Correlation between excess adsorption data measured for solvent mixture/adsorbent systems and RM values obtained for different solutes chromatographed in binary mobile phases

This paper concerns the application of excess adsorption isotherms, measured for solvent mixture/adsorbent systems, to the characterization of TLC data. For this purpose the excess adsorption isotherms for three liquid mixtures: cyclohexane/ benzene, benzene/acetone, and carbon tetrachloride/ethyl acetate on silica gel at 20°C have been measured. These mixtures have been used as binary mobile phases in TLC measurements. It has been shown for a given solute in binary mobile phase that the quantity R_M is a simple function of the excess adsorption. Parameters of this function have been used to characterize chromatographic systems with binary mobile phases.     

Problems related to the optimum separation conditions in liquid adsorption chromatography

Summary Relationships derived from the thermodynamic formulation of TLC with a binary mobile phase are discussed. The adsorption equilibrium constant is determined from the linear form of a basic equation considering the adsorption process. This linear relationship is examined with help of TLC data obtained by using six different chromatographic systems. The adsorption equilibrium constant obtained from the TLC data is compared to the equilibrium constant determined from adsorption measurements. Presented at the 15th International Symposium on Chromatography, Nürnberg, October 1984     

在不同覆盖度下二组分气体在硅胶上的吸附规律

The composition adsorption isotherms (ya~xg curve) for acetone-n-hexane, benzene-n-hexane, toluene-n-hexane and n-pentance-n-hexane vapor mixtures on silica gel with different surface coverage (θ) at 25℃ were measured. The experimental results indicated that the ya ~ xg curves approached gradually down to corresponding binary liquid-vapor equllibrium curves with increasing of surface coverage. Therefore, the binary adsorbed phases are similarly with the binary liquid phase. Except for acetone-n-hexane system, which had a minimum boiling point, the composition adsorption isotherms of the other three binary systems could be simulated by equation of relative volatility.     

Chromatographic study of adsorption from binary and ternary solutions

Adsorption of benzene, anisole, and nitrobenzene on hydroxylated silica gel from binary and ternary solutions (adsorbate--n-hexane and adsorbate--n-hexane--terahydrofuran) was studied by HPLC. The equation that describes the adsorbate retention as a function of its concentration in binary and ternary solutions was proposed. The equation makes it possible to calculate the adsorption isotherms and adsorption equilibrium constants directly from chromatograms using the retention parameters and equilibrium concentrations of the adsorbate in the mobile phase.     

Determination of Association Effects in TLC Data for Different Solutes Chromatographed in Methanol-Acetone on Silica Gel

Abstract

The TLC data for different solutes chromatographed in methanol-acetone mobile phase on silica gel at 293 K are analysed by means of the theoretical equations discussed in the previous paper (1). This analysis shows that for the above systems the solute-solvent and solvent-solvent association and the composition of the surface phase play an important role. The composition of the surface phase has been determined by utilizing the excess adsorption data of methanol from acetone on silica gel.     

A review of: “Blood Drugs and Other Analytical Challenges E. Reid,Editor, John Wiley & Sons,Somerset, N.J., 1978, 355 pp., Cloth $47.50, Vol. 7 in the series Methodological Surveys In Biochemistry”

Abstract

The experimental data are presented on Gibbs triangles in the form of isolines. The effect of change of the type of two polar mobile phase components on the chromatographic parameters of model substances has been investigated. The presence of alcohol in ternary mobile phase leads to formation double or “closed” R_F isolines on Gibbs triangles. Such presentation of the experimental data allowed to complex analysis of the chromatographic process in systems with ternary mobile phase. The measurements were made by adsorption thin layer chromatography on silica gel at temperature 293 K.     

Application of Thin-Layer Chromatography to High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Steroidal Hormones and Cephalosporin Antibiotics

Abstract

High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation of steroidal hormones and cephalosporin antibiotics was investigated by adsorption chromatography and reversed-phase chromatography, respectively.

Prior to the HPLC separation of these pharmaceuticals, silica gel thin-layer adsorption chromatography of steroidal hormones and reversed-phase thin-layer partition chromatography of cephalosporin antibiotics with chemically bonded dimethylsilyl silica gel were performed in order to obtain suitable HPLC separation systems.

