Extraction-flame atomic absorption determination of microtraces of Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in ammonium sulphate

Summary A method was developed for the determination of 10 trace elements in ammonium sulphate, or sulphuric acid, respectively. The detection limits for the separate elements vary from 1×10^–5 to 5×10^–7%. The method includes a new approach for calibration in organic medium, consisting of conversion of the aqueous metal standards into chelate compounds in a homogeneous solution.A three-step optimization scheme for pulse aspiration of organic extracts is proposed which permits to obtain a highly reproducible and accurate signal. The solutions of the organic reagents used are subjected to a purification procedure, which lowers their impurity level for approx. one order of magnitude.

---

Extraktions-flammenatomabsorptiometrische Bestimmung von Mikrospuren Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb und Zn in Ammoniumsulfat

Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren wurde entwickelt zur Bestimmung dieser 10 Elemente in Ammoniumsulfat bzw. Schwefelsäure. Die Nachweisgrenzen der Elemente liegen zwischen 1 · 10^–5 und 5 · 10^–7%. Das Verfahren beinhaltet auch eine neue Methode zur Eichung in organischem Medium, die auf Umwandlung der wässrigen Metallstandardlösungen in Chelatverbindungen in homogener Lösung beruht. Eine dreistufige Optimierung des pulsierenden Ansaugens der organischen Extrakte wird vorgeschlagen, wodurch genaue und reproduzierbare Signale erhalten werden. Die Lösungen der organischen Reagentien werden einem Reinigungsverfahren unterzogen, das die Konzentration an Verunreinigungen um etwa eine Größenordnung senkt.

     

Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods. III Extension of PM3 to Be,Mg, Zn,Ga, Ge,As, Se,Cd, In,Sn, Sb,Te, Hg,Tl, Pb,and Bi

Using a recently developed procedure for optimizing parameters for semiempirical methods,¹ PM3 has been extended to a total of 28 elements. Average ΔH_f errors for the newly parameterized elements are Be: 8.6, Mg: 8.4, Zn: 5.8, Ga: 14.9, Ge: 11.4, As: 8.5, Se: 11.1, Cd: 2.6, In: 11.3, Sn: 9.0, Sb: 13.7, Te: 11.3, Hg: 6.8, Tl: 6.5, Pb: 7.4, and Bi: 10.9 kcal/mol. For some elements the paucity of data has resulted in a method, which, while highly accurate, is likely to be only poorly predictive.     

Preconcentration of manganese,cobalt, yttrium,zirconium, niobium,ruthenium, europium and protactinium by various hydroxides

Summary The removal of trace elements from dilute water solutions by hydroxide precipitates was investigated. The co-precipitation yields of manganese, cobalt, ruthenium, europium and protactinium onto beryllium, zinc, iron, lanthanum and titanium hydroxides were studied in the pH region from 3 to 11, while those of manganese, cobalt, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, ruthenium, europium, and protactinium onto the same hydroxides were investigated in sea-water media. The influence of some other factors, such as the presence of neutral electrolyte and NH₄ ⁺ ions, aging of hydroxide precipitates etc. on the co-precipitation yields were also examined.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Entfernung von Spurenelementen aus verdünnten wäßrigen Lösungen durch Hydroxidniederschläge wurde untersucht. Die mitgefällten Anteile Mn, Co, Ru, Eu und Pa in den Hydroxiden von Be, Zn, Fe, La und Ti wurden im pH-Bereich 3–11 untersucht, während die Anteile von Mn, Co, Yt, Zr, Nb, Ru, Eu und Pa in den gleichen Hydroxiden in Meerwasser studiert wurden. Der Einfluß einiger anderer Faktoren auf die Mitfällung, wie die Anwesenheit neutraler Elektrolyte und von NH₄-Ionen, die Alterung der Hydroxidniederschläge usw. wurden ebenfalls geprüft.

