钼掺杂Li3V2（PO4）3/C正极材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

以Li2CO3、NH4H2PO4、V2O5和MoO3为原料,柠檬酸为络合剂和碳源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了锂离子正极材料Li3MoxV2-x(PO4)3/C(x=0.01,0.02,0.03).X射线衍射(XRD)表明,合成的材料具有单一的单斜晶系结构,空间群为P21/n.扫描电镜(SEM)显示Li3Mo0.02V1.98(PO4)3/C具有均一的表面形貌.恒流充放电测试表明,当x=0.02时,掺杂后的Li3Mo0.02V1.98(PO4)3具有最佳的电化学性能.在1C倍率下,3.0～4.3 V电位区间,Li3Mo0.02V1.98(PO4)3/C的首次放电比容量达到122.3 mAh.g-1,循环50周之后,容量没有衰减的迹象;而当x=0、0.01和0.03时,首次放电比容量仅分别为117.1、115.1和116.0 mAh.g-1.在3C和5C倍率下,样品Li3Mo0.02V1.98(PO4)3/C仍能保持优异的循环稳定性.     

快离子导体Li3V2(PO4)3包覆LiFePO4的结构和性能

通过机械活化将快离子导体Li3 V2(PO4)3包覆在LiFePO4 表面, 制备了性能优异的复合正极材料9LiFePO4@Li3 V2(PO4)3. 用XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDS和电化学测试等手段研究了材料的物理化学性能. 结果表明, 包覆后的材料含有橄榄石结构的LiFePO4、单斜晶系的Li3 V2(PO4)3 和正交晶系的Li3 PO4; LiFePO4颗粒表面包覆了一层Li3 V2(PO4)3, 且部分V3+进入LiFePO4晶格内部, 使其晶格参数减小, 包覆后的LiFePO4的交换电流密度和锂离子扩散系数均提高了1个数量级. 电化学测试结果表明, 包覆后的LiFePO4的倍率性能及循环性能都得到显著改善, 在1C和2C倍率下, 包覆后的LiFePO4的首次放电比容量较包覆前分别提高了34.09%和78.97%, 经150次循环后容量保持率分别提高了27.77%和65.54%; 并且5C时容量为121.379 mA·h/g(包覆前LiFePO4在5C下几乎没有容量), 循环350次后的容量保持率高达94.03%.     

单斜Li3V2(PO4)3/C复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

以LiOH·H2O、V2O5、H3PO4和蔗糖为原料,采用软化学法制备了锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2(PO4)3/C.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对产物的结构和形貌进行表征,采用恒电流充放电、电化学阻抗考察了产物的电化学性能.结果表明.当煅烧温度达到700℃时,杂质相衍射峰消失,所得的样品为纯相的单斜Li3V2(PO4)3.颗粒粒度为1～2 μm;在3.0～4.5 V电压范围内以0.2C倍率充放电,首次放电比容量达到148.2 mAh·g-1,第50次循环比容量仍为144 mAh·g-1,容量保持率为97%,具有良好的循环性能;另外,样品还具有很好的倍率性能和高温性能.     

碳包覆Li3V2(PO4)3正极材料在LiPF6电解液中的表面/界面行为

利用碳热还原法成功制备了碳包覆Li3V2(PO4)3正极材料。X射线衍射研究表明材料具有纯相单斜结构。高分辨透射电子显微镜观察到材料表面存在5～10 nm的包覆碳层。碳包覆Li3V2(PO4)3材料在3.0～4.3 V电压区间内可提供120 mA.h/g(C/4倍率)、115 mA.h/g(1C倍率)和110 mA.h/g(2C倍率)的可逆容量,并且在循环300次后容量保持率超过97%,显示出良好的应用前景。该材料在充放电循环初期经历了不可逆容量损失。高分辨透射电子显微镜研究表明,该不可逆容量损失来源于材料表面生成的固体电解质中间相(SEI膜),红外光谱分析表明,SEI膜的成份主要包括ROCO2Li和RCO2Li等有机物,以及Li2CO3、LixPFy和LixPOyFz等无机物。表面SEI膜经历初期电化学循环后趋于稳定,从而保证碳包覆Li3V2(PO4)3正极材料优良的电化学性能。     

