平面向量的一个优美的综合公式

笔者研究发现 ,平面向量中有一个优美并且非常有用的综合公式 :图 1　证公式用图设 |ｂ→|=ｋ ,ｂ→ 与ａ→ 夹角为θ ,则有 :　ｂ→ =(ｋａ→|ａ→|·(ｃｏｓθ ,　ｓｉｎ(±θ) ) ,ｋａ→|ａ→|　·(ｓｉｎ( θ) ,ｃｏｓθ) ) .　　证　如图 1 ,设ａ→ =(ｘ ,ｙ)与ｘ轴正半轴夹角为α ,ｂ→ =(ｘ0 ,ｙ0 ) ,则ｃｏｓα =ｘ|ａ→|,ｓｉｎα =ｙ|ａ→|.ｘ0 =ｋ(ｃｏｓ(α±θ) ) ,ｙ0 =ｋ(ｓｉｎ(α±θ) ) .ｘ0 =ｋ(ｃｏｓαｃｏｓθ ｓｉｎαｓｉｎθ)=ｋ(ｘ|ａ→|ｃｏｓθ ｙ|ａ→|ｓｉｎθ)= ｋａ→|ａ→|·(ｃｏｓθ,ｓｉｎ( θ) ) ,…     

On the Cohomology of Associative Superalgebras

§ 1.ＢａｓｉｃＣｏｎｃｅｐｔｓ　Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ,Ａ =Ａ0 Ａ1ｉｓａｌｗａｙｓａｓｓｕｍｅｄｔｏｂｅａｎａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｖｅｓｕｐｅｒａｌｇｅｂｒａｗｉｔｈｕｎｉｔｙｏｖｅｒａｆｉｌｅｄＦ ,ａｎｄＬ =Ｌ0 Ｌ1ａＬｉｅｓｕｐｅｒａｌｇｅｂｒａｏｖｅｒＦ .Ｉｆ |ｘ|ｏｃｃｕｒｓｉｎｓｏｍｅｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ ,ｔｈｅｎｉｔｉｓａｓｓｕｍｅｄｔｈａｔｘｉｓａｈｏｍｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓｅｌｅｍｅｎｔａｂｏｕｔＺ2 ｇｒａｄｅｄａｎｄ |ｘ|ｄｅｎｏｔｅｓｔｈｅＺ2 ｇｒａｄｅｄｄｅｇｒｅｅ…     

同角三角函数间的基本关系式

同角三角函数间的基本关系式湖北工建三公司一中刘隄仿［基本概念］同角三角函数间的基本关系式有（１）倒数关系ｓｉｎａ·ｃｓｃａ＝１，ｃｏｓａ·ｓｅｃａ＝１，ｔｇａ·ｃｔｇａ＝１．（２）商数关系（３）平方关系ｓｉｎ２ａ＋ｃｏｓ＇ａ－１，１＋ｉｇ＇ａ一。。＇...     

The Structure of NBe—rpp Semigroups

§ 1.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄＭａｉｎＲｅｓｕｌｔｓ　ＡｓｅｍｉｇｒｏｕｐＳｉｓｃａｌｌｅｄａｎｒｐｐｓｅｍｉｇｒｏｕｐｉｆａｌｌｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｒｉｇｈｔｉｄｅａｌｓａＳ1(ａ∈Ｓ)ｏｆＳ ,ｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄａｓａｎＳ1 ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ａｒｅｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ (ｓｅｅ,[1 ]ａｎｄ [2 ] ) .ＡｓｅｍｉｇｒｏｕｐＳｉｓａｎｒｐｐｓｅｍｉｇｒｏｕｐｉｆａｎｄｏｎｌｙｉｆｆｏｒａｌｌａ∈Ｓ ,ｔｈｅｓｅｔＭａ ={ｅ∈Ｅ Ｓ1ａ Ｓｅａｎｄ ( ｘ ,ｙ∈Ｓ1)ａｘ=ａｙ ｅｘ=ｅｙ}ｉｓｎｏｎｅｍｐｔｙ ,ｗｈｅｒｅＥ …     

The Hausdorff Measure Theoretic Entropy of a Subshift in Symbolic Space

Ｉｎ [1 ]ａｎｄ [2 ]Ｘｉｏｎｇｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄａｆｒａｃｔａｌｔｈｅｏｒｙｉｎｔｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ,ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄｃｈａｏｔｉｃｓｅｔｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＨａｕｓｄｏｒｆｆｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅＨａｕｓｄｏｒｆｆｍｅａｓｕｒｅ .ＺｈｏｕｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄｔｈｅＨａｕｓｄｏｒｆｆｍｅａｓｕｒｅｏｆｆｉｎｉｔｅｔｙｐｅｓｕｂｓｅｔｉｎ [3].Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ ,ｔｈｅＨａｕｓｄｏｒｆｆｍｅａｓｕｒｅｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃｅｎｔｒｏｐｙｏｆａｓｕｂｓｈｉｆｔｉｎｓ…     

