在交变外磁场作用下处于迈斯纳态的超导体内的电磁场和能量变化（英文）

本文以一个无限大的超导平板为例,分析它在正弦外磁场作用下处于Meissner态时的电磁场以及能量变化的特征,计算结果表明在准静态外磁场作用下超导体内的磁场、电场以及感应电流都随着透入表面的深度迅速衰减而没有滞后现象.根据超导电流和穿透深度的定义以及London方程,分析了超导体内超导电流与感应电场乘积的物理意义.我们计算并分析了流入超导体的电磁能与内部的磁场能、电场能、超导电子动能之间的转化关系,结果表明这四种能量之间的转化是完全可逆的,超导体内不存在任何损耗.     

超导线的表面区域处理提高其磁场下的输运能力

对超导体在外磁场中的特性进行了归纳,外磁场在超导体中有磁场穿透深度限制,超导体表面有超导壁垒效应和表面钉扎作用,造成了外磁场在超导线表层密度最大而芯部没有磁通穿过.表面钉扎和壁垒效应存在的竞争主要集中在表面刺入超导体的柱形空穴.为了提高超导线在外电场中的输运能力,在制备上常用提高钉扎性能,而这也有阻碍电流的作用,对超导线芯部区域没有提高钉扎作用的必要,反而因为它有害于电流传输.根据这些理论尝试设计出多层结构的超导线,内芯是致密的净超导体晶体结构,外面是与磁场穿透深度厚度相同的一层掺杂、取代等作用提高钉扎性能的外场渗透层,在超导材料表面与包套材料之间是纳米修饰或者其他手段提高表面钉扎能力的连接层,减少连接层的垂直超导线的柱形纳米空穴可提高壁垒效应.这种结构因为减少了常规制备中不考虑内部没有磁通而仍然有钉扎处理材料对载流子的散射作用,这种结构使超导线的输运能力得到了一定提高.     

旋转超导体中的电流与电磁场

采用半经典理论方法,对旋转超导体内的电流和电磁场进行理论分析.在把非惯性力场等效为真实力场并假设其适用于量子力学的基础上,获得超导电子所满足的薛定谔方程和概率密度流表达式.发现超导电子的正则动量和空间相位的梯度有正比例的关系;发现在没有外电场和外磁场情况下,匀速转动的超导体内出现净电荷电场、磁场,表面出现净电荷及超导电流 关键词： 旋转超导体 超导电流 磁场 半经典理论     

超导体界面层的电场电荷分布及起源

从相对论性超导场方程出发，探讨了弱磁场条件下超导体界面层的结构及形成机理.得出在超导体界面层电场、电势差、Hall效应及电荷密度“三明治”式层叠结构的存在，是源于满足相对论协变性要求的势场可观测效应.并提出了一个实验思路，以期验证该观点的正确性. 关键词： 超导 界面层电场 相对论效应 层叠结构     

La2CuO4型超导体中电荷有序行为的超声衰减特性研究

本文系统研究了La2CuO4型超导体中电荷有序行为相关的超声衰减特性.在La1.88-yNdySr0.12CuO4系列样品中观察到由于动态及静态的电荷条纹与晶格之间耦合而导致的超声声速和衰减异常.不同磁场下La1.88Sr0.12-xBaxCuO4系列样品的超声衰减特性表明x≤0.04的样品中存在局域的电荷条纹有序,外加磁场压制超导电性后能够导致局域电荷条纹序的增强.实验结果表明电声子相互作用在铜氧化物超导体的电荷有序现象中扮演着重要的角色.     

La2CuO4型超导体中电荷有序行为的超声衰减特性研究

本文系统研究了La2CuO4型超导体中电荷有序行为相关的超声衰减特性。在La1．88-y，NdySr0．12CuO4系列样品中观察到由于动态及静态的电荷条纹与晶格之间耦合而导致的超声声速和衰减异常。不同磁场下La1.88Sr0.12-xBaxCuO4系列样品的超声衰减特性表明x≤0．04的样品中存在局域的电荷条纹有序，外加磁场压制超导电性后能够导致局域电荷条纹序的增强。实验结果表明电声子相互作用在铜氧化物超导体的电荷有序现象中扮演着重要的角色。     