MoO42-取代对Nasicon型Li3Fe2(PO4)3正极材料电化学性能的影响

以MoO_4~(2-)部分取代Li3Fe2(PO4)3中的PO_4~(3-),研究表明:加入的MoO_4~(2-)离子主要以固溶形式存在于Li3Fe2(PO4)3中,起到了显著改善其电化学性能的作用。其中,MoO_4~(2-)掺杂浓度为0.3的样品表现出最佳的电化学性能,其在0.5C倍率下的首次放电容量为113.7 m Ah·g~(-1),这一数值比未掺杂的提高了20.7%;经过60次循环充放电,容量保持率为94%。将放电倍率从0.5C逐步增大至5C,再降至初始的0.5C,并在每个倍率循环10次,这一材料的最终放电容量可达首次0.5C的95%。这些优异的性能应归因于MoO_4~(2-)掺杂使材料的氧化还原能力增强,氧化还原电对的电势差减小,电池内部的电荷转移电阻减小,以及Li+扩散系数增加。     

球磨微波法制备Li3V2（PO4）3/C及其电化学性能表征

本文采用球磨微波法合成锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2(PO4)3/C,并研究了微波辐射时间对样品电化学性能的影响.结果表明,640 W微波辐射18 min合成的材料,结晶度高,粒径小而均匀.该电极5C倍率下首次放电比容量达101.3 mAh·g-1,300周期循环,其放电比容量仍保持100.8 mAh·g-1,展示出良好的应用前景.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Li3V2(PO4)3及其性能研究

0引言具有类NASICON结构的Li3V2(PO4)3是继过渡金属氧化物LMO后的一种新型的锂离子二次电池正极材料。与目前市场上应用最为广泛的正极材料LiCoO2相比,Li3V2(PO4)3具有超常的稳定性,即使在脱出的Li 与过渡金属原子的物质的量之比大于1的时候仍然具有超乎寻常的稳定性,而通常情况下1mol LiCoO2在脱出0.5mol Li 就会变得不稳定。并且Co是一种战略物资,全球储量十分有限;Co也是一种有毒金属,对于环境污染较为严重。LiNiO2因其合成较为困难而使应用受限,尖晶石LiMn2O4虽然属于环境友好型化合物,但其理论比容量仅为148mAh·g-1,且…     

溶胶-喷雾干燥法制备纳米Li3V2(PO4)3/C及其电化学性能

本文以LiOH.H2O、NH4VO3、H3PO4和柠檬酸为原料,采用溶胶-喷雾干燥法制备Li3V2(PO4)3/C正极材料,对比了喷雾前驱体直接煅烧与机械活化后煅烧的样品的结构、形貌及其电化学性能。采用XRD、SEM、BET和振实密度测试等对样品的结构、形貌等进行了表征;采用恒流充放电、CV和EIS等手段考察了材料的电化学性能。结果表明,溶胶-喷雾干燥得到的样品为多孔球壳形,其壳体由厚度为100 nm左右的纳米片组成,经机械活化后煅烧保持保持了其纳米片结构,其结晶度与振实密度改善较明显,电化学性能较优异。0.1C放电比容量为123.6 mAh.g-1,10C和20C高倍率放电比容量还高达107.8和106.0 mAh.g-1。电化学阻抗结果表明,由该方法制备的样品具有较小的电荷转移阻抗。     

Na掺杂对LiFePO4/C复合正极材料的结构和倍率性能的影响

以Fe(NO3)3,LiNO3,NH4H2PO4和NaNO3为原料,采用简单的液相-碳热还原法合成Li0.97Na0.03FePO4/C复合正极材料.使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和充放电等测试技术研究了材料的结构及倍率充放电性能.通过循环伏安(CV)曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究电极反应过程中的动力学特点.结果表明,Na掺杂形成了具有橄榄石结构的Li0.97Na0.03FePO4固溶体,并增大了晶格中Li+一维扩散通道,使LiFePO4/C的电荷转移电阻减小了约2/3,Li+扩散系数提高了3～4倍.因此,Li0.97Na0.03FePO4/C首次放电比容量在0.1 C和2 C倍率下分别达到152 mAh g-1和109 mAh g-1,比未掺杂的LiFePO4/C的放电比容量分别提高了4.83%和62.69%.     