In the separation of steroidal hormones, the same binary mobile phase ratios of TLC did not give satisfactory results in HPLC. For the sharp separation in HPLC, solvent strength in the binary solvent mixture used for TLC had to be decreased.

The difference in solvent strength for efficient separation between TLC and HPLC might be attributed to the fact that in HPLC the solvent elution power acts in an isocratic manner while in TLC it acts in a gradient manner.

On the other hand, a correlation of mobility between TLC and HPLC separation for cephalosporin antibiotics was obtained, and the possibility of direct transfer of chromatographic systems from TLC to HPLC for separation of these antibiotics was confirmed.     

Separation of purines and pyrimidines by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using dimethyl sulfoxide in binary and ternary eluents

Chromatographic systems with a silica sorbent and mobile phases containing dimethyl sulfoxide have been studied. It has been established that the substitution of isopropanol by dimethyl sulfoxide in binary eluents results in a specific selectivity of the chromatographic system and shows an improvement of the peak shape for the solutes under study. When mobile phases consisting of hexane, isopropanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (solvents with a limited mutual solubility) are used, changes in retention characteristics and peak symmetry are caused by a transition from adsorption to partition sorption mechanism. The stationary liquid phase is generated dynamically in the pores of silica, even in the mobile phases not saturated with a polar component. If the phase ratio of the column reaches 0.1, partition dominates over adsorption and such mixed partition-adsorption (MPA) systems show very good peak symmetry for the solutes under study. The investigation has shown that dimethyl sulfoxide-containing MPA systems are applicable in analytical practice.     

Adsorption of polar substances from binary and ternary mixtures on silica gel

The adsorption isotherms of acetone and methyl ethyl ketone from binary and ternary mixtures in benzene and n-heptane on silica gel were measured. The experimental adsorption data are discussed on the basis of changes of the composition of mixed solvent (benzene + n-heptane) in ternary mixtures. It has been found that the different structures of the surface phase correspond to the system investigated. The marked dependence of the adsorption on the solvent character is demonstrated. For benzene and ternary (ketone + benzene + n-heptane) mixtures a mixed character of the surface phase is observed whose composition is determined by competition of liquid components for silica surface as well as its tendency to complex. Bilayer model of the surface phase gives a good representation of the experimental data for binary systems benzene + ketone.     

Void volume determination and experimental probes in reversed phase chromatography

Summary In reversed-phase liquid chromatography with n-alkyl bonded silica, the dead volume (V₀) of the column is theoretically indeterminate owing to adsorption of organic modifier on n-alkyl chains and of water on silanol groups. With binary mobile phases, retention volumes of the mobile phase components and of their deuterated species are relaeed to the adsorption isotherms and V₀ by equations which can be solved with some assumptions on the adsorbed layer composition. Methanol-water and acetonitrile-water systems are studied. As the experimental excess isotherm shows a linear part in the concentration range 50–80% in organic modifier, the hypothesis of an adsorbed layer of constant composition in this range is possible. When increasing the water content of the mobile phase, adsorption of water occurs up to saturation of silanol groups. Then the assumption of a constant water content for a mobile phase having more than 50% of water is applied. With the hypothesis of a constant adsorbed content of organic modifier when the eluent has more than 80% of organic modifier, V₀ and the absolute isotherms are calculated over the entire range of mobile phase composition. Experimental retention behavior of the mobile phase components are totally explained by these V₀ determinations. The retention times of commonly used V₀ markers are compared with V₀ values. It is shown that, when buffering the eluent, no visible effect on the distribution equilibrium is observed, so that injection of concentrated potassium nitrate is a convenient method to measure V₀. With a few solutes with are UV detectable it is possible to measure V₀ whatever the mobile phase composition in methanol-water and acetonitrile-water systems.     

