STUDY ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE INITIATED BY POLYPROPYLENE-BASED VANADYL POLYIMIDODIACETATE——THIOUREA REDOX SYSTEM

The present paper deals with the kinetics of polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) initialed by the redox system of polypropylene-based vanadyi polyimidodiacetate (PV)-thiourea (TU)in aqueous sulfuric acid in the temperature range from 25 to 40℃. The polymerization rate was measured by varying the concentrations of monomer, vanadyl polyimidodiacetate, thiourea and sulfuric acid. The overall rate of polymerization was summarized asRp=2.2×10~5e~(-6.560/RT) [AN]~(1.0)[PV]~(0.50)[TU]~(1.5)[H_2SO_4]~(2.0)The molecular weight of polyacrylonitrile based on the experimental data was:(?)=k 1/T [pv]~(0.50)[TU]~(1.5)[H_2SO_4]~(2.0)These results indicated that the chain radicals are terminated by combination and/or disproportionation rather than chain transfer. The cooperation effect of carboxylic groups and the macromolecular field effect of polymer supporter are the characters of vanadyl polyimidodiacetate such as the case reported in early paper.     

KINETICS OF POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE INITIATED BY VANADIUM(V)-THIOUREA REDOX SYSTEM

The kinetics of polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by quinquevalent vanadium (V~(5+))-thiourea (TU) redox system has been investigated in aqueous nitric acid in the temperature range from 30 to 50℃. The polymerization rate (R_p) can be expressed as follows: In the copolymerization of acryionitrile with methyl acrylate (MA), the reactivity ratios were found to be 1.0 and 1.1, respectively. The experimental observations suggest that the initiating species is probably a complex consisting of a central ion of Lewis acid-VO_2~+ and the ligands of Lewis bases-acrylonitrile, thiourea, and nitrate anions, while the initiating system in lower concentration, the polymerization of acrylonitrile does not occur if the thiourea is acidified prior to its reaction with quinquevalent vanadium. This indicates that the primary radicals (or the monomeric radicals in the present article) are produced by associated thiourea rather than isothlourea.     

STUDIES ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE INITIATED BY METAVANADATE-CONTAININ G ANION EXCHANGER-THIOUREA REDOX SYSTEM

The polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) in aqueous nitric acid initiated by metavanadate-containing anion exchange resin (PV)-thiourea (TU) redox system at 20—40℃. has been investigated. The overall rate of polymerization (R_p) is given byR_p=1.92×10~4e~(-6.860/RT) [AN]~(1.2) [PV]~(0.44) [TU]~(1.0)[HNO_3]~(1.0)The kinetic parameters differed from those of V~(5+)-TU system indicated that the generation of the primary radicals is mainly a difffusion-controlled reaction. The effect of macromolecular field arisen from the polymer matrix exerts a great influence on the polymerization process.     

KINETICS OF POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE INITIATED BY COPPER POLYPROPYLENE-BASED POLYAMIDOXIME-SODIUM SULFITE SYSTEM*

The aqueous polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by copper polypropylene-based polyamidoxime (PPAO-Cu) -sodium sulfite system was investigated. The overall rate of polymerization (R_p) isR_p=9.7 x 10~(12) e~(-21.200/RT) [MMA]~(O.88)[Na_2 SO_3]~(0.50)The length of the induction period (τ) is inversely proportional to the concentration of sodium sultite and independent of the amount of polymer supported copper and the concentration of monomer. It could be expressed as follows:1/τ=1.2x10~(12)e~(-15.600/RT)[Na_2SO_3]=K_τR_iThe polymerization is initiated by a primary radical generated from the redox reaction rather than induced by "coordination-proton transfer" mechanism.     

KINETIC STUDIES ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE INITIATED BY METALLIC MAGNESIUM-NITRIC ACID SYSTEM

This article reports the polymerization kinetics of acrylonitrile initiated by metallic magnesiumnitric acid system. The rate of polymerization is independent of the amount of magnesium used; when the concentration of nitric acid is higher than acrylonitrile, the equation of polymerization kinetics may be expressed asR_p =1.91×10~5e~(-15000)/RT[Mg]~0 [AN]~(2.2) [HNO_3]~(0.45)The result of copolymerization of acyrlonitrile and methyl acrylate supports a free-radical mechanism.     