基于感应叠加技术的重复频率电磁脉冲模拟器

介绍了小型平板型有界波模拟器的研制和实验,包括基于氢闸流管感应叠加技术的双指数波重频脉冲源的研制、输出同轴屏蔽结构的设计与输出变压器磁场分布的计算、小型平板型辐射器的设计及工作区内电场的计算与仿真,给出了辐射器工作区内电场初步测量的结果。实验结果表明:即使在感应叠加单元的氢闸流管器件和栅极触发时钟的参数存在差异的情况下,辐射器的工作区内电场基本上符合线性叠加原则。     

Bi2223/Ag超导带背景场损耗和磁场响应特性研究

采用改进的瓦特计技术,研究了在77K和低场范围内单芯和多芯Bi2223/Ag超导带的背景场损耗(包括表面损耗、磁滞损耗和耦合损耗)和在交变外磁场下的穿透电压与磁场响应特性.最小磁场小于1×10-4T.单芯带材和大块超导体的损耗一致,在整个磁场范围内损耗和磁场符合指数关系,Q∝Hn:当HHp时, n≈1.1,损耗主要是磁滞损耗.从单芯带材的损耗曲线我们得到了Bi2223相的Hc1≈6×10-4T.对于多芯带材而言,损耗由磁滞损耗和耦合损耗组成,耦合损耗起主要作用,损耗和磁场符合指数关系,Q∝Hn:当HHp时, n≈1.7, 损耗包括磁滞损耗和耦合损耗,耦合损耗占主要部分.在磁场小于1×10-4T的低场下,单芯和多芯带材损耗研究结果目前还未见报道.研究了超导体中穿透电压和外磁场的响应关系,给出了穿透电压和外磁场的关系曲线,结合超导体中的磁化强度变化过程对曲线给出了合理的解释.     

电流环支承的超导球表面磁场计算

本文基于磁荷模型采用解析方法推证出电流环在超导球表面产生的磁场分布.首先不考虑超导球的抗磁性,由Biot-Savart定律计算出电流环在球面产生的磁场.再根据Meissner态超导体的边界条件,并基于磁荷模型计算出超导球的感应磁场.将电流环产生磁场与超导球的感应磁场叠加得到超导球表面的合磁场.     

轴对称导体在均匀磁场中转动时的电荷分布及其电磁场的求解方法

指出了某些文献中的问题,根据电荷守恒定律,证明了由转动磁场所导致的电场E=±v×B的散度,并非与真实的电荷体密度有本质上的关联,而只是一种相对论效应.并根据电磁场变换原理,给出了轴对称导体在均匀稳恒磁场中转动时表面电荷密度及其电磁场的求解方法,得出了在均匀稳恒磁场中转动的导体球表面电荷密度及其电磁场.     

Autowave dynamics of the magnetic flux in nonideal type-II superconductors with different current-voltage characteristics

An analysis was performed of the processes of penetration of a macroscopic electromagnetic field into superconducting media with different current-voltage characteristics induced by a variable external magnetic field or by carrier transport. It has been shown that even if a finite electrical voltage arises in the superconductor before the critical current is reached, the magnetic flux, as in the critical state model, penetrates into the superconductor at a finite rate as a characteristic electromagnetic wave. At its front, a special condition is fulfilled; namely, a smooth transition to the nonperturbed value of the strength of the electric field induced by an external perturbation. Formulas are given for the calculation of the penetration rate of the electromagnetic field into a superconductor. For corroboration of the formulated relationships, the study was compared with corresponding numerical calculations.     

Magnetic polaritons at a superconductor-ferromagnet interface

The propagation of surface electromagnetic waves at the interface between a high-temperature superconductor and a ferromagnet is considered. Dispersion relations are derived for transverse electric and transverse magnetic surface eigenwaves in the case of various orientations of the crystallographic axes of the anisotropic superconductor with respect to the direction of the surface wave vector. A nonreciprocal character of the propagation of transverse electric polaritons is revealed, as well as a significant dependence of dispersion characteristics and the penetration depth on the external magnetic field.     

Parameters of thin electromagnetic shields that provide a decrease in magnetic induction

Mathematical simulation of electromagnetic fields is used to analyze the effect of parameters of thin conducting shields on the efficiency of suppression of magnetic induction. The effect of configuration of one- and two-layer shields on the induced current and the efficiency of shielding of the original magnetic field at industrial frequencies are studied. It is demonstrated that the efficiency of two-layer shields is higher in several cases.     