     

Theoretical Study of Molecular Structure,Reactivity, Lipophilicity,and Solubility of N-Hydroxyurea,N-Hydroxythiourea,and N-Hydroxysilaurea

Ab initio molecular orbital methods at the CBS-QB3 level of theory have been used to study the structure and gas-phase stability of various tautomers and rotamers of N-hydroxyurea, N-hydroxythiourea, and N-hydroxysilaurea, their anions and protonated forms. The geometries of N-hydroxyurea, N-hydroxythiourea, and N-hydroxysilaurea, their anions and cations were optimized at the Becke3LYP/CBSB7 level of theory. For all compounds studied, the amidic form is computed to be substantially more stable than the iminolic tautomer. N-Hydroxyurea and its thio and sila derivatives are computed to behave as Nacids in the gas phase. These compounds are in gas-phase weak acids with a calculated acidity of about 1425 to 1355 kJ-mol^–1. Basicities increase in the order: N-hydroxyurea < N-hydroxythiourea < N-hydroxysilaurea. The most stable protonated structures are represented by several isomers with almost equal stability. Thus, in the N-hydroxyurea, N-hydroxythiourea, and N-hydroxysilaurea, both protonation at the double bonded (C=O, C=S and Si=O) oxygen and sulfur atoms, as well as the protonation at the N(H)OH nitrogen basic center is equally probable. The experimental pK _a value (10.6) of N-hydroxyurea and the computed value (9.7) for its monohydrated complex with the specifically hydrogen-bonded water molecule to the ionizable OH group are in a good agreement. The experimental partition coefficient of N-hydroxyurea is best reproduced by the Alog P_s method. The formation of nitroxide radical in the reaction of N-hydroxyurea and its sulfur and silicon substituted derivatives with the phenol radical is an exothermic process. Thus, the \bondN(H)OH moiety of these compounds may quench the structurally related tyrosyl radicals in the active site of ribonucleotide reductase.     

Determination of microtraces of Bi, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, In, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn in phosphoric acid and ammonium phosphate

Summary Methods for the determination of Bi, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, In, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn in phosphoric acid by ETA-AAS using the platform technique were developed. The detection limits are in the range of 1 to 30 ppb for conc. H₃PO₄. Relative standard deviations of 5–10% at 10 times the detection limits were achieved. The results obtained by five different atomic spectroscopic methods are in good agreement (direct Zeeman-ETA-AAS, D₂-ETA-AAS and FAAS; OES and FAAS after trace extraction).     

Determination of traces of As,Cd, Cr,Hg, Mn,Ni, Sb,Se, Sn and Pb in human hair by triple quadrupole ICP-MS

With the wide range of metallic contaminants discharged in the environment, studying the human health requires a growing number of elements to be monitored in biological samples. Hair analysis has been suggested as a suitable tool for biomonitoring environmental and occupational exposure to toxic elements. This study describes a method for the determination of 10 trace elements in hair samples using ICP-QQQ-MS. Combining the power of the MS/MS high-energy Helium mode with the MS/MS O₂ mass-shift mode, the method offers great analytical performances with detection limits reaching 0.0014 µg g^?1 for As, 0.0016 µg g^?1 for Cd, 0.012 µg g^?1 for Cr, 0.0035 µg g^?1 for Hg, 0.0055 µg g^?1 for Mn, 0.10 µg g^?1 for Ni, 0.0012 µg g^?1 for Sb, 0.0083 µg g^?1 for Sn, 0.011 µg g^?1 for Se and Pb. The accuracy of the method was tested on a human hair ERM® certified reference material. Percent recoveries varied from 91.3% and 106.9% being always in the acceptance range of 90–110%. For all analysed elements, RSD% of repeatability ranged between 0.6% and 9.0% and those of intermediate precision did not exceed the limit of 20% being always lower than 10% (except for As). The proposed method was applied for the determination of trace elements in hair samples from 20 unexposed subjects. The geometric mean levels were as follows: Cr 0.28 µg g^?1, Mn 0.30 µg g^?1, Sn 1.04µg g^?1, Sb 0.07 µg g^?1, Hg 0.42 µg g^?1, As 0.02 µg g^?1, Cd 0.03 µg g^?1, Ni 0.51 µg g^?1, Se 0.45 µg g^?1 and Pb 1.83 µg g^?1. Element concentrations were in the same range with the reported data. The reported results may be useful for environmental exposure assessment or comparisons studies when establishing reference values of trace elements in exposed population.     

Bestimmung von Calcium, Magnesium, Strontium, Kalium, Natrium, Lithium, Eisen, Mangan, Chrom, Nickel, Kupfer, Cobalt, Zink und Cadmium

Zusammenfassung Für 14 Elemente wird eine universelle Methode beschrieben. Durch Zusatz von Lanthan und Cäsium werden die physikalischen, chemischen und Ionisations-Störungen in der Flammen-AAS ausgeschaltet. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Methode für sehr unterschiedliche Stoffe mit Erfolg angewendet werden kann, und gleichzeitig die Genauigkeit des Routinemeßverfahrens nicht beeinträchtigt wird. Nur in Ausnahmefällen muß die Additionsmethode benutzt werden.