Characterization of Liquid-Solid Adsorption Systems by Using TLC Data

Abstract

The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method is used to measure the excess adsorption isotherms for different binary liquid mixtures on silica gel. These isotherms are interpreted by means of the Langmuir-Freundlich equation, which involves the adsorbent heterogeneity and the difference in the molecular sizes of the components. This equation makes possible the evaluation of the surface phase capacity, equilibrium constant and heterogeneity parameter, which characterize liquid-solid adsorption systems.     

Influence of mobile phase composition on retention factors in different HPLC systems with chemically bonded stationary phases

The influence of mobile phase composition on the retention of selected test analytes in different normal- and reversed-phase chromatographic systems is studied. A novel adsorption model for an accurate prediction of the analyte retention in the column chromatography with binary mobile phase is proposed. Performance of the model is compared with the retention model reported in the literature. Both models are verified for different HPLC systems by use of three criteria: (a). the sum of squared differences between the experimental and theoretical data, (b). approximation of the standard deviation, and (c). the Fisher test.     

Design of Binary Solvent Systems for Separation of Protected Oligo-Peptides in Silica Gel Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

In order to adjust the binary mobile phase for the separation of protected oligo-peptides, a systematic investigation of the retention behaviour on silica gel columns was carried out using seven peptide derivatives. Quantitative correlation between the capacity ratios of solvent systems using various concentrations of the stronger eluent was determined. The strengths and selectivities of fourteen binary systems were discussed on the basis of their retention indices. The design of equi-eluotropic binary systems containing these stronger components is presented.     

二组分气体在固体上吸附的研究(Ⅵ)──不同覆盖度下的二组分气体在灯黑上的吸附

通过测定不同覆盖度下的甲苯-正己烷、苯-正己烷、丙酮-正已烷和正戊烷-正己烷4个二组分气体在灯黑上的组成吸附等温线,发现它们有着共同的规律:随着覆盖度的增加,各体系的组成吸附等温线都向上靠近它们各自的气液平衡曲线。因此,基本上可以把二组分的气相与吸附相的平衡看成二组分的气液平衡,4个体系的组成吸附等温线基本上都可以通过理想溶液的相对挥发度方程式模拟得到。     

Separation Mechanism of Copolymers from Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate According to Composition by Liquid Adsorption Chromatography

Abstract

Silica gel and a mixture of chloroform and ethanol were used as the stationary and the mobile phases, respectively. At the isocratic elution mode, the copolymers tended to adsorb on the column with increasing MMA content in the copolymers, with increasing column temperature, and with decreasing ethanol content in the mobile phase. The copolymers appeared always at the position proportional to the interstitial volume in the column, otherwise they adsorbed on the column. The equilibrium distribution of the copolymers between the mobile phase and the stationary phase cannot be considered in this system. Hydrogen bonding of carbonyl groups in MMA units of the copolymers to silanol groups on the surface of silica gel was considered to be the main interaction between the copolymers and the adsorbent. The hydrogen bonding increases with increasing the number of carbonyl groups per unit surface of copolymer coil in solution and with increasing free silanol groups on the silica surface. Ethanol in the stationary phase controls the content of the free silanol groups on the surface and is controlled by the content of ethanol in the mobile phase in addition to column temperature. This phenomena can be explained by introducing the term of the adsorption energy of a copolymer segment with the silica surface. The adsorption energy is proportional to the strength of the hydrogen bonding. Above the critical adsorption energy which is defined to be equal to the dissolution energy of the copolymer to the mobile pahse, the copolymers adsorb on the surface of silica gel and the desorption of the copolymers advances when the adsorption energy approaches to the critical adsorption energy. No adsorption of the copolymers is possible when the adsorption energy is equal or below the critical adsorption energy.     