电池正极材料Li3V2(PO4)3/C的水热合成和性能

以LiOH·H2O, NH4VO3, NH4H2PO4 和麦芽糖等为原料, 采用水热法合成了碳包覆的磷酸钒锂化合物, 考察了碳含量对材料电化学性能的影响. 利用XRD, TEM, SEM和恒流充放电测试等手段对产物的结构、 形貌和电化学性能进行表征. 结果表明, 在650℃煅烧的样品为单一纯相的单斜晶体结构. 晶体颗粒分布为100~300 nm, 粒度分散均匀, 分散性良好, 无团聚现象, 且在颗粒表面包覆了一层无定形碳, 这有利于改善材料的导电率. 含碳量为10.23%的样品, 在倍率1.0C的电流密度下, 在3.0~4.3 V电压范围内, 样品的首次放电比容量高达118.8 mA·h/g, 循环15圈后放电比容量为115.1 mA·h/g, 容量保持率为96.88%.     

High-rate cathode based on Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite material prepared via a glycine-assisted sol–gel method

Carbon-coated monoclinic Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (LVP/C) cathode material has been successfully prepared by a novel glycine-assisted sol–gel method. The product is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and electrochemical method. In the range of 3.0–4.3 V, the LVP/C electrode presents excellent rate capability. It is 125.4 mAh g^{− 1} that can be delivered at 1 C charge–discharge rate and 99.5 mAh g^{− 1} is still obtained at 20 C charge–discharge rate. These results demonstrate that the carbon-coated LVP/C composite material prepared via a glycine-assisted sol–gel method has great potential for use in high-power lithium ion batteries.     

Li3V2(PO4)3/C的P123辅助流变相法制备及电化学性能

以V₂O₅、NH₄H₂PO₄、LiOH、柠檬酸、三嵌段聚合物表面活性剂P123为原料, 用流变相(RPR)法制备了Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C正极材料. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等方法表征, 结果表明: 材料为单一纯相的单斜晶体结构, 颗粒均匀并呈现珊瑚结构; 恒流充放电, 循环伏安(CV)及电化学交流阻抗(EIS)等电化学性能测试表明, 采用P123 辅助合成材料电化学性能明显优于未采用P123 辅助合成材料. 3.0-4.3 V放电区间, 0.1C充放电下P123 辅助合成Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C材料首次放电比容量为129.8 mAh·g^-1, 经过50 次循环后容量只衰减0.9%; 倍率性能及循环性能优异, 1C、10C、25C的首次放电比容量分别为128.2、121.3、109.1 mAh·g^-1, 50次循环后容量保持率分别为99.1%, 96.9%, 90.7%. 这归因于三嵌段聚合物P123 作为分散剂的同时也作为有机碳源在颗粒表面及间隙形成碳网络, 有利于材料导电率的改善, 降低了其电荷转移阻抗, 减小了电极充放电过程的极化现象.     

Nano-Li3V2(PO4)3/C Synthesized by Thermal Polymerization Method as Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

A nano-Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C powder was successfully prepared by a thermal polymerization method. The particle sizes of the intermediate product powder and the final product Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ are all less than 200 nm. The carbon is partially coated on the surface of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ particles and the rest exists between particles with a total carbon content of 4.6wt%. This nano-Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C sample shows a discharge capacity of 124 mAh/g without capacity fading after 100 cycles at 0.1 C in the voltage rang of 3.0-4.3 V. Excellent rate performance is also achieved with a capacity of 80 mAh/g at 20 C in 3.0-4.3 V and 100 mAh/g at 10 C in 3.0-4.8 V. This study suggests that the thermal polymerization method is suitable to synthesize nano-Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C materials.     

Topotactic insertion of lithium in the layered structure Li4VO(PO4)2: The tunnel structure Li5VO(PO4)2

A new V(III) lithium phosphate Li₅VO(PO₄)₂ has been synthesized by electrochemical insertion of lithium into Li₄VO(PO₄)₂. This phase, which crystallizes in the space group I4/mcm, exhibits a tunnel structure closely related to the layered structure of Li₄VO(PO₄)₂ and to the tunnel structure of VO(H₂PO₄)₂. The topotactic reactions that take place during lithium exchange and intercalation, starting from VO(H₂PO₄)₂ and going to the final phase Li₅VO(PO₄)₂ are explained on the basis of the flexible coordinations of V⁴⁺ and V³⁺ species. The electrochemical and magnetic properties of this new phase are also presented and explained on the basis of the structure dimensionality.     