---

Determination of calcium, magnesium, strontium, potassium, sodium, lithium, iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, copper, cobalt, zinc and cadmium by flame AASA universal method for the analysis of waters, coals, ashes, ores, rocks, building materials, metals and similar samples

Summary A universal method is described for 14 elements. By addition of lanthanum and caesium the physical, chemical and ionization interferences in the flame AAS are eliminated. It is demonstrated that this method can be applied successfully for very different materials and simultaneously the precision of the standard measuring method is not affected. Only in exceptional cases the addition method has to be applied.

---

---

Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Schuhknecht, dem langjährigen Leiter des Zentrallabors der Saarbergwerke AG (1948–1972) zum Gedenken

---

Für die sorgfältige Durchführung von Säure- und Schmelzaufschlüssen sowie seine nützlichen Hinweise bei der Korrektur des Manuskriptes möchte ich Herrn Lothar Kiefer meinen besonderen Dank aussprechen.     

Solvent Extraction Studies of Two Isomeric 5, 7, 7, 12, 12, 14-Hexamethy-1, 4, 8, 11-Tetraazacyclotetradecanes

The distribution ratios of two isomeric 5, 7, 7, 12, 12, 14-hexamethyl-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, tet c and tet d, in several solvent systems at 25.0°C as functions of hydrogen ion concentration were determined. The protonation constants and the distribution constants of these macrocyclic ligands and their protonated species were obtained from the variations of the distribution ratios in the range of 6<–log [H⁺]<14.     

The certification of the contents of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl and Cr in a city waste incineration ash

Summary The analysis of ashes being of increasing importance, a reference material was prepared from fly ash of a city waste incinerator. The procedures of preparation, homogeneity and stability testing are described as well as the way of certification of elements of major importance: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se and Tl.

---

Zertifizierung der Gehalte an Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl und Cr in einer Stadtmüll-Verbrennungsasche

Zusammenfassung Da die Analyse von Aschen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt, wurde von der Flugasche einer Stadtmüll-Verbrennungsanlage ein Referenzmaterial hergestellt. Die Methoden der Herstellung sowie der Homogenitätsund Stabilitätsprüfung werden beschrieben und die Art der Zertifizierung der Elemente von hauptsächlicher Bedeutung aufgezeigt (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl).

     

Furfuroxides of lanthanum,praseodymium, neodymium,and samarium

Ln(R)₃, Ln(R)₂(OPrⁱ), and Ln(R)(OPrⁱ)₂ (where Ln = La, Pr, Nd, and Sm; R = deprotonated furfuryl alcohol, RH) were prepared from lanthanide isopropoxide and furfuryl alcohol in 1:3, 1:2 and 1:1 stoichiometric ratios respectively in anhydrous benzene under reflux. Ln(R)₂-(OPrⁱ) and Ln(R)(OPrⁱ)₂ were also obtained at room temperature. The isopropoxy group(s) of these derivatives were replaced by tertiary butoxy group(s) during the alcohol exchange reactions with tertiary butanol. All these derivatives are soluble in benzene except the tertiary butoxy derivatives which are only sparingly soluble. However, they become insoluble on standing. These furfuroxides did not distil at ～300°C/10² torr but decomposed. Isopropoxy/butoxy furfuroxides were characterized by the elemental analysis and also by estimating the liberated isopropanol. The i.r. spectra of Ln(R)₃ clearly supports the presence of furfuroxide groups in these derivatives.     

Certification of the contents of As, B, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Ti, V and Zn in a natural Moroccan phosphate rock

Summary The preparation and homogeneity tests of a natural Moroccan phosphate rock are described. The experimental procedures leading to the certification of the contents of As, B, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Ti, V and Zn are presented. The Pb-content is given as a recommended value. Indicative values are proposed for Ag, Mo, Sb, Se, Th and U. The certification has been carried out in participation with 11 laboratories from different European countries.

---

Zertifizierung der Gehalte an As, B, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Ti, V und Zn in einem natürlichen Marokkanischen Phosphatgestein

Zusammenfassung Die Aufbereitung und die Homogenitätskontrollen eines natürlichen Marokkanischen Phosphatgesteins werden beschrieben. Die experimentellen Arbeiten, die zur Zertifizierung der genannten Gehalte geführt haben, werden angegeben. Für Blei wird ein empfohlener Wert gegeben. Indikative Werte werden für Ag, Mo, Sb, Se, Th und U vorgeschlagen. Die Zertifizierung wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit 11 Laboratorien aus verschiedenen europäischen Ländern durchgeführt.