Chromatographic behaviour of low molar-mass polyesters in normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Summary The normal-phase chromatographic retention behaviour of polyesters on bare silica and on a polymer-based polyamine (PA) column has been studied with a variely of binary mobile phases under isocratic conditions. The dependence of experimental retention data on the degree of polymerization (p) and on mobile phase composition (φ) was characterized by to an approach developed by Jandera et al. The bulky repeating unit and the relatively highly polar end groups of the polyesters both had a large influence on retention behaviour. The two effects in combination explain the molar-mass-independent retention observed experimentally at a particular mobile phase composition for all the mobile phase—stationary phase combinations investigated. These conditions were found to be independent of the type of end group. End group separation on a silica column improves when the polarity of the less polar solvent is increased. End group separation is better on the PA column because of a greater difference between the adsorption energy of the alcohol and acid end groups. Better prediction of retention data on the PA column was achieved by use of an approach which assumes two different types of adsorption site. Results enabled further understanding of retention behaviour in normalphase gradient polymer-elution chromatography (NPGPEC) and explained both the dependence of the order of elution onp and differences between the end-group selectivity of different systems.     

Studies of Molecular Interactions in Adsorption Liquid Chromatography with Binary Mobile Phases

Abstract

For all examined chromatographic systems with binary mobile phases the linear relationship taking into account the specific molecular interactions was stated. This relationship correlates all equilibrium constants (association and adsorption) characterizing LSC process. In the case of strong polar component of the mobile phase the association and solvation equilibrium constants can be evaluated separately.     

Measurement of thermodynamic equilibria by chromatography

Summary After a brief recall of the chromatographic principles, the different applications of gas chromatographic measurements of thermodynamic equilibria were reviewed. Gas and liquid chromatographies are now well known and elegant methods for measuring the physicochemical properties and phase equilibrium thermodynamic constants. Although fundamentally a dynamical method and mostly known as a powerful separation technique, chromatography can be schematized by a sucession of equilbria of a chemical species partitioning between a mobile phase and a fixed liquid or solid stationary phase. It can be operated in either infinite dilution or finite concentration conditions and permits to collect a large number of data for calculating molecular interactions for solutes which are either rare or available at the trace level. Gas chromatography permits the measurement of gas adsorption isotherm, gas-liquid equilibria, molecular diffusion and interaction virials. The modelization of successive partition equuilibria occuring in the chromatographic column leads to rather simple expression of differential enthalpy, entropy, free energy of adsorption or solution, variation of heat capacity, complexation constant, second virial coefficients, gas-solid and gasliquid isotherm and also binary or ternary equilibria. The possibilities of High Performance-Liquid Chromatography to investigate adsorption from solutions and chemical equilibria are also discussed.     

Theoretical calculation of the optimum separation in thin-layer chromatography

Summary Up to now the optimum composition of a binary mobile phase for separation in thin-layer chromatography has been determined mainly by the method of successive trials. In this paper a simple way is presented to determine the mobile phase composition and the maximum difference in the R_M values of two substances. The equation introduced has been illustrated with examples of adsorption thin-layer chromatography on magnesium silicate. Calculation of the largest difference in the R_M values of two substances in relation to the composition of the binary mobile phase has been compared with the corresponding values determined experimentally. A good agreement of the obtained theoretical data and experimental values has been found.     

A New Definition of the Stationary Phase Volume in Mixed-Mode Chromatographic Columns in Hydrophilic Liquid Chromatography

Polar columns used in the HILIC (Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography) systems take up water from the mixed aqueous–organic mobile phases in excess of the water concentration in the bulk mobile phase. The adsorbed water forms a diffuse layer, which becomes a part of the HILIC stationary phase and plays dominant role in the retention of polar compounds. It is difficult to fix the exact boundary between the diffuse stationary and the bulk mobile phase, hence determining the column hold-up volume is subject to errors. Adopting a convention that presumes that the volume of the adsorbed water can be understood as the column stationary phase volume enables unambiguous determination of the volumes of the stationary and of the mobile phases in the column, which is necessary for obtaining thermodynamically correct chromatographic data in HILIC systems. The volume of the aqueous stationary phase, Vex, can be determined experimentally by frontal analysis combined with Karl Fischer titration method, yielding isotherms of water adsorbed on polar columns, which allow direct prediction of the effects of the composition of aqueous–organic mobile phase on the retention in HILIC systems, and more accurate determination of phase volumes in columns and consistent retention data for any mobile phase composition. The n phase volume ratios of 18 columns calculated according to the new phase convention strongly depend on the type of the polar column. Zwitterionic and TSK gel amide and amine columns show especially strong water adsorption.