亚硝酸钠引发丙烯腈聚合的研究

研究了亚硝酸钠引发硝酸溶液中丙烯腈的聚合反应。测得表现聚合速度 Rp=Ae~(-10,800/RT)[AN]~2.2[NaNO_2]~(0.17-1.0)[HNO_3]~(1.0-0.67 丙烯腈-丙烯酸甲酯共聚合反应中竞聚率分别是γ_An=0.96,γ_MA=1.17,表明聚合反应是按自由基机理进行。 根据聚合动力学和红外光谱分析,认为以亚硝酸钠引发硝酸溶液中丙烯腈的聚合反应与电解或金属溶蚀过程中的次级引发相同。     

笼形聚羧酸钒(Ⅳ)—硫脲体系引发丙烯腈聚合动力学

研究了笼形聚羧酸钒(PV)-硫脲(TU)体系在硝酸溶液中引发丙烯腈(AN)聚合动力学。表观聚合速度(R_p)是 R_p=9.7×10~5e~(-10500)/RT[AN]~1.0[PV]~0.50[TU]~0.76[HNO_3]~1.5聚合诱导期(τ)随反应条件而变化,聚合温度越高,引发种浓度越大,聚合诱导期越短,但与单体浓度的变化无关。 1/τ=4.6×10~(12)e~(-13500)/RT[AN]~0[PV][TU]~(-3/2)[HNO_3]~3=K_τ·R_i聚合物分子量随单体浓度增大而提高,但随聚合温度及引发种浓度增大而下降,即 笼形聚羧酸钒—硫脲体系引发丙烯腈聚合的动力学参数和引发机理与杨梅型聚羧酸钒—硫脲体系在相同的条件下引发聚合的行为有明显的区别,认为是和两种树脂大分子链的空间结构所引起的传质阻力有关。     

Persulfate-initiated polymerization of acrylamide

A dilatometric technique was used to obtain conversion–time data for the polymerization of acrylamide initiated by potassium persulfate in water. The results are summarized by the empirical rate expression, ?d[M₁]/dt = R_p = k_1.25[K₂S₂O₈]^0.5[M₁]^1.25, and k_1.25 = 1.70 × 10¹¹ exp {?16,900/RT} 1.^0.75/mole^?0.75-min. Persulfate was varied over the range 9.5 × 10^?4 to 5.2 × 10^×2 mole/l., and initial monomer concentration [M₁] was varied from 0.05 to 0.4 mole/l. The temperature range was 30?50°C. Results of analysis of the kinetics and energetics of the polymerization favor a cage-effect theory rather than a complex-formation theory to explain the order with respect to monomer.     

Nitrogen isotope exchange between nitric oxide and nitric acid

The rate of nitrogen isotope exchange between NO and HNO₃ has been measured as a function of nitric acid concentration of 1.5–4M·1^–1. The exchange rate law is shown to beR=k[HNO₃]²[N₂O₃] and the measured activation energy isE=67.78kJ ·M^–1 (16.2 kcal·M^–1). It is concluded that N₂O₃ participates in¹⁵N/¹⁴N exchange between NO and HNO₃ at nitric acid concentrations higher than 1.5M·1^–1.     