     

Neutron activation analysis of Ca,Cl, K,Mg, Mn,Na, P,and Sr contents in the crowns of human permanent teeth

The effect of age and gender on chemical element contents in intact crowns of permanent teeth of 84 apparently healthy 15–55 year old women (n = 38) and men (n = 46) was investigated. Mass fractions of Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Sr in crowns were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis using short-lived radionuclides. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) for female and male combined were (on dry weight basis): 350 ± 5 g/kg, 2920 ± 150 mg/kg, 839 ± 80 mg/kg, 4880 ± 240 mg/kg, 3.20 ± 0.30 mg/kg, 6240 ± 140 mg/kg, 181 ± 4 g/kg, and 293 ± 24 mg/kg respectively. A statistically significant decrease of Sr (P ≤ 0.01) and increase of Na (P ≤ 0.01) content in the tooth crowns with age was found for women. Sex-related comparison did not show any differences.     

Stereochemistry of the oxidation of 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a-octahydro-1-naphthoic acids

Summary It was shown that the oxidation of syn- and anti-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1-naphthoic acids with peroxyacetic acid and with osmium tetraoxide proceed stereospecifically from the side opposite to that of the carboxy group. On the other hand, the oxidation of syn-cis-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1, 2-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid goes in both of the possible sterically different directions with formation of isomeric- and-epoxides.     

Instrumental neutron activation determination of Pt, Ru, Ir, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Yb, Lu, Hf and Ta employing CIRUS reactor as a thermal neutron source

An accurate and simple method has been developed for the determination of Pt, Ru, Ir and other elements employing instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Nondestructive analysis has been carried out for the determination of these elements in different rock samples such as Dolerite, Dyke Dolerite, Country Basalt, Hyaloclastite, Trachyte, Ijolite, Spillite, Diorite and Lamprophyre from various locations like Daman, Tapti, Murud, Talasari, Ranala and Bassein in Maharashtra state. High flux provided by the CIRUS reactor (1×10¹³ n cm^–2s^–1) has been used for thermal neutron bombardment followed by radioassaying of the (n,) products on a HPGe detector coupled to a PC-based MCA unit.     

The flame photometric determination of Fe,Ni, Co,Cu, Mn,Cr, and Al in waters

Summary A method for the flame photometric determination of Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Al, and Cr in various waters is described. Samples can be analysed directly after removal of interfering anions or after separation (and concentration) of the elements to be determined from any interfering cations. Fe, Ni, Co, and Cu are extracted as carbamates, Al as cupferronate, and Cr as the ion-association complex HCrO₃Cl. The extractant used for all is hexone.The elimination of the interference of Mg with Fe is discussed. The variation of the relative error of the emission measurement with the concentration of the elements was investigated.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur flammenphotometrischen Bestimmung von Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Al und Cr in Wässern wurde beschrieben. Nach Entfernung der störenden Anionen oder nach Abtrennung (und Anreicherung) der zu bestimmenden Elemente von etwa störenden Kationen können die Proben direkt analysiert werden. Fe, Ni, Co und Cu werden als Carbamate extrahiert, Al als Cupferronat und Cr in Form des Ionen-Assotiationskomplexes HCrO₃Cl. Als Extraktionsmittel dient in allen Fällen Hexon.Die Beseitigung des störenden Einflusses von Magnesium bei der Eisenbestimmung wurde diskutiert. Die Variation des relativen Fehlers der Emissionsmessung mit der Konzentration der Elemente wurde untersucht.

---

Résumé On décrit une méthode pour le dosage par photométrie de flamme du Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Al et Cr dans des eaux variées. On peut faire l'analyse directe après élimination des anions qui interfèrent ou après séparation (et concentration) des éléments à doser d'avec les cations gênants. On extrait Fe, Ni, Co et Cu sous forme de carbamates, Al en cupferronate, et Cr à l'état de complexe par association ionique, HCrO₃Cl. Dans tous les cas, on utilise l'hexone comme agent d'extraction.On discute l'élimination de l'interférence du Mg par le Fe. On a suivi la variation de l'erreur relative dans la mesure de l'émission en fonction de la concentration des éléments.

---

---

Paper presented at the Symposium on Analytical Chemistry, Graz, 29th September–1st October 1965.     