Li3V2(PO4)3的溶胶-凝胶法合成及其性能研究

以LiOH·H₂O、NH₄VO₃、H₃PO₄和柠檬酸等为原料采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了锂离子二次电池正极材料磷酸钒锂(Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃)。考察了煅烧温度和配位剂种类等条件对产物组成及电化学性能的影响。研究了优化条件下制得样品的循环伏安、充放电性能和循环性能。0.1 C条件下,样品首次放电比容量达129.81 mAh·g^-1，经过100次循环后容量几乎没有衰减，仍保持在128 mAh·g^-1。X射线衍射研究表明合成单一Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃晶体所需温度比固相法低；并考察了循环20次后材料充电到各个单相的晶体结构，通过X射线衍射和最小二乘法计算给出了其晶胞参数变化过程，证实了循环嵌Li过程中晶体结构能够得到重现。     

Effects of Cr doping on the electrochemical performance of Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode material for lithium ion batteries

A series of Cr-doped Li₃V_2 − x Cr _x (PO₄)₃ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5) samples are prepared by a sol–gel method. The effects of Cr doping on the physical and chemical characteristics of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ are investigated. Compared with the XRD pattern of the undoped sample, the XRD patterns of the Cr-doped samples have no extra reflections, which indicates that Cr enters the structure of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃. As indicated by the charge–discharge measurements, the Cr-doped Li₃V_2 − x Cr _x (PO₄)₃ (x = 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5) samples exhibit lower initial capacities than the undoped sample at the 0.2 C rate. However, both the discharge capacity and cycling performance at high rates (e.g., 1 and 2 C) are enhanced with proper amount of Cr doping (x = 0.1). The highest discharge capacity and capacity retention at the rates of 1 and 2 C are obtained for Li₃V_1.9Cr_0.1(PO₄)₃. The improvement of the electrochemical performance can be attributed to the higher crystal stability and smaller particle size induced by Cr doping.

     

水系混合离子全电池LiMn2O4//NaTi2(PO4)3

分别以LiMn_2O_4,NaTi_2(PO_4)_3为正负极,1 mol·L~(-1) Li_2SO_4和0.5 mol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_4的混合水溶液为电解液组装成一种水系混合离子全电池。分别将正负极材料在3种不同水相电解液(1 mol·L~(-1) Li_2SO_4、0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na_2SO_4以及1 mol·L~(-1) Li_2SO_4+0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na_2SO_4混合电解液)中进行循环伏安和恒流充放电测试,结果发现,LiMn_2O_4在上述电解液中仅有Li~+的脱出/嵌入而Na~+由于半径较大而不参与该过程,NaTi_2(PO_4)_3在3种电解液中Li+、Na+均参与嵌入/脱嵌过程,且Li~+和Na~+的嵌入/脱出峰电位相差不大,分别为-0.82和-0.64 V,-0.95和-0.75 V;全电池在265 mA·g~(-1)电流密度下平均放电电压为1.55 V,充放电比容量分别为100.1和74.9 m Ah·g~(-1)。     

Carbon coated Na3V2(PO4)3 as novel electrode material for sodium ion batteries

A Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ sample coated uniformly with a layer of 6 nm carbon has been successfully synthesized by a one-step solid state reaction. This material shows two flat voltage plateaus at 3.4 V vs. Na⁺/Na and 1.63 V vs. Na⁺/Na in a nonaqueous sodium cell. When the Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C sample is tested as a cathode in a voltage range of 2.7-3.8 V vs. Na⁺/Na, its initial charge and discharge capacities are 98.6 and 93 mAh/g. The capacity retention of 99% can be achieved after 10 cycles. The electrode shows good cycle performance and moderate rate performance. When it is tested as an anode in a voltage range of 1.0-3.0 V vs. Na⁺/Na, the initial reversible capacity is 66.3 mAh/g and the capacity of 59 mAh/g can be maintained after 50 cycles. These preliminary results indicate that Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C is a new promising material for sodium ion batteries.