钒化合物引发丙烯腈聚合──高分子场效应

研究了酸性介质中五价钒氧离子（VO）、强碱性阴离子交换树脂负载钒（V）（BAEV）、硫酸氧钒（VOSO4）、杨梅形聚羧酸氧钒（IV）（APCV）、杨酸形聚亚氨二乙酸氧钒（IV）（APIV）、杨梅形聚得偕亚氨二乙酸氧钒（IV）（APOV）、笼形聚羧酸氧钒（IV）（CPCV）和笼形聚肟偕亚氨二乙酸氧钒（IV）（CPOV）等与硫脲（TU）配住生成活性种并引发丙烯腈（AN）聚合反应。表观聚合速度（Rp）分别是：VO-TU:Rp=2.8X105e-14200/RTC2.2'(AN)c.20(HNO3)c0(V5+)c1.3(TU)BAEV-TU:Rp=1.9X104e-6860/RTc1.2(AN)c1.0'(HNO3)c0.44(PV)c1.0(TU)VOSO4-TU:Rp=0APCV-TU:Rp=2.3X104e-4100/Rtc1.5(AN)c1.5(HNO3)c0.5(PV)c2.0(TU)APIV-TU:RP=2.2X105e-6860/RTc1.0(AN)c2.0(H2SO4)c0.5(PV)c1.5(TU)APOV-TU:RP=1.9X108e-10800/RTc.10(AN)c1.0(HNO3)c0.6(PV)c1.5(TU)CPCV-TU:Rp=9.7X105e-10500/RTc1.0(AN)c1.5(HNO3)c0.5(PV)c0.76(TU)CPOV-TU:Rp=1.0X108e-10500/RTc1.0(AN)c3.0(HNO3)c1.0(PV)c1.5(TU)根据实验结果,认为：（一）钒化合物与硫脲在酸性介质中通过“逐步配位—质子转移”机理产生引发种;（二）钒络合物及其活化后所产生的阳离子自由基（i＝0,1,2,…,n）处于大分子引力场内进行链引发,在某些情况下,原地进行键增长反     

Oxygen promoted radical polymerization of acrylonitrile in aqueous nitric acid. A kinetic study

The polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by oxygen-ascorbic acid (AA)-ferric ion system was studied in dil. HNO₃ at 40°. The rate of polymerization, R_p, was found gravimetrically. In the [Fe³⁺] range, (2–5 × 10^?5 M, R_p was proportional to [AN]^{1.5 ± 0.05}, [O₂]^{0.5 ± 0.02} [AA]⁰ and [Fe³⁺]⁰; for [Fe³⁺] = (5–30) × 10^?5 M, it was proportional to [AN]^{1.8 ± 0.05}, [O₂]^{0.6 ± 0.02}, [AA]⁰ and [Fe³⁺]^{?0.9 ± 0.05}. A plausible reaction scheme is proposed and rate law presented to explain these results. R_p increased with ionic strength and [HNO₃] (up to ～0.25 M). An initial rate increase with temperature followed by a decrease was noticed. Chain lengths of the polymers were determined viscometrically.     

Catalytic action of metallic salts in autoxidation and polymerization. IX. Polymerization of methyl methacrylate with sodium hexanitrocobaltate(III) in mixed solvent of acetone and water

Polymerization of methyl methacrylate with some cobalt (III) complexes was carried out in various solvents and in mixed solvents of acetone and water or alcohols. Sodium hexanitrocobaltate(III) was found to be an effective initiator in mixed solvent of water and acetone. The kinetic study on the polymerization of methyl methacrylate with Na₃[Co(NO₂)₆] in a water-acetone mixed solvent gave the following over-all rate equation: R_p = 8.04 × 10⁴ exp{ ?13,500/RT} [I]^1/2[M]² (mol/1.?sec). The effects of various additives on polymerization rate and the copolymerization curve with styrene suggest that polymerization proceeds via a radical mechanism. The dependence of the polymerization rate on the square of monomer concentration and the spectroscopic data were indicative of the formation of a complex between initiator and monomer.     

Cyanidosilicates—Synthesis and Structure

Starting from fluoridosilicate precursors in neat cyanotrimethylsilane, Me₃Si?CN, a series of different ammonium salts [R₃NMe]⁺ (R=Et, ⁿPr, ⁿBu) with the novel [SiF(CN)₅]^2? and [Si(CN)₆]^2? dianions was synthesized in facile, temperature controlled F^?/CN^? exchange reactions. Utilizing decomposable, non‐innocent cations, such as [R₃NH]⁺, it was possible to generate metal salts of the type M₂[Si(CN)₆] (M⁺=Li⁺, K⁺) via neutralization reactions with the corresponding metal hydroxides. The ionic liquid [BMIm]₂[Si(CN)₆] (m.p.=72 °C, BMIm=1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) was obtained by a salt metathesis reaction. All the synthesized salts could be isolated in good yields and were fully characterized.     