一道三角题的另几种解法

《中学生数学》(2 0 0 2年 4月上期中刊登的《一道三角题的几种解法》)给人启示很大 .今给出该题与另外几种解法与大家共享 .题目　若 0 <θ <π2 ,且 3ｓｉｎθ+4ｃｏｓθ =5 ,求ｔａｎθ .一、向量模型解解　由向量内积的坐标表示我们可以构造ａ—→ =(3 ,4) ,ｂ—→=(ｓｉｎθ ,ｃｏｓθ) ,设ａ—→ 与ｂ—→ 的夹角为α .由ａ—→·ｂ—→=|ａ—→||ｂ—→|ｃｏｓα得5 =3ｓｉｎθ +4ｃｏｓθ =5× 1×ｃｏｓα ,得　ｃｏｓα =1 (0°≤α≤ 1 80°) ,　∴　α =0°,即ａ—→ 与ｂ—→ 共线 ,　∴　ｔａｎθ=34.二、解析几何模型解解法…     

对三角形三边定理的异议

文 [1 ]对△ＡＢＣ的恒等式ｃｏｓ2 Ａ ｃｏｓ2 Ｂ ｃｏｓ2 Ｃ 2ｃｏｓＡ·ｃｏｓＢ·ｃｏｓＣ =1用余弦定理代换为边的表达式而得到了三角形三边定理 :-2ａ2 (ａ2 ｂ2 -ｃ2 ) (ｃ2 ａ2 -ｂ2 )(ａ2 ｂ2 -ｃ2 ) -2ｂ2 (ｂ2 ｃ2 -ａ2 )(ｃ2 ａ2 -ｂ2 ) (ｂ2 ｃ2 -ａ2 ) -2ｃ2=0( )即　ｆ(ａ ,ｂ ,ｃ) =0　 (( )为笔者所加 ) .笔者首先指出 ( )为恒等式 .由行列式的性质 ,将行列式 ( )左边第 2列、第 3列都加到第 1列后 ,行列式的值不变 .∴-2ａ2 (ａ2 ｂ2 -ｃ2 ) (ｃ2 ａ2 -ｂ2 )(ａ2 ｂ2 -ｃ2 ) -2ｂ2 (ｂ2 ｃ2 -ａ2 )(ｃ2 ａ2 -…     

用余弦定理构造三角形解题

余弦定理是解决有关三角形问题的有力工具 ,其实它还可用于非三角形问题的求解 .在数学解题中 ,常会碰到形如“ａ2 ｂ2 ｋａｂ =ｃ2 (ａ ,ｂ ,ｃ >0 ,|ｋ|<2 )”的结构 ,这时可类比余弦定理 ,进行几何代换 ,从而把代数问题转化为三角形问题 ,使比较隐蔽的关系直观化 ,实现了难题巧解 ,下面举例说明 .1　三角求值例 1　 (1995年全国高考题 )求ｓｉｎ2 2 0° ｃｏｓ2 50° ｓｉｎ2 0°ｃｏｓ50°的值 .解　ｓｉｎ2 2 0° ｃｏｓ2 50° ｓｉｎ2 0°ｃｏｓ50°=ｓｉｎ2 2 0° ｓｉｎ2 4 0° ｓｉｎ2 0°ｓｉｎ4 0°=ｓｉｎ2 2 0° ｓｉ…     

关于Barge和Toledo的几个问题

§ 1.Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　Ｃｈａｉｎａｂｌｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｕａｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｆｏｒｍａｎｙｙｅａｒｓａｎｄｈａｖｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｎｅｗｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓａｓｔｈｅｃｈａｉｎａｂｌｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｕｍｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｔｈｅｉｎｖｅｒｓｅｌｉｍｉｔｓｐａｃｅｏｆａｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｍａｐｆｒｏｍａｃｌｏｓｅｄｉｎｔｅｒｖａｌｉｎｔｏｉｔｓｅｌｆｃａｎｂｅｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄａｓａｇｌｏｂａｌａｔｔｒａｃｔｏｒｏｆｓｏｍｅｐｌａｎ…     

ANumericStudyonChaoticDislocationEmission

ＡＮｕｍｅｒｉｃＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＣｈａｏｔｉｃＤｉｓｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎＥｍｉｓｓｉｏｎＨｏｎｇｌａｉＴａｎａｎｄＷｅｉＹａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ，ＴｓｉｎｇｈｕａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００...     

Chaos among self-maps of the Cantor space

Glasner and Weiss have shown that a generic homeomorphism of the Cantor space has zero topological entropy. Hochman has shown that a generic transitive homeomorphism of the Cantor space has the property that it is topologically conjugate to the universal odometer and hence far from being chaotic in any sense. We show that a generic self-map of the Cantor space has zero topological entropy. Moreover, we show that a generic self-map of the Cantor space has no periodic points and hence is not Devaney chaotic nor Devaney chaotic on any subsystem. However, we exhibit a dense subset of the space of all self-maps of the Cantor space each element of which has infinite topological entropy and is Devaney chaotic on some subsystem.     