Thermodynamics of water,vapor, ice,and seawater

The SCOR/IAPSO Working Group 127 was founded in 2005 and charged with the development of a new, comprehensive, highly accurate, and consistent standard formulation of seawater thermodynamics for oceanography. This task was approached in cooperation with the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) for a joint standard with industrial applications. In addition to the available standard for fluid water, IAPWS-95, new formulations for ice, IAPWS-06, and the thermodynamics of seawater, IAPWS-08, have been developed, supplemented by a redefinition of salinity, the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale 2008. In this paper the starting situation is described, the requirements to be met during the development process are studied, and the properties of the final formulations are briefly characterized.

Structural and vibrational analyses of t,C,t,T,t,T,t-deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene

An analysis of the results of the fluorescence spectrum investigation of all-trans-deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene and t,C,t,T,t,T,t-deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene in an n-decane matrix [B.E. Kohler, V. Terpougov, J. Chem. Phys. 108 (1998) 9586–9593] has been performed using scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQM-FF) methodology at the HF/6-31G level. The measured vibronic wavenumbers were assigned taking into account the results of quantum-chemical predictions of the vibrational spectra for all-trans-deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene and t,C,t,T,t,T,t-deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene. Results from additional calculations at the MP2(FC)/aug-cc-pVDZ and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels are also reported.     

Fluorides of Copper,Silver, Gold,and Palladium

Fluorine, by far the most reactive of the non-metals, is capable of forming a large number of compounds with nearly all other elements (exceptions (so far): He, Ne, and Ar), even under comparatively “mild” reaction conditions. These compounds usually differ markedly from those of the heavier halogens in composition, structure, and chemical and physical properties. Thus, for example, it is generally quite easy to prepare fluorides containing elements in high oxidation states (often their maximum), as in AgF₂, CsAgF₄, PdF₃, CsAuF₆ etc., whereas the corresponding chlorides, bromides or iodides are in many cases (still) unknown. Conversely, the synthesis of fluorides containing these elements in middle or low oxidation states often meets with considerable difficulty, even where it is possible at all, as, e.g., in the case of CuF, AuF, PtF₂, SeF₂. Finally, there are also some examples of compounds MX_n, which with X = F are stable, but with X = Cl are unstable or decompose easily (e.g. CoF₃/CoCl₃, VF₄/VCl₄, PbF₄/PbCl₄, AsF₅/AsCl₅). Consequently, fluorine compounds are of great general interest.     

Structural, magnetic, and spectroscopic studies of YAgSn, TmAgSn, and LuAgSn

The rare earth-silver-stannides YAgSn, TmAgSn, and LuAgSn were synthesized from the elements by arc-melting and subsequent annealing. The three stannides were investigated by X-ray powder and single-crystal diffraction: NdPtSb type, P6₃mc, Z=2, a=468.3(1), pm, wR₂=0.0343, 353 F² values, 12 variables for YAgSn, and ZrNiAl type, P6¯2 m, a=726.4(2), , wR₂=0.0399, 659 F² values, 15 variables for TmAgSn, and a=723.8(2), , wR₂=0.0674, 364 F² values, 15 variables for LuAgSn. Besides conventional laboratory X-ray data with monochromatized Mo radiation, the structures were also refined on the basis of synchrotron data with , in order to clarify the silver-tin ordering more precisely. YAgSn has puckered, two-dimensional [AgSn] networks with Ag-Sn distances of 278 pm, while the [AgSn] networks of TmAgSn and LuAgSn are three-dimensional with Ag-Sn distances of 279 and 284 pm for LuAgSn. Susceptibility measurements indicate Pauli paramagnetism for YAgSn and LuAgSn. TmAgSn is a Curie-Weiss paramagnet with an experimental magnetic moment of 7.2 μ_B/Tm. No magnetic ordering is evident down to 2 K. The local environments of the tin sites in these compounds were characterized by ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy and solid-state NMR (in YAgSn and LuAgSn), confirming the tin site multiplicities proposed from the structure solutions and the absence of Sn/Ag site disordering. Mössbauer quadrupolar splittings were found in good agreement with calculated electric field gradients predicted quantum chemically by the WIEN2k code. Furthermore, an excellent correlation was found between experimental ¹¹⁹Sn nuclear magnetic shielding anisotropies (determined via MAS-NMR) and calculated electric field gradients. Electronic structure calculations predict metallic properties with strong Ag-Sn bonds and also significant Ag-Ag bonding in LuAgSn.