green tea extract having many phenolic hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups in its molecular framework can be used in the modification of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Moreover, the feasibility of complexation of polyphenols with silver ions in aqueous solution can improve the surface properties and capacity of the Fe₃O₄@green tea extract nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@GTE NPs) for sorption and reduction of silver ions. Therefore, the novel Fe₃O₄@GTE NPs nano‐sorbent has potential ability as both reducing and stabilizing agent for immobilization of silver nanoparticles to make a novel magnetic silver nanocatalyst (Fe₃O₄@GTE/Ag NPs). Inductively coupled plasma analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, energy‐dispersive X‐ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, and vibrating sample magnetometry were used to characterize the catalyst. Fe₃O₄@GTE/Ag NPs shows high catalytic activity as a recyclable nanocatalyst for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol at room temperature.     

Copper-based Schiff Base Complex Immobilized on Core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 as a magnetically recyclable and highly efficient nanocatalyst for green synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene derivatives

Fe₃O₄-supported copper (II) Schiff-Base complex has been synthesized through post-modification with 1,3-phenylenediamine followed by further post-modification with salicylaldehyde and coordination with Cu(II) ion. The resulted Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-imine/phenoxy-Cu(II) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were characterized by various techniques including SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, EDX, VSM, FT-IR, and ICP. The catalytic activity as a magnetically recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot, three-component synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene derivatives was examined. The catalyst is efficient in the reaction and can be recovered by magnetic separation and recycled several times without significant loss in the catalytic activity.     

Functionalization of superparamagnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles with a Cu(II) binuclear Schiff base complex as an efficient and reusable nanomagnetic catalyst for N‐arylation of α‐amino acids and nitrogen‐containing heterocycles with aryl halides

Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanoparticles was functionalized with a binuclear Schiff base Cu(II)‐complex (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Schiff base‐Cu(II) NPs) and used as an effective magnetic hetereogeneous nanocatalyst for the N‐arylation of α‐amino acids and nitrogen‐containig heterocycles. The catalyst, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Schiff base‐Cu(II) NPs, was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) analyses step by step. Size, morphology, and size distribution of the nanocatalyst were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scatterings (DLS) analyses, respectively. The structure of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was checked by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Furthermore, the magnetic properties of the nanocatalyst were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. Loading content as well as leaching amounts of copper supported by the catalyst was measured by inductive coupled plasma (ICP) analysis. Also, thermal studies of the nanocatalyst was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) instrument. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the catalyst revealed that the copper sites are in +2 oxidation state. The Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Schiff base‐Cu(II) complex was found to be an effective catalyst for C–N cross‐coupling reactions, which high to excellent yields were achieved for α‐amino acids as well as N‐hetereocyclic compounds. Easy recoverability of the catalyst by an external magnet, reusability up to eight runs without significant loss of activity, and its well stability during the reaction are among the other highlights of this catalyst.     

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis,Magnetic Behavior,Cytotoxic Effect

Iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted much attention because of their superparamagnetic properties and their potential applications in many fields such as magnetic storage devices, catalysis, sensors, superparamagnetic relaxometry (SPMR), and high-sensitivity biomolecule magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃ NPs) have been synthesized using a taranjabin (camelthorn or persian manna) aqueous solution. The synthesized Fe₂O₃ NPs were identified through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field energy scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) and Raman technics. The results show that the nanoparticles have a hexagonal structure with 20 to 60 nm in size. The cytotoxic effect of the synthesized nanoparticles has been tested upon application against lung cancer cell (A549) lines. It was found that there is no cytotoxic activity at lower concentrations of 200 μg/mL. The ability of the synthesized nanoparticles for lead removal in wastewaters was tested. Results show that highest concentration of adsorbent (50 mg/L) has maximum removal efficiency (96.73 %). So, synthesized Fe₂O₃ NPs can be a good candidate to use as heavy metals cleaner from contaminated waters.     

A Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor Based on Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Decorated by Fe3O4@Au Nanostructure Stabilized on Polypyrrole for Efficient Triclosan Sensing

Triclosan is broadly utilized as preservative or antiseptic in various cosmetic and personal care products. It becomes hazardous for environmental safety and human health more than a certain concentration. In this research, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were prepared by composing Fe₃O₄@Au nanostructure decorated GO together with polypyrrole (PPy) (Fe₃O₄@Au‐PPy/GO nanocomposite) in a facile way. The composite excellent increased the electrochemical response, presenting a high sensitive electrochemical method for triclosan detection. The synthesized Fe₃O₄@Au‐PPy/GO nanocomposite was characterized for its morphological, magnetically and structural properties by FESEM‐mapping, TEM, and XRD. The Fe₃O₄@Au‐PPy/GO nanocomposites modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), Fe₃O₄@Au‐PPy/GO GCE, showed a higher sensitivity good stability, reproducibility, lower LOD (2.5×10^?9 M) and potential practical application in electrochemical detection of triclosan under optimized experimental conditions.