含胺基功能性单体的聚合研究——ⅫⅠ.丙烯腈在N-丙烯酰-N′-苯基哌嗪及其聚合物作为增感剂下的光聚合

The photopolymerization of AN by using N-acryloyl-N'-phenylpiperazine (APP) and N-methacryloyl-N'-phenylpiperazine (MPP) as sensitizers under UV irradiation has been investigated. The corresponding polymerization kinetic equations are as follows:Rp [APP]^0.81[AN]^0.61 R_p [MPP]^0.48[AN]^0.77 R_p [P(APP)]^0.53[AN]^0.78 From the fluorescent analysis, it was confirmed that APP, MPP and P(APP) not only initiated the polymerization of AN but also entered into the chains of AN polymer. The photopolymerization mechanism for exciplex formation of AN with above sensitizers was proposed.     

Kinetic Study of the Bromine-Catalyzed Isomerization of Maleic Acid in Aqueous Ce(IV)-Br−-H2SO4 Medium

The presence of ceric and bromide ions catalyzes the isomerization of maleic acid (MA) to fumaric acid (FA) in aqueous sulfuric acid. A kinetic study of this bromine-catalyzed reaction was carried out. The reaction between ceric ion and maleic acid is first order with respect to Ce(IV). For [Ce(IV)]₀=5.0×10^?4 M, [H₂SO₄]₀=1.2 M, μ=2.0 M (adjusted by NaClO₄), and [MA]₀=(0.5–1.0)M, the observed pseudo-first-order rate constant (k₀₃) at 25° is k₀₃=7.622×10^?5 [MA]₀/(1+0.205[MA]₀). The reaction between ceric and bromide ions is first order with respect to Ce(IV). For [Ce(IV)]₀=5.0×10^?4 M, [H₂SO₄]₀=1.2 M, μ=2.0 M, and [Br^?]₀=(0.025–0.150)M, the pseudo-first-order rate constant (k₀₂) at 25° is k₀₂= (4.313±0.095)x10^?2[Br^?]²+(2.060±0.119)x10^?3[Br^?]. The reaction of Ce(IV) with maleic acid and bromide ion is also first order with respect to Ce(IV). For [Ce(IV)]₀=5.0×10^?4 M, [MA]₀=0.75 M, [H₂SO₄]₀=1.2 M, μ=2.0 M, and [Br^?]₀= (0.025–0.150)M, the pseudo-first-order rate constant (k₀₃) at 25° is k₀₃= (5.286±0.045)x10^?2[Br^?]²+(3.568±0.056)x10^?3[Br^?]. For [Ce(IV)]₀=5.0 × 10^?4 M, [Br^?]₀=0.050 M, [H₂SO₄]₀=1.2 M, μ=2.0 M, and [MA]₀=(0.15–1.0)M at 25°, k₀₃=(2.108×10^?4+2.127×10^?4[MA]₀)/(1+0.205[MA]₀). A mechanism is proposed to rationalize the results. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate was also studied. The energy barrier of Ce(IV)—Br^? reaction is much less than that of Ce(IV)—MA reaction. Maleic and fumaric acids have very different mass spectra. The mass spectrum of fumaric acid exhibits a strong metastable peak at m/e 66.5.     

Vinyl polymerization. Part 268. Polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by the system of tetramethyl tetrazene and bromoacetic acid

The polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by the system of tetramethyl tetrazene (TMT) and bromoacetic acid (BA) in dimethylformamide (DMF) was studied. The TMT–BA system could initiate the polymerization of AN more easily than TMT alone. The polymerization was confirmed to proceed through a radical mechanism. The initial rate of polymerization R_p was expressed by the equation: R_p = [TMT]^0.62-[BA]^0.5[AN]^1.5. The overall activation energy for the polymerization was estimated as 9.4 kcal/mole. In the absence of monomer, the reaction of TMT with BA in DMF was also studied kinetically by measuring the evolution of nitrogen gas. The reaction was first-order in TMT and first-order in BA; the rate data at 49°C were k₂ = 9.1 × 10^?2l./mole-sec., ΔH? = 17.0 kcal/mole, and ΔS? = ? 6.6 eu. In addition, the treatment of TMT with BA in benzene led to the formation of tetramethylhydrazine radical cation, which was identified by its ESR spectrum. On the other hand, the relatively strong interaction between TMT and DMF was observed by absorption spectrophotometry.     