Topological properties of the multifunction space <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis>(<Emphasis Type="Italic">X</Emphasis>) of cusco maps

A set-valued mapping F from a topological space X to a topological space Y is called a cusco map if F is upper semicontinuous and F(x) is a nonempty, compact and connected subset of Y for each x ∈ X. We denote by L(X), the space of all subsets F of X × ℝ such that F is the graph of a cusco map from the space X to the real line ℝ. In this paper, we study topological properties of L(X) endowed with the Vietoris topology. The second author is supported by the SPM fellowship awarded by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India.     

On Homeomorphisms of Effective Topological Spaces

We study effective presentations and homeomorphisms of effective topological spaces. By constructing a functor from the category of computable models into the category of effective topological spaces, we show in particular that there exist homeomorphic effective topological spaces admitting no hyperarithmetical homeomorphism between them and there exist effective topological spaces whose autohomeomorphism group has the cardinality of the continuum but whose only hyperarithmetical autohomeomorphism is trivial. It is also shown that if the group of autohomeomorphisms of a hyperarithmetical topological space has cardinality less than 2 then this group is hyperarithmetical. We introduce the notion of strong computable homeomorphism and solve the problem of the number of effective presentations of T ₀-spaces with effective bases of clopen sets with respect to strong homeomorphisms.     

On the structure of finite coverings of compact connected groups

Finite-sheeted covering mappings onto compact connected groups are studied. We show that for a covering mapping from a connected Hausdorff topological space onto a compact (in general, non-abelian) group there exists a topological group structure on the covering space such that the mapping becomes a homomorphism of groups. To prove this fact we construct an inverse system of covering mappings onto Lie groups which approximates the given covering mapping. As an application, it is shown that a covering mapping onto a compact connected abelian group G must be a homeomorphism provided that the character group of G admits division by degree of the mapping. We also get a criterion for triviality of coverings in terms of means and prove that each finite covering of G is equivalent to a polynomial covering.     

Compactifications and algebraic completions of limit groups

This paper considers the existence of nondiscrete embeddings Γ ↦ G, where Γ is an abstract limit group and G is topological group. Namely, it is shown that a locally compact group G that admits a nondiscrete nonabelian free subgroup F admits a nondiscrete copy of every nonabelian limit group L. In some cases, for instance if the F is of rank 2 and its closure in G is compact or semisimple algebraic, or if L is a surface group (as considered in [6]), L can be chosen with the same closure as F.     

Orbit nonproper actions on Lorentz manifolds

If a topological group G acts on a topological space X, then we say that the action is orbit nonproper provided that, for some x ? X x \in X , the orbit map g ? gx : G ? X g \mapsto gx : G \to X is nonproper. We consider the problem of classifying the connected, simply connected real Lie groups G such that G admits a locally faithful, orbit nonproper action on a connected Lorentz manifold. In this paper, we describe three collections of groups such that G admits such an action iff G is in one of the three collections. In an earlier paper, we effectively described the first collection. In yet another paper, we describe effectively those groups in the second collection which are not contained in the union of the first and third. Finally, in another paper, we describe effectively the third collection.     

Subcontinuity

We give interesting characterizations using subcontinuity. Let X, Y be topological spaces. We study subcontinuity of multifunctions from X to Y and its relations to local compactness, local total boundedness and upper semicontinuity. If Y is regular, then F is subcontinuous iff [`(F)]\bar F is USCO. A uniform space Y is complete iff for every topological space X and for every net {F _a }, F _a ⊂ X × Y, of multifunctions subcontinuous at x ∈ X, uniformly convergent to F, F is subcontinuous at x. A Tychonoff space Y is Čech-complete (resp. G _m-space) iff for every topological space X and every multifunction F ⊂ X × Y the set of points of subcontinuity of F is a G _δ -subset (resp. G _m-subset) of X.     

The Nonexistence of Expansive Z^d Actions on Graphs

It is well known that if X is an arc or a circle, then there is no expansive homeomorphism on X. In this paper we prove that there is no expansive Z^d action on X, which answers the two questions raised by us before, In 1979, Mané proved that there is no expansive homeomorphism on infinite dimensional spaces. Contrary to this result, we construct an expansive Z^2 action on an infinite dimensional space. We also construct an expansive Z^2 action on a zero dimensional space but no element in Z^2 is expansive.     

图上Z~2可扩作用的非存在性

文[9]中作者考虑连续统上可扩群作用的存在性问题,证明了单位闭区间上不存在自由交换群Z×Z的可扩作用,并且给出一个例子表明闭区间上存在自由积Z*Z的可扩作用.换句话说,由两个交换同胚生成的群是不能可扩作用在闭区间上的,但还是存在由两个非交换同胚生成的群能够可扩作用在闭区间上.本文证明了图上不存在Z×Z的可扩作用,解决了文[9]所提的一个问题.     

拓扑群在连续统上的膨胀作用

本文把一个同胚的膨胀作用推广到拓扑群的情形,并研究了有限生成离散群 的膨胀作用,得到了如下结果:Z×Z不能膨胀地作用在单位闭区间I上,而自由积 Z★Z可以膨胀地作用在I上.