平面波照射下无限大导体板上周期孔阵屏蔽效能的解析研究

本文针对平面电磁波对无限大导体平板上周期孔阵的透射问题,首先用Bethe小孔理论将孔阵表示成偶极子阵列,然后用平均化处理得到均匀的等效磁化/极化强度,进而引入等效面源导出透射电磁波表达式,最终给出了孔阵对平面电磁波屏蔽效能的解析公式.该公式分别针对横电和横磁两种极化方式,将屏蔽效能表示成孔阵周期面积、孔的极化系数、波长和入射角的简单函数,其计算结果与全波仿真结果一致性好.结果表明,透射场强的幅值与孔极化系数和波频率成正比,与周期面积成反比;在横电极化方式,波频率和周期面积不变的情况下,透射场强的幅值与入射角的余弦值成正比,入射角越大屏蔽效能越高;在横磁极化方式下,透射场强幅值与入射角的关系相对复杂,但在入射角较小时与入射角的余弦值近似成反比,总体上入射角越大屏蔽效果越低.     

Interaction between gravity and moving superconductors

We propose a unified phenomenological theory to investigate the interaction between arbitrarily moving superconductors and gravitational fields including the Newtonian gravity, gravitational waves, vector transverse gravitoelectric fields, and vector gravitomagnetic fields. In the limit of weak field and low velocity, the expressions for the induced electromagnetic and gravitational fields in the interior of a moving superconductor are obtained. The Meissner effect, London moment, DeWitt effect, effects of gravitational wave on a superconductor, and induced electric fields in the interior of a freely vibrating superconductor are recovered from these two expressions. We demonstrate that the weak equivalence principle is valid in superconductivity, that Newtonian gravity and gravitational waves will penetrate either a moving superconductor or a superconductor at rest, and that a superconductor at rest cannot shield either vector gravitomagnetic fields or vector transverse gravitoelectric fields.     

磁单极与磁洛伦兹力

概述了磁单极概念的历史发展,从洛伦兹变换出发,利用电磁场张量和四维力的协变性以及电荷相对论不变,直接证明了运动磁单极受磁洛伦兹力,建议了一个磁洛伦兹力的验证方案,并用磁洛伦兹力公式导出狄拉克电荷量子化条件．证明了磁洛伦兹力公式具有与库仑定律相同的精确度．     

The Electrodynamics of Granular High-Temperature Superconducting Media

The electrodynamic properties of granular high-temperature superconducting media are studied. Relations for the surface resistance and impedance of a high-temperature superconducting medium are derived. The temperature and frequency dependence of the phase velocity and group velocity and depth of penetration of the electromagnetic field into the Josephson medium are calculated. The possibility of using high-temperature superconducting films as high-efficiency shields is shown. The shielding properties are improved appreciably with increase in the critical current density of the high-temperature superconducting film. The shield thickness is several microns or several fractions of a micron for a critical current density of >10⁷ A/m². The results obtained can be used in designing superhigh-frequency shields, microstrip lines, and other devices based on high-temperature superconducting Josephson media.     

Distribution of a local magnetic field in superconductors with an uncorrelated random lattice of abrikosov vortices

The distribution of a local magnetic field near the surface of a uniaxial anisotropic type-II superconductor is determined in the framework of the London model in the case when the Abrikosov vortices are randomly distributed in the superconductor. The distribution of a local magnetic field is obtained as a function of the distance from the surface of the superconductor. It is demonstrated that the shape of the distribution of the local magnetic field near the surface differs substantially from that in the bulk of the superconductor. This difference should be taken into account in interpreting experimental data on the local magnetic field in the surface region of the superconductor and in thin superconducting films (with a thickness of less than or equal to λ, where λ is the depth of penetration of the magnetic field into the superconductor). It is shown that, as in the case of a regular lattice of vortices, the value of λ can be determined from observations of the distribution of the local magnetic field in type-II superconductors with an uncorrelated random lattice of vortices.     

Synchrotron Radiation in a Circular Metallic Waveguide

We study theoretically the influence of a circular metallic waveguide with a longitudinal magnetic field on the synchrotron radiation of a point electric charge moving along a helical trajectory coaxial with the waveguide axis. The main attention is focused on the analysis of the energy characteristics of radiation of electromagnetic E and H waves. We derive the formulas for the radiation powers of E and H waves. It is shown that, under certain conditions, slowly moving electric charges do not radiate any of these electromagnetic waves in the circular waveguide.