Solid state synthesis and structure of two novel polyoxometalates [(n-Bu)4N]4[M6O19][Ag2I4](M?Mo,W)†

The reaction of [NH₄]₂[MO₂S₂], AgI and (n-Bu)₄NBr in solid state produced the polyoxometalates [(n-Bu)₄N]₄[M₆O₁₉][Ag₂I₄] (1, M? Mo; 2, M? W) which were structurally determined. The crystals of 1 and 2 are isomorphous, monoclinic, space group P2₁/c. 1, a = l.6624(2), b=1.6699(3), c=l.7217(2) nm, β=98.29(1)°, V=4.729(1) nm³, Z=2, R=0.040, R_w“0.037; 2, a = 1.6636(3), b = 1.6733(3), c = 1.7190(3) nm, β=98.25(1)°, V=4.736(l) nm³, Z = 2, R = 0.038, R_w = 0.047. The results of the structure determination showed that the two compounds had the same structures whose skeletons are composed of [Ag₂I₄]². and [M₆O₁₉]^2-. The difference of them and heteropolymetalate compounds synthesized in solution is that the title compounds contain cluster. ion, heteropolymetalate and organic cations, while the latter is only composed of heteropolymetalate and organic cations.     

Cu~(2+)离子浓度对Cu~(2+)-Na_2SO_3体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合机理的影响

<正> 氧化还原体系引发乙烯类单体自由基聚合过程中,氧化剂或还原剂浓度的变化可能引起聚合机理的改变,Reddy等研究“铜(Ⅱ)——维生素C-氧”体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯的自由基聚合时,发现随着Cu~(2+)离子浓度增加,聚合速度由上升至下降;单体反应级数从3/2增至2.0,我们在空气气氛下,对Cu~(2+)-Na_2SO_3体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合进行了研究,亦发现Cu~(2+)离子浓度对聚合速度和聚合机理有很大影响,在较低的Cu~(2+)离子浓     

杨梅形聚肟偕亚氨二乙酸钒(Ⅳ)—硫脲体系引发丙烯腈聚合的研究

研究了杨梅形聚肟偕亚氨二乙酸树脂负载VO~(2+)(PV)与疏脲(TU)组合在硝酸溶液中引发丙烯腈(AN)的聚合反应。在实验条件下,表观聚全速度可表示为 R_p=1.91×10~5e~(-45.0/RT)c~(1.9)(AN)c~(1.0)(HNO_3)c~(0.60)(PV)c~(1.50)(TU) 聚合诱导期(τ)与反应物浓度和聚合温度关系是 1/τ=8.27×10~7e~(-38.3/RT)c~(1.9)(HNO_3)c~(0.60)(PV)C~(1.50)(TU)=K_τ;·R_i/R_p 在酸性介质中,氨羧基的协同作用促使键合的VO~(2+)氧化为VO_2~+,随后硫脲配位并通过氢桥缔合,后者分解生成初级自由基,引发丙烯腈的聚合反应。     

Die Kristallstruktur von Ge5O[PO4]6

Zusammenfassung Die Kristallstruktur der Verbindung Ge₅O[PO₄]₆ wurde auf Grund dreidimensionaler Einkristalldaten ausWeissenberg-Aufnahmen ermittelt und nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate verfeinert: Raumgruppe ;a=7,994±0,004 undc=24,87±0,01 Å;Z=3; 467 unabhängige Reflexe;R=0,086.Die Kristallstruktur wird aus singulären [GeO₆]-Oktaedern und [Ge₂O₇]-Doppeltetraedern aufgebaut, die über [PO₄]-Tetraeder zu einem dreidimensionalen Strukturverband vernetzt sind. Die mittleren Abstände betragen: Ge^[6]–O=1,863, Ge^[4]–O=1,704 und P–O=1,525 Å.

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The crystal structure of Ge₅O[PO₄]₆

The crystal structure of Ge₅O[PO₄]₆ has been determined and refined by least-squares, using three-dimensional x-ray data fromWeissenberg-photographs: space group ;a=7.994±0.004 andc=24.87±0.01 Å;Z=3; 467 independent reflections;R=0.086.The crystal structure consists of isolated [GeO₆] octahedra and [Ge₂O₇] double tetrahedra which are linked by [PO₄] groups forming a three-dimensional network. The average interatomic distances are: Ge^[6]–O=1.863, Ge^[4]–O=1.704 and P–O=1.525 